Haplogroup K or K-M9 is a genetic lineage within
human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. A sublineage of
haplogroup IJK, K-M9, and its descendant clades represent a geographically widespread and diverse haplogroup. The lineages have long been found among males on every continent except
Antarctica.
The direct descendants of
Haplogroup K1 (L298 = P326, also known as LT) and K-M9 are
Haplogroup K2 (formerly KxLT; K-M526).[4][5]
Basal K* is exceptionally rare and under-researched; while it has been reported at very low frequencies on many continents it is not always clear if the examples concerned have been screened for subclades.[4][7] Confirmed examples of K-M9* now appear to be most common amongst some populations in
Island South East Asia and
Melanesia.[8][9][10]
Primary descendants of haplogroup LT are
L (M20), also known as K1a, and
T (M184), also known as K1b.[4][5]
The descendants of haplogroup K2 include:
K2a (detected in paleolithic specimens Oase1 and Ust'-Ishim),[11] the subclades of which include the major haplogroups
N and
O,[12] and;
K2b – the ancestor of haplogroups
M,
P,
Q,
R,
S.[13]
K2* (M526) has been found in an estimated 27% of
indigenous Australians (based on large scale surveys in which 56% of the samples were assumed to be non-indigenous.).[34] According to Mark Lipson et al.(2014), from MIT – Massachusetts Institute of Technology, United States Of America, from his jurnal: "New statistical genetic methods for elucidating the history and evolution of human populations”,
K2* (M526) has also been found in Toba-Batak and Mandar in an estimated 14%. Only Toba Batak and Mandar have
K2* (M526) from indigenous Sunda land [35]
K2a* - found only in the remains of
Ust'-Ishim man, dating from approximately 45,000 BP and found in Omsk Oblast, Russia.[11] (These remains were initially classified, erroneously, as K2*.)
K-M2313*[11] – so far found only in one
Telugu male and one ethnic
Malay, and ancient
Oase-1.
NO (M214; a.k.a. K2a2) – The two primary branches of NO include the major haplogroups: •
N, which is found mainly in populations across
Northern Eurasia (and at lower frequencies in regions including East Asia, Central Asia, Southeast Asia, Anatolia, and
Southeast Europe) and; •
O, which is now numerically dominant among males from
East Asia,
Southeast Asia, and the
Pacific Islands.
S (B254) which is numerically dominant in the highlands of
Papua New Guinea;[36] subclades of S1, such as S1a3 (P315) and S1a1a1 (P308),[37] have also been reported at levels of up to 27% among indigenous Australians, while[34]S1a (P405; previously K2b1a) has also been found at significant levels in other parts of
Oceania. S2 (P336; previously K2b1b) has been found on
Alor,
Timor and
Borneo and; S3 (P378; previously K2b1c) found among
Aeta people of the Philippines.
R1b West Europe, Chadic Languages,
Banjara tribes of India,
Hazaras of Pakistan, Armenian Highlands (Found in several
Bell Beakers from Germany and in late antique
Basques of whom it is still common in as well as 13.3% (4):one P probably R1b2 (V88): of
Guanches from the
Canary Islands, (reports of
King Tut belonging to R1b, by
iGENEA belonging to R1b have not been verified.)
^Hollard C, Keyser C, Giscard PH, et al. (September 2014). "Strong genetic admixture in the Altai at the Middle Bronze Age revealed by uniparental and ancestry informative markers". Forensic Science International: Genetics. 12: 199–207.
doi:
10.1016/j.fsigen.2014.05.012.
PMID25016250.
^Robino C, Varacalli S, Gino S, et al. (October 2004). "Y-chromosomal STR haplotypes in a population sample from continental Greece, and the islands of Crete and Chios". Forensic Science International. 145 (1): 61–4.
doi:
10.1016/j.forsciint.2004.02.026.
PMID15374596.
^Hirbo, Jibril Boru (2011). Complex Genetic History of East African Human Populations (PhD Thesis).
hdl:
1903/11443.[page needed]
^Sanchez, J.J. (2004). "Y chromosome SNP haplogroups in Danes, Greenlanders and Somalis". International Congress Series. 1261: 347–349.
doi:
10.1016/S0531-5131(03)01635-2.
^
abcNagle, N.; Ballantyne, K. N.; Van Oven, M.; Tyler-Smith, C.; Xue, Y.; Taylor, D.; Wilcox, S.; Wilcox, L.; Turkalov, R.; Van Oorschot, R. A.; McAllister, P.; Williams, L.; Kayser, M.; Mitchell, R. J.; Genographic, Consortium (2016). "Antiquity and diversity of aboriginal Australian Y-chromosomes". American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 159 (3): 367–381.
doi:
10.1002/ajpa.22886.
PMID26515539.
^As of 2017, S1a1a1 (P308) – formerly K2b1a1 – included an unnamed subclade, identified by the SNP P60 (and previously by P304, which has been removed by
ISOGG as unreliable). S1a1a1 and any sublades have only been found among indigenous Australians.
^Van Oven M, Van Geystelen A, Kayser M, Decorte R, Larmuseau HD (2014). "Seeing the wood for the trees: a minimal reference phylogeny for the human Y chromosome". Human Mutation. 35 (2): 187–91.
doi:
10.1002/humu.22468.
PMID24166809.
S2CID23291764.
^ Haplogroup K2b (M1221/P331/PF5911) is also known as Haplogroup MPS.
^ Haplogroup K2e (K-M147) was previously known as "Haplogroup X" and "K2a" (but is a sibling subclade of the present K2a).
^K-M2313*, which as yet has no phylogenetic name, has been documented in two living individuals, who have ethnic ties to India and South East Asia. In addition, K-Y28299, which appears to be a primary branch of K-M2313, has been found in three living individuals from India. See: Poznik op. cit.;
YFull YTree v5.08, 2017, "K-M2335", and;
PhyloTree, 2017, "Details of the Y-SNP markers included in the minimal Y tree" (Access date of these pages: 9 December 2017)
^ Haplogroup K2b1 (P397/P399) is also known as Haplogroup MS, but has a broader and more complex internal structure.