The factual accuracy of parts of this article (those related to article) may be compromised due to out-of-date information. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.(December 2012)
In a paper published in 2011 by a group of Chinese researchers affiliated with
Fudan University, it has been suggested that
China is the origin of the expansion of haplogroup O-P31 (therein called Haplogroup O2-M268).[4]
Distribution
Haplogroup O-P31 is notable for the peculiarities of its geographical distribution. Like all clades of Haplogroup O-M175, Haplogroup O-P31 is found only among the males of modern
Eastern Eurasian populations. However, Haplogroup O-P31 is generally found with high frequency only among certain populations, such as the
Austroasiatic peoples of India, Bangladesh and Southeast Asia, the
Nicobarese of the
Nicobar Islands in the Indian Ocean,
Koreans, and
Japanese.
Besides its widespread and patchy distribution, Haplogroup O1b-P31 is also notable for the fact that it can be divided into two primary subclades that show almost completely disjunct distribution: O1b1-M1304/K18 and O1b2-M176/P49. One of these subclades, O1b1-M1304/K18 (also known as O-F2320), can be mainly divided into two subclades, O1b1a1-PK4 (formerly O2a) and O1b1a2-CTS4040 (formerly O2*(xM95,M176)). O1b1a1-PK4 is found mainly among populations of Southeast Asia and some
tribal populations of India (such as the
Remo,
Juang, and
Nicobarese), but it is also common among minority ethnic groups in southern China, and it is found with low frequency throughout China as well as in Japan. O1b1a2-CTS4040 is relatively rare and mainly distributed in East Asia, especially in
China, where it accounts for approximately 3.22% of the national male population.[5] The other primary subclade of Haplogroup O1b-P31, i.e. Haplogroup
O1b2-M176 (formerly O2b), is found in approximately one third of present-day
Japanese and
Korean males and with low frequency (approximately 0.70%[6]) in
Chinese males.
Prior to 2002, there were in academic literature at least seven naming systems for the Y-Chromosome Phylogenetic tree. This led to considerable confusion. In 2002, the major research groups came together and formed the Y-Chromosome Consortium (YCC). They published a joint paper that created a single new tree that all agreed to use. Later, a group of citizen scientists with an interest in population genetics and genetic genealogy formed a working group to create an amateur tree aiming at being above all timely. The table below brings together all of these works at the point of the landmark 2002 YCC Tree. This allows a researcher reviewing older published literature to quickly move between nomenclatures.
O-CTS4040 Mainly found in Han Chinese and occasionally found in Chinese (Dai), Manchu, Thailand (
Phuan,
Tai Yuan,
Thai), Vietnam, the Philippines,
West Kalimantan,
Qatar,
Hazara, Japan, Korea
^Van Oven M, Van Geystelen A, Kayser M, Decorte R, Larmuseau HD (2014). "Seeing the wood for the trees: a minimal reference phylogeny for the human Y chromosome". Human Mutation. 35 (2): 187–91.
doi:
10.1002/humu.22468.
PMID24166809.
S2CID23291764.
^ Haplogroup K2b (M1221/P331/PF5911) is also known as Haplogroup MPS.
^ Haplogroup K2e (K-M147) was previously known as "Haplogroup X" and "K2a" (but is a sibling subclade of the present K2a).
^K-M2313*, which as yet has no phylogenetic name, has been documented in two living individuals, who have ethnic ties to India and South East Asia. In addition, K-Y28299, which appears to be a primary branch of K-M2313, has been found in three living individuals from India. See: Poznik op. cit.;
YFull YTree v5.08, 2017, "K-M2335", and;
PhyloTree, 2017, "Details of the Y-SNP markers included in the minimal Y tree" (Access date of these pages: 9 December 2017)
^ Haplogroup K2b1 (P397/P399) is also known as Haplogroup MS, but has a broader and more complex internal structure.
^ Haplogroup S, as of 2017, is also known as K2b1a. (Previously the name Haplogroup S was assigned to K2b1a4.)
^ Haplogroup M, as of 2017, is also known as K2b1b. (Previously the name Haplogroup M was assigned to K2b1d.)
References
^G. David Poznik, Yali Xue, Fernando L. Mendez, et al., "Punctuated bursts in human male demography inferred from 1,244 worldwide Y-chromosome sequences." Nat Genet. 2016 June ; 48(6): 593–599. doi:10.1038/ng.3559.
^
abMonika Karmin, Rodrigo Flores, Lauri Saag, Georgi Hudjashov, Nicolas Brucato, Chelzie Crenna-Darusallam, Maximilian Larena, Phillip L Endicott, Mattias Jakobsson, J Stephen Lansing, Herawati Sudoyo, Matthew Leavesley, Mait Metspalu, François-Xavier Ricaut, and Murray P Cox, "Episodes of Diversification and Isolation in Island Southeast Asian and Near Oceanian Male Lineages," Molecular Biology and Evolution, Volume 39, Issue 3, March 2022, msac045,
https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msac045
^
abShi Yan, Chuan-Chao Wang, Hui Li, Shi-Lin Li, Li Jin, and The Genographic Consortium, "An updated tree of Y-chromosome Haplogroup O and revised phylogenetic positions of mutations P164 and PK4." European Journal of Human Genetics (2011) 19, 1013–1015; doi:10.1038/ejhg.2011.64
^
abcJean A Trejaut, Estella S Poloni, Ju-Chen Yen, et al. (2014), "Taiwan Y-chromosomal DNA variation and its relationship with Island Southeast Asia." BMC Genetics 2014, 15:77.
http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2156/15/77
^Peter de Barros Damgaard, Nina Marchi, Simon Rasmussen, et al. (2018), "137 ancient human genomes from across the Eurasian steppes." Nature volume 557, pages 369–374 (2018).
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-018-0094-2
^Wibhu Kutanan, Jatupol Kampuansai, Metawee Srikummool, Andrea Brunelli, Silvia Ghirotto, Leonardo Arias, Enrico Macholdt, Alexander Hübner, Roland Schröder, and Mark Stoneking, "Contrasting Paternal and Maternal Genetic Histories of Thai and Lao Populations." Mol. Biol. Evol. Advance Access publication April 12, 2019.
doi:
10.1093/molbev/msz083
^Min-Sheng Peng, Jun-Dong He, Long Fan, et al. (2013), "Retrieving Y chromosomal haplogroup trees using GWAS data." European Journal of Human Genetics (2013), 1–5. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2013.272
^Wang C-C, Wang L-X, Shrestha R, Zhang M, Huang X-Y, et al. (2014), "Genetic Structure of Qiangic Populations Residing in the Western Sichuan Corridor." PLoS ONE 9(8): e103772. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0103772
^Monika Karmin, Lauri Saag, Mário Vicente, et al., "A recent bottleneck of Y chromosome diversity coincides with a global change in culture." Genome Research 25:1–8; ISSN 1088-9051/15; www.genome.org
^Pille Hallast, Chiara Batini, Daniel Zadik, et al. (2015), "The Y-Chromosome Tree Bursts into Leaf: 13,000 High-Confidence SNPs Covering the Majority of Known Clades." Molecular Biology and Evolution 2015 Mar;32(3):661-73. doi:10.1093/molbev/msu327
^So Yeun Kwon, Hwan Young Lee, Eun Young Lee, Woo Ick Yang, and Kyoung-Jin Shin, "Confirmation of Y haplogroup tree topologies with newly suggested Y-SNPs for the C2, O2b and O3a subhaplogroups." Forensic Science International: Genetics 19 (2015) 42–46.
https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fsigen.2015.06.003
Footnotes
This section is empty. You can help by
adding to it. (February 2013)
Karafet, T. M.; Mendez, F. L.; Meilerman, M. B.; Underhill, P. A.; Zegura, S. L.; Hammer, M. F. (2008), "New binary polymorphisms reshape and increase resolution of the human Y chromosomal haplogroup tree", Genome Research, 18 (5): 830–8,
doi:
10.1101/gr.7172008,
PMC2336805,
PMID18385274
Underhill, Peter A.; Shen, Peidong; Lin, Alice A.; Jin, Li; et al. (November 2000). "Y chromosome sequence variation and the history of human populations". Nature Genetics. 26 (3): 358–361.
doi:
10.1038/81685.
PMID11062480.
S2CID12893406.
Karafet, Tatiana M.; Lansing, J. S.; Redd, Alan J.; Watkins, Joseph C.; Surata, S. P. K.; Arthawiguna, W. A.; Mayer, Laura; Bamshad, Michael; et al. (2005). "Balinese Y-Chromosome Perspective on the Peopling of Indonesia: Genetic Contributions from Pre-Neolithic Hunter-Gatherers, Austronesian Farmers, and Indian Traders". Human Biology. 77 (1): 93–114.
doi:
10.1353/hub.2005.0030.
hdl:1808/13586.
PMID16114819.
S2CID7953854.
Sahoo, Sanghamitra; Kashyap, V.K. (2006). "Phylogeography of mitochondrial DNA and Y-Chromosome haplogroups reveal asymmetric gene flow in populations of Eastern India". American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 131 (1): 84–97.
doi:
10.1002/ajpa.20399.
PMID16485297.