Haplogroup M, also known as M-P256 and Haplogroup K2b1b (previously K2b1d) is a
Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. M-P256 is a descendant haplogroup of
Haplogroup K2b1, and is believed to have first appeared between 32,000 and 47,000 years ago (
Scheinfeldt 2006).
It and
Haplogroup S (B254) are the only primary subclades of
K2b1, also known as haplogroup MS.
Phylogenetic structure
This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup subclades is based primarily on the trees published by
ISOGG in 2016 (
ISOGG 2016) and
YCC in 2008.(
Karafet 2008)
Torres Strait Islanders (Australia): up to 2.0% – i.e. 0.9% of samples, when 45% of the total were deemed to be "non-indigenous".(
Nagle 2015)
An extreme geographical outlier was apparently identified in a 2012 study, which reported a
Hazara individual from
Mazar-e Sharif, Afghanistan, with M1 among a sample of 60 males from Mazar-e Sharif.(
Haber 2012). The Hazara individual carried the SNP M186 (which is believed to be equivalent to M4).
Prior to 2002, there were in academic literature at least seven naming systems for the Y-Chromosome Phylogenetic tree. This led to considerable confusion. In 2002, the major research groups came together and formed the Y-Chromosome Consortium (YCC). They published a joint paper that created a single new tree that all agreed to use. Later, a group of citizen scientists with an interest in population genetics and genetic genealogy formed a working group to create an amateur tree aiming at being above all timely. The table below brings together all of these works at the point of the landmark 2002 YCC Tree. This allows a researcher reviewing older published literature to quickly move between nomenclatures.
YCC 2002/2008 (Shorthand)
(α)
(β)
(γ)
(δ)
(ε)
(ζ)
(η)
YCC 2002 (Longhand)
YCC 2005 (Longhand)
YCC 2008 (Longhand)
YCC 2010r (Longhand)
ISOGG 2006
ISOGG 2007
ISOGG 2008
ISOGG 2009
ISOGG 2010
ISOGG 2011
ISOGG 2012
M4
24
VIII
1U
37
Eu16
H17
E
M*
M
M1
M1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
M-P34
24
VIII
1U
37
Eu16
H17
E
M1
M1
M1a
M1a
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
M-P22/M-M104
24
VIII
1U
38
Eu16
H17
E
M2*
M2a
M1b1
M1b1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
M-M16
24
VIII
1U
39
Eu16
H17
E
M2a
M2a1
M1b1a
M1b1a
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
M-M83
24
VIII
1U
38
Eu16
H17
E
M2b
M2a2
M1b1b
M1b1b
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
K-SRY9138/M-SRY9138
23
VIII
1E
25
Eu16
H5
F
K1
K1
M2a
M2a
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Sources
The following research teams per their publications were represented in the creation of the YCC Tree.
Karafet's 2008 paper introduced a number of changes, compared to the previous
2006 ISOGG tree. Before the discovery of the P256 marker, the current subgroup M-M4 (defined by the M4 marker) previously represented the whole of Haplogroup M-P256; and subgroups M2 and M3 were formerly classed as subgroups K1 and K7 of the parent
Haplogroup K.[citation needed]
References
Footnotes
^
abTatiana M. Karafet, Brian Hallmark, Murray P. Cox,
Herawati Sudoyo [
id],
Sean Downey,
J. Stephen Lansing and Michael F. Hammer, "Major East–West Division Underlies Y Chromosome Stratification across Indonesia", Molecular Biological Evolution, (2010), vol. 27, no. 8, pp. 1833-1844.
Works cited
Cox, Murray P.; Mirazón Lahr, Marta (2006). "Y-chromosome diversity is inversely associated with language affiliation in paired Austronesian- and Papuan-speaking communities from Solomon Islands". American Journal of Human Biology. 18 (1): 35–50.
doi:
10.1002/ajhb.20459.
PMID16378340.
S2CID4824401.
Nagle, N.; et al. (2015). "Antiquity and diversity of aboriginal Australian Y-chromosomes". American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 159 (3): 367–81.
doi:
10.1002/ajpa.22886.
PMID26515539.
Underhill, Peter A.; Shen, Peidong; Lin, Alice A.; Jin, Li; et al. (November 2000). "Y chromosome sequence variation and the history of human populations". Nature Genetics. 26 (3): 358–361.
doi:
10.1038/81685.
^Van Oven M, Van Geystelen A, Kayser M, Decorte R, Larmuseau HD (2014). "Seeing the wood for the trees: a minimal reference phylogeny for the human Y chromosome". Human Mutation. 35 (2): 187–91.
doi:
10.1002/humu.22468.
PMID24166809.
S2CID23291764.
^ Haplogroup K2b (M1221/P331/PF5911) is also known as Haplogroup MPS.
^ Haplogroup K2e (K-M147) was previously known as "Haplogroup X" and "K2a" (but is a sibling subclade of the present K2a).
^K-M2313*, which as yet has no phylogenetic name, has been documented in two living individuals, who have ethnic ties to India and South East Asia. In addition, K-Y28299, which appears to be a primary branch of K-M2313, has been found in three living individuals from India. See: Poznik op. cit.;
YFull YTree v5.08, 2017, "K-M2335", and;
PhyloTree, 2017, "Details of the Y-SNP markers included in the minimal Y tree" (Access date of these pages: 9 December 2017)
^ Haplogroup K2b1 (P397/P399) is also known as Haplogroup MS, but has a broader and more complex internal structure.