On 7 October 2023,
Hamas and several other
Palestinian militant groups launched coordinated armed incursions from the
Gaza Strip into the
Gaza envelope of southern
Israel, the first invasion of Israeli territory since the
1948 Arab–Israeli War. Hamas and other Palestinian armed groups named the attacks Operation Al-Aqsa Flood (or Deluge;
Arabic: عملية طوفان الأقصى,
romanized: ʿamaliyyat ṭūfān al-ʾAqṣā, usually romanised as "Tufan Al-Aqsa" or "Toofan Al-Aqsa"),[1] while in Israel they are referred to as Black Saturday (
Hebrew: השבת השחורה)[20] or the Simchat Torah Massacre (הטבח בשמחת תורה),[21] and internationally as the 7 October attack.[22][23][24] The attacks consequently started the ongoing
Israel–Hamas war.
Hamas, a Palestinian
Islamist movement formed in 1987, is the main Islamist movement in the Palestinian territories.[59] It maintains an uncompromising stance on the "complete liberation of Palestine", often using
political violence to achieve its goals.[59] Recent statements suggest a shift in focus toward ending the
Israeli occupation of Palestinian territories and establishing a Palestinian state based on the
1967 borders. Hamas has been responsible for numerous suicide bombings[60][61] and rocket attacks targeting Israeli civilians.[62] Australia, Canada, the EU, Japan, New Zealand, and the UK have designated Hamas a "terrorist organisation". In 2010 it attempted to derail the peace talks between Israel and the PA. In 2017, it adopted a
new charter, removing antisemitic language and shifting focus from Jews to Zionists.[63][64][65][66] Scholars differ on Hamas's objectives, with some saying it seeks a Palestinian state within 1967 borders[67] while others believe Hamas still
seeks the destruction of Israel.[68][i]
Before the attack, Saudi Arabia warned Israel of an "explosion" as a result of the continued occupation,[69] Egypt had warned of a catastrophe unless there was political progress,[70] and Palestinian Authority officials gave similar warnings.[70] Less than two months before the attacks,
King Abdullah II of Jordan lamented that Palestinians had "no civil rights; no freedom of mobility".[70]
Over the course of 2023, before the attack, increased settler attacks had displaced hundreds of Palestinians, and there were
clashes around the
Al-Aqsa Mosque, a contested holy site in Jerusalem.[71]
Tensions between Israel and Hamas rose in September 2023, and The Washington Post wrote that the two were "on the brink of war".[72] On 13 September, five Palestinians were killed at the border.[j] Israel said it found explosives hidden in a shipment and halted all exports from Gaza;[72] Hamas denied this.[74] Reuters quoted Palestinians who said that the several-day ban affected thousands of families.[74] In response to the ban, Hamas put its forces on high alert and conducted military exercises with other groups, including openly practicing storming Israeli settlements.[72] Hamas also allowed Palestinians to resume protests at the
Gaza–Israel barrier.[72] On 29 September,
Qatar, the UN, and Egypt mediated an agreement between Israel and Hamas officials in the Gaza Strip to reopen closed crossing points and deescalate tensions;[75] the total number of Gazans with work permits in Israel stood at 17,000.[76]
Egypt said it warned Israel days before the attack that "an explosion of the situation [was] coming, and very soon, and it would be big."[77] Israel denied receiving such a warning,[78] although
Michael McCaul, Chairman of the
US House Foreign Relations Committee, said that warnings were given three days before the attack.[79]
Operational planning
For two years, Hamas used hardwired phone lines within Gaza's tunnel network, nicknamed the "
Gaza metro", to covertly communicate, evade Israeli intelligence, and plan Operation Al-Aqsa Flood. The specific plans were disclosed only shortly before the operation, catching intelligence agencies off guard and enabling a surprise attack.[80]
In the months preceding the attack, Hamas publicly released videos of its militants preparing to attack Israel. A video released in December 2022 showed Hamas training to take hostages, while another video showed Hamas practicing paragliding.[81] On 12 September, Hamas posted a video of its fighters training to blast through the border.[82] After the attack, the IDF said that Hamas had extensively studied the military bases and settlements near the border.[83][84]
The IDF has reported seizing over 10,000 weapons following the attack. The arsenal included RPGs, mines, sniper rifles, drones,
thermobaric rockets, and other advanced weapons. According to Israeli sources, documents and maps seized from Hamas militants indicated that Hamas intended a coordinated, month-long operation to invade and occupy Israeli towns, cities, and kibbutzim, including attacking
Ashkelon by sea and reaching
Kiryat Gat, 20 miles into Israel. The scale of weapons, supplies, and plans indicated, according to Israel, that Hamas intended to inflict mass casualties on Israeli civilians and military forces over an extended period.[88][89] Western and Middle Eastern security officials gathered evidence suggesting that Hamas intended to invade as far as the West Bank, had the initial attack been more successful.[90]
Advance Israeli knowledge
According to The New York Times, Israeli officials had obtained detailed attack plans more than a year before the attack. The document described operational plans and targets, including the size and location of Israeli forces, and raised questions in Israel about how Hamas learned these details. The document provided a plan that included a large-scale rocket assault before an invasion, drones to knock out the surveillance cameras and automated guns that Israel has stationed along the border, and gunmen invading Israel, including with paragliders. The Times reported, "Hamas followed the blueprint with shocking precision." According to The Times, the document was widely circulated among Israeli military and intelligence leadership, who largely dismissed the plan as beyond Hamas's capabilities, though it was unclear whether the political leadership was informed. In July 2023, a member of the
Israeli signals intelligence unit alerted her superiors that Hamas was conducting preparations for the assault, saying, "I utterly refute that the scenario is imaginary". An Israeli colonel ignored her concerns.[91]
According to Haaretz, Israel's domestic intelligence agency,
Shin Bet, and IDF military commanders discussed a possible threat to the Nova music festival near kibbutz
Re'im just hours before the attack, but the festival's organizers were not warned.[92][93]
According to a
BBC investigation, surveillance reports suggested that Hamas was planning a significant operation against Israel, but senior IDF officers repeatedly ignored the warnings.[94]
At around 6:30 a.m.
Israel Summer Time (UTC+3) on Saturday, 7 October 2023, Hamas announced the start of Operation Al-Aqsa Flood.[95] Hamas commander
Mohammed Deif, in an audio message, declared the operation was "to end the last occupation on Earth".[95] Deif said the attack was in response to the
16-year blockade of Gaza, Israeli incursions in West Bank cities, violence at Al-Aqsa mosque, and
Israeli settler violence.[96] Shortly thereafter, Hamas
Prime MinisterIsmail Haniyeh made a similar announcement in a televised address.[97]
Deif said more than 5,000 rockets had been fired from the Gaza Strip into Israel in a span of 20 minutes at the start of the operation. Israeli sources reported the launch of 3,000 projectiles from Gaza, killing five.[26][99][36][100] Explosions were reported in areas surrounding Gaza and in the
Sharon Plain, including
Gedera,
Herzliyya,[6]Tel Aviv, and Ashkelon.[100] Air raid sirens were activated in
Beer Sheva,
Jerusalem,
Rehovot,
Rishon Lezion, and
Palmachim Airbase.[101][102][103] Hamas issued a call to arms, with Deif calling on "Muslims everywhere to launch an attack".[36]
Palestinian militants also opened fire on Israeli boats off the Gaza Strip, while clashes broke out between Palestinians and the
Israel Defense Forces in the eastern section of the Gaza perimeter fence.[101] In the evening Hamas launched another barrage of about 150 rockets towards Israel, with explosions reported in
Yavne,
Givatayim,
Bat Yam,
Beit Dagan, Tel Aviv, and Rishon Lezion.[99]
The Sderot police station was reported to have come under Hamas control, with militants killing 30 Israelis, including policemen and civilians.[101][107]
Early in the attack they deliberately destroyed the computer systems at the police station. This disabled communication and delayed the response to the attacks.[108][109][110]
Images and videos appeared to show heavily armed and masked militants dressed in black fatigues riding pickup trucks[100][103] and opening fire in Sderot, killing dozens of Israeli civilians and soldiers and setting homes on fire.[111] Other videos appeared to show Israelis taken prisoner, a burning Israeli tank,[112][36] and militants driving Israeli military vehicles.[100] Israeli first responders reportedly recovered documents from killed militants' bodies with instructions to attack civilians, including elementary schools and a youth center, to "kill as many people as possible", and to take hostages for use in future negotiations.[113][83][114][115] Some of the militants wore
body cameras to record the acts, presumably for propaganda purposes.[116] According to reports, some militants used
Captagon during the attacks—a stimulant produced in Syria and used throughout the Middle East.[117][118][119]
The morning of the attack, an Israeli military spokesman said that the militants from Gaza had entered Israel through at least seven locations[105] and invaded four small rural Israeli communities, the border city of Sderot, and two military bases from both land and sea.[106] Israeli media reported that seven communities came under Hamas control, including
Nahal Oz,
Kfar Aza,
Magen,
Be'eri, and
Sufa.[120] The
Erez Crossing was reported to have come under Hamas control, enabling militants to enter Israel from Gaza.[99] Israeli Police Commissioner
Kobi Shabtai said there were 21 active high-confrontation locations in southern Israel.[121]
The New York Times reported that an Israeli intelligence document prepared weeks after the attack found that Hamas had breached the border fence in over 30 separate locations.[122]
Other Hamas militants carried out an amphibious
landing in Zikim.[100][133] Palestinian sources claim that the local Israeli army base was stormed.[134] The IDF said it had killed two attackers on the beach and destroyed four vessels, including two rubber boats. Militants also attacked a military base outside Nahal Oz, leaving at least 18 dead and taking seven hostage.[135][136] An IDF
fire investigation found that the militants had "ignited substances... that contain toxic gasses which can cause suffocation within minutes, or even less" both at the base and in civilian locations.[136]
According to a December 2023
Ynet article, there was also an "immense and complex quantity" of
friendly-fire incidents during the 7 October attack that "it would not be morally sound to investigate" given their number and the challenges soldiers were facing at the time.[29][30] In January 2024, an investigation by Israeli newspaper Yedioth Ahronoth concluded that the IDF had in practice applied the
Hannibal Directive, ordering all combat units to stop "at all costs" any attempt by Hamas militants to return to Gaza, even if there were hostages with them.[32][31] It is unclear how many hostages were killed by friendly fire as a result of the order.[32][31] According to Yedioth Ahronoth, around 70 burnt-out vehicles on roads leading to Gaza had been fired on by helicopters or tanks, killing all occupants in at least some cases.[32][31]
As part of the Hamas-led attack, 364 civilians were killed and many more wounded at the Supernova Sukkot Gathering, an open-air
music festival celebrating the
Jewish holiday of
Sukkot near kibbutz
Re'im.
At least 40hostages were also taken.[137][138][139][140][141] This mass killing had the largest number of casualties out of a number of massacres targeting Israeli civilians in settlements adjacent to Gaza that were part of the 7 October invasion, alongside those at the settlements of
Netiv HaAsara, Be'eri, Kfar Aza, Nir Oz, and
Holit.[142]
At 6:30 am, around sunrise,
rockets were noticed in the sky. Around 7:00 am, a siren warned of an incoming rocket attack, prompting festival-goers to flee.[143] Subsequently, armed militants, dressed in military attire and using motorcycles, trucks and powered paragliders, surrounded the festival grounds and indiscriminately fired on people attempting to escape. Attendees seeking refuge nearby, in bomb shelters, bushes, and orchards, were killed while in hiding. Those who reached the road and parking lot were trapped in a traffic jam as militants fired at vehicles. The militants executed some wounded people at point-blank range as they crouched on the ground.[144][145]
The details of the hostages' whereabouts and conditions are not publicly known.[140][141][146] The massacre at the festival has been described as the largest terror attack in Israel's history[147][148][145] and the worst Israeli civilian massacre ever.[149]
During the Hamas-led attack, around 70
Hamas militants attacked Kfar Aza, a kibbutz about 3 kilometers (1.9 mi) from the border with the Gaza Strip, massacring residents and
abducting several hostages.
The kibbutz had more than 700 residents, and it took the IDF two days to wrest back full control of it.[150][151] While the exact number of Israelis killed is unknown, as of 15 October, 52 were listed as dead and another 20 or more were missing.[152][153]
On the morning of the attack, around 70 Hamas militants[154][155] carried out a massacre at Be'eri, an Israeli kibbutz near the Gaza Strip. At least 130 people were killed in the attack,[6] including women (such as peace activist
Vivian Silver),[156] children, and infants,[157] claiming the lives of 10% of the community's residents. Dozens of homes were also burned down.[158] Several newspapers called the massacre an act of terrorism; some compared the brutality of the atrocities to that of
ISIS.[159][160][161][162] Hostages were taken, leading to a standoff with the IDF.[163][164][165] According to survivors, there were also deaths from friendly fire; an Israeli tank fired on a house known to contain around 40 Hamas fighters and 14 hostages, among them two children, killing all hostages in the house but one.[166]
Moshav Yakhini
A squad of Hamas militants that arrived in a van attacked the
moshav of
Yakhini.[167][168][169] There were seven casualties in the moshav,[167][170][171] including a border police officer.[172][173] An IDF major in the
Maglan unit was also injured.[174] The community leader's was on holiday in Thailand at the time, and remotely directed the moshav's 18-person protection team's response.[167]YAMAM and
Sayeret Matkal IDF units eventually arrived and killed all the attackers.[167]
Ein HaShlosha kibbutz
In the kibbutz
Ein HaShlosha, at least four civilians were killed while defending the kibbutz from militants, and multiple hostages were taken.[175] An 80-year-old Argentinian woman died after her home was set on fire and she was unable to escape.[176] A standoff between the attackers and the residents' security team lasted six hours.[177] The leader of the security team, who was in his sixties, was killed in the firefight.[177] A 63-year-old grandmother was also among those killed in the attack.[178] A 39-year-old Israeli-Chilean woman was shot eight times.[179]
Thirty survivors were discovered in the kibbutz three days after the massacre,[180] 14 of whom were
Thai nationals.[181]
Psyduck was a small
trance music festival that took place in the open fields near kibbutz
Nir Oz, about 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) from the border of
Gaza. The event drew around 100 participants. Hamas militants attacked the festival, killing 17
Israelis. Some were fatally shot at the festival site, while others were killed as they attempted to escape to nearby kibbutzim. Most survivors hid under small bushes until Israel Defense Forces rescued them a few hours later.[182]
At 10 a.m., less than five hours after the attacks began, fighting was reported at Re'im military base, headquarters of the
Gaza Division.[183][184] It was later reported that Hamas took control of the base and took several Israeli soldiers captive[183] before the IDF regained control later in the day.[185][186] The base was reportedly the location of IDF drone and surveillance operations. Hamas reportedly posted video of dead Israeli soldiers it had killed at the base.[187]
Attack on kibbutz Nir Am
Nir Am was attacked but no residents were harmed.
Inbal Rabin-Lieberman, the 25-year-old security coordinator, alongside her uncle Ami, led a guard detail that killed multiple militants attempting to infiltrate a nearby chicken farm. They successfully deterred the rest of the invading militants from entering the community.[188][189][190]
Participating and supporting organizations
In addition to Hamas, several Palestinian militant groups voiced support for the operation and participated in it to some extent. The
National Resistance Brigades, the armed wing of the
MaoistDemocratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine (DFLP), confirmed their participation in the operation through their military spokesman
Abu Khaled,[191] saying it had lost three fighters in combat with the IDF.[192] The
PFLP (a Palestinian Marxist–Leninist / Secular Nationalist political party)[193] and the
Lions' Den group (a nonpartisan militant group based in the
West Bank) voiced support for the operation and declared maximum alertness and general mobilization among their troops. The
Abu Ali Mustafa Brigades, the PFLP's armed wing, published videos of two of their militants storming Israeli watchtowers.[193][failed verification]
Soon after the start of the Hamas operation, there were reports that many civilians and soldiers had been taken as captives back to the Gaza Strip. Later in the day Hamas announced it had captured enough Israeli soldiers to force a
prisoner swap,[194] and Israel confirmed hostages had been taken.[195]
In Be'eri, up to 50 people were taken hostage; after an 18-hour standoff between militants and IDF forces, they were freed.[196] Hostages were also reported taken in
Ofakim, where policemen led by
Chief SuperintendentJayar Davidov engaged Palestinian militants in a shootout;when? Davidov and three of his men were killed, and the IDF later rescued two Israeli hostages in the suburb of
Urim.[196] There were reports of militants killing and stealing family pets.[197]
Hamas took many hostages back to Gaza. On 16 October, they said they were holding 250 hostages[198] and that it had done so to force Israel to release its Palestinian prisoners.[199] In addition to hostages with only Israeli citizenship, almost half of the hostages were foreign nationals or held
multiple citizenships.[200] Some hostages were
Negev Bedouins.[201] Some of the hostages, including three members of the
Bibas family, were subsequently handed over to other militant groups.
Palestinian Islamic Jihad ended up holding at least 30 of the hostages, but it is unclear whether they or Hamas originally kidnapped them.
According to
Ariel Merari, the raiders "were ordered to kidnap as many [people] as possible... [and] they intentionally kidnapped a populace that is sensitive from the aspect of Israeli public opinion".[202] Merari doubts that Hamas will agree to releasing all of the hostages in "one go" regardless of how many of its prisoners are released, since the hostages are its only guarantee against complete destruction at Israel's hands.[202] He believes Hamas will try to force a ceasefire and protract the release for weeks or months, until an Israeli offensive is no longer seen as viable.[202]
The attacks on 7 October included both civilian and military targets. The film
Bearing Witness depicts civilian and military casualties. Hamas's propaganda videos posted to
Al-Qassam Brigades'
Telegram channel and website depict the operation as primarily, or solely, focused on the destruction of the border fence and other military targets.[230] In the months leading up to 7 October, Al-Qassam posted video of themselves and some of their allies training for the attacks against military and ambiguous targets.[231]
Failed plans
A Hamas group carried intelligence information and maps guiding it to the border of the West Bank.[232] Shikma Prison was among Hamas's targets, but the group that headed there with the aim to free Palestinian inmates could not find it.[233]
The latest figure on total number killed during the attack, based on social security data, is 1,143,[17] of whom 373 were from
Israeli security forces and 766 were civilians (695 Israeli and 71 foreign).[17] 26.6% of those killed were female.[234] Initially up to 1,400 people were reported killed; on 10 November this was revised to 1,200,[236] before being revised further in December. The casualties included 36 children; the youngest person killed was 10 months old, and 25 were people over age 80.[17][237] The attack is considered the bloodiest day in Israel's history and the deadliest for Jews since
the Holocaust.[48][49]
The attack left over 3,400 wounded,[18] and 247 soldiers and civilians were taken hostage.[19] On 19 October, Israeli officials reported an additional 100 to 200 missing.[238] By February 2024, the number of missing totalled 1.[17] Israeli casualties include about 70
Arab Israelis, predominantly from
Negev Bedouin communities.[239][240][241][242] The attack affected a province with a population of 4,000,000 Israelis, while the war displaced 300,000 Israelis.[243]
On 7 October, over 100 civilians were killed in the
Be'eri massacre, including women and children, and over 270 people were killed at a
music festival in Re'im.[123] As of 10 October, over 100 people had been reported killed in the
Kfar Aza massacre, with the total death toll unknown.[244] Nine people were fatally shot at a bus shelter in Sderot.[105] At least four people were reported killed in
Kuseife.[99] At least 400 wounded were treated in Ashkelon,[245][103] while 280 others were reported in Beer Sheva, 60 of whom were in serious condition.[105] In the north, injuries from rocket attacks were reported in Tel Aviv.[246] At least 49 Israeli children and adolescents under the age of 19 were killed in the attack.[247]
The great number and geographical spread of the victims made locating all of their remains difficult. Several weeks after the massacre, once conventional
search techniques had been exhausted, the IDF approached the
Israel Nature and Parks Authority for help in
tracking the flight paths of vultures, which resulted in the discovery of at least five more bodies.[258] The IDF also enlisted the aid of archaeologists from the
Israel Antiquities Authority to help recover remains that were so badly burned as to be indistinguishable from the surrounding rubble; the remains of at least ten victims have been recovered this way.[259][260]
Hamas took at least 247 Israelis hostage and transported them to Gaza.[19] On 8 October,
Palestinian Islamic Jihad said it was holding at least 30 captives.[261] At least four people were reportedly taken from Kfar Aza.[262] Videos from Gaza appeared to show captured people, with Gazan residents cheering trucks carrying dead bodies.[106] Four captives were later reported to have been killed in Be'eri,[263] while Hamas said that an IDF airstrike on Gaza on 9 October killed four captives.[264]Yedioth Ahronoth photographer
Roy Edan was reported missing and likely captured alongside his child in Kfar Aza. His wife was killed and two of their children were able to hide in a closet until rescued.[265] Edan's body was identified ten days later as one of the casualties of the
Kfar Aza massacre.[266] American-Israeli Hersh Goldberg-Polin
was one of the kidnapped. On 11 October, Hamas's Qassam Brigades released a video appearing to show the release of three hostages, a woman and two children, in an open area near a fence. Israel dismissed the video as "theatrics".[267] According to
Ynet, there were also casualties from
friendly fire on 7 October which the IDF believed "it would not be morally sound to investigate [...] due to the immense and complex quantity of them that took place in the kibbutzim and southern Israeli communities due to the challenging situations the soldiers were in at the time."[29]
Identification of remains
According to Chen Kugel, head of the
Abu Kabir Forensic Institute, hundreds of bodies arrived at the institute in a state "beyond recognition".[268] Pathologists were required to process, among others, bone fragments recovered from fires; a blood-soaked
baby mattress; victims who were tied, then executed; and two victims who were tied, then incinerated alive.[268]
With hundreds missing and bodies burned beyond recognition, Israeli authorities assembled recovery teams from across society. This included archaeologists from the
Israel Antiquities Authority, who identified and removed ancient remains in attempts to sift through ash and rubble for bone fragments other forensic teams overlooked.[269]
The sheer number of casualties overwhelmed authorities. Bodies were brought chaotically to the Shura IDF base and Abu Kabir forensic institute. The different military, police, and civilian teams caused confusion. Archeologists systematically searched rooms, dividing them into grids and carefully extracting bone shards. At one house, the archeology team found a bloodstain under ash that it determined was the outline of a body, later identified by DNA analysis as Meni Godard.[269]
Revision of casualty numbers
On 10 November, Israel revised its casualty count from 1,400 to 1,200 after realizing that some bodies that were badly burned[270] were those of Hamas fighters.[271][236] This included 859 civilians,[272] 283 soldiers,[273][274] 57 policemen,[275] and 10 Shin Bet members.[12]
In February 2024, using social security data, this was further revised to 1,143: 695 Israeli civilians (including 36 children), 71 foreign nationals, and 376
security forces. One person is classed as missing, including four Israelis.[17]
After the initial breach of the Gaza perimeter by Palestinian militants, it took hours for the Israeli military to respond by sending troops to counterattack.[276] The first helicopters sent to support the military were launched from the north of Israel, and arrived in Gaza an hour after fighting began.[277] Israel had difficulty determining which outposts and settlements were occupied, and distinguishing between Palestinian militants and the soldiers and civilians on the ground.[277] The helicopter crews initially poured down fire at a tremendous rate, attacking about 300 targets in four hours. Later, the crews began to slow their attacks and carefully select targets.[277] According to Haaretz journalist Josh Breiner, a police source said that a police investigation found that an IDF helicopter that had fired on Hamas militants "apparently also hit some festival participants" in the
Re'im music festival massacre.[278] The Israeli police denied Haaretz's report.[279]
Subsequent investigation has determined that militants had been instructed not to run so that the air force would think they were Israelis.[277] This deception worked for some time, but pilots began to realize the problem and ignore their restrictions. By around 9 a.m., amid the chaos and confusion, some helicopters started laying down fire without prior authorization.[277] The attack appeared to have been a complete surprise to the Israelis.[102]
The IDF launched Operation Swords of Iron in Gaza and declared a state of emergency for areas within 80 kilometers (50 mi) of the Gaza border.[120] It also said that Hamas "made a grave mistake" in launching its attack and pledged that "Israel will win".[105] The IDF declared a "state of readiness for war",[99] adding that reservists were to be deployed not only in Gaza but also in the West Bank and along the borders with Lebanon and Syria.[280] Residents in areas near Gaza were asked to stay inside, while civilians in southern and central Israel were "required to stay next to shelters".[100] Roads around Gaza were closed by the IDF.[105] Tel Aviv's streets were also locked down.[100]
After the attack, Israel declared a heightened state of preparedness for potential conflict.[281] The IDF declared a state of readiness for war, and Netanyahu convened an emergency gathering of security authorities. The IDF additionally reported that it had begun targeted actions in Gaza under what it called Operation Swords of Iron (or Iron Swords) (
Hebrew: מבצע חרבות ברזל,
romanized: Mivtsá charvót barzél).[282][283][56][99] Israeli Police Commissioner
Kobi Shabtai announced that a "state of war" existed, following what he called "a massive attack from the Gaza Strip".[284] He also announced the closure of all of southern Israel to "civilian movement" and the
Yamam counterterrorism unit's deployment to the area.[121] The IDF's chief spokesperson, Rear Admiral
Daniel Hagari, said four divisions were deployed to the area, augmenting 31 preexisting battalions.[105]
Israeli President
Isaac Herzog said the country was facing "a very difficult moment", and offered strength and encouragement to the IDF, other security forces, rescue services, and residents who were under attack.[103] In a televised broadcast, Netanyahu said: "We are at war."[106] He also said that the IDF would reinforce its border deployments to deter others from "making the mistake of joining this war".[285] In a later address, he threatened to "turn Gaza into a deserted island" and urged its residents to "leave now".[42][disputed –
discuss]
On 7 October, Israel's
Security Cabinet voted to undertake a series of actions to bring about the "destruction of the military and governmental capabilities of Hamas and Palestinian Islamic Jihad", according to a statement by the
Prime Minister's Office.[286] The
Israel Electric Corporation, which supplies up to 80% of Gaza's electricity, cut off power to the area.[100] As a result, Gaza's power supply was reduced from 120 MW to 20 MW, forcing it to rely on power plants paid for by the
Palestinian Authority.[287]
Ben Gurion Airport and
Ramon Airport remained operational, but multiple airlines canceled flights to and from Israel.[288]Israel Railways suspended service in parts of the country and replaced some routes with temporary bus routes,[289][290] and cruise ships removed the ports of
Ashdod and
Haifa from their itineraries.[291]
Following the attack, more than 600 militants were captured in Israel. Israel has claimed that the interrogation of the suspects revealed significant insights into the group's strategies, ideologies, and operational methods that played a crucial role in its military response and in shaping the global understanding of the conflict.[292][293][294] Interrogation sessions were held over four weeks, mainly in a southern Israeli prison, and concluded in early November.[294] Interrogation methods used by Shin Bet and the IDF Unit 504 included, based on Israeli sources, psychological engagement in adherence to Israeli law prohibiting physical coercion. Public release of interrogation videos aimed to validate Israeli military actions and counter Hamas narratives.[294]
Israeli Arabs
Arab Israeli politicians, including the
United Arab List leader
Mansour Abbas and Arab Knesset member
Ayman Odeh, condemned the Hamas-led attack on Israel.[295][296] Israel's Social Equality Minister
Amichai Chikli said, "the Arab population has shown much solidarity and responsibility, and this is especially true for the Bedouin population in the Negev."[295]
Palestinian response
Hamas
Khaled Mashal lauded the Hamas attack, calling it legitimate resistance to Israeli occupation. He said, "We know very well the consequences of our operation on Oct. 7", emphasizing that Palestinian lives must be sacrificed in the quest for liberation.[297]
Khalil al-Hayya, a senior member of Hamas, said the action was necessary to "change the entire equation and not just have a clash... We succeeded in putting the Palestinian issue back on the table, and now no one in the region is experiencing calm."[298]
Taher El-Nounou, a Hamas media adviser, said that he hoped "that the state of war with Israel will become permanent on all the borders, and that the Arab world will stand with [Hamas]".[298]
Ghazi Hamad, a senior Hamas official, said in an interview: "We must teach Israel a lesson, and we will do this again and again. The Al-Aqsa Flood is just the first time, and there will be a second, a third, a fourth. Because we have the determination...to fight."[299] He emphasized Hamas's willingness to "pay a price", concluding with a call for the elimination of Israel: "We must remove that country because it constitutes a security, military and political catastrophe to the Arab and Islamic nations".[300] These comments came after an incident where Hamad abruptly left a BBC interview when asked about Hamas's killing of civilians in Israel on 7 October.[299]
Hamas denied killing any civilians in the attack.[301] Its official announcement referring to the event rejected the "falsehood of the fabricated allegations" promoted by some Western media outlets, which unprofessionally adopt the "Zionist narrative full of lies and slander against our Palestinian people and their resistance, the latest of which was the claim of killing children, beheading them, and targeting civilians".[301] When asked about the
Re'im music festival massacre, where 260 civilians were murdered, Hamas official
Moussa Abu Marzouk replied that it was a "coincidence", and that the attackers may have thought these were soldiers "resting".[302][303]
In January 2024, Hamas released a report titled "Our Narrative", which accepted "some faults" but continued to deny having intentionally targeted civilians, blamed Israel for deaths, and justified the attacks as "a necessary step and a normal response to confront all Israeli conspiracies against the Palestinian people".[304]
Palestinian Authority
On the eve of the Hamas attack at the emergency meeting in Ramallah, Palestinian President
Mahmoud Abbas said that the Palestinian people had the right to defend themselves against the terror of settlers and occupation troops.[305] According to Palestinian government agency
WAFA, Abbas also ordered the government and relevant authorities to immediately send all available resources to alleviate the suffering of Palestinians in Gaza under Israeli aggression.[306] On 16 October, he declared that "Hamas' actions don't represent the Palestinians".[307][308] He has yet to condemn the 7 October massacre as of February 2024.[309]
Palestinian public opinion
In November 2023, as a result of Israeli actions in Gaza following the 7 October attacks, Hamas's popularity among Palestinians in Gaza and the West Bank increased significantly.[310] In a survey conducted on 14 November by the
Arab World for Research and Development (AWRAD), a research, consulting and development firm based in
Ramallah,[311] Palestinians showed overwhelming support for the attack. It said, "Palestinians living in the West Bank overwhelmingly answered that they supported the attack to either an extreme or 'somewhat' extent (83.1%)."[312][313][314]
In Gaza, Palestinians exhibited lesser consensus, with only 63.6% "extremely" or "somewhat" supporting the attack. 14.4% answered they neither opposed or supported the attack, and 20.9% opposed the attack to some degree.[312][313][314]
Only 10% of Palestinians in Gaza and the West Bank said they believed Hamas committed
war crimes during the attack on Israel, and a large majority of Palestinians said they had not seen any videos showing Hamas atrocities in Israel.[315]
At least 44 nations denounced Hamas and explicitly condemned its conduct as terrorism, including a joint statement by the United States, the United Kingdom, France, Italy, and Germany. In contrast, Arab and Muslim countries including Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Syria, Iran and Iraq blamed Israel for the attack. The UAE, Bahrain, and China have all amended their initial declarations to expressly denounce the killing and abduction of Israeli civilians.[45][46][47] According to a poll conducted by The Washington Institute for Near East Policy between 14 November and 6 December 2023, 95% of Saudis did not believe that Hamas had killed civilians in its attack on Israel.[316]
Over 680 legal experts and 128 human rights experts from Israel and around the world have signed an appeal for the immediate release of all hostages kidnapped by Hamas, and for the end of the "vicious and inhumane capture, violence, torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment of women and girls, children and infants." According to the appeal, "the abductees are defined according to international law as victims of enforced disappearance... [which makes these acts] blatant violations of international human rights law and humanitarian law, amounting to war crimes and crimes against humanity."[317]
The
US House of Representatives overwhelmingly passed a bill to amend the
US immigration code and ban people associated with Hamas, PIJ, and other perpetrators of the 7 October attacks from seeking immigration-related relief or protections in the United States.[320][321]
After the attacks,
the Shoah Foundation said it had gathered over 100 video testimonies of those who experienced the attacks to add them to the collection of "Holocaust survivor and witness testimony."[322] Shoah Foundation founder
Steven Spielberg said of the attacks, "I never imagined I would see such unspeakable barbarity against Jews in my lifetime" and that the Shoah Foundation project would ensure "that their stories would be recorded and shared in the effort to preserve history and to work toward a world without antisemitism or hate of any kind."[323]
Israeli women and girls were reportedly raped, assaulted, and mutilated by Hamas militants during the incursion, an allegation Hamas denies.[39][324][325][326][327] In the months following the attacks, the The Wall Street Journal reported on 21 December, there was "mounting evidence of sexual violence, based on survivor accounts, first responders and witnesses."[328] These acts were denounced as gender-based violence, war crimes, and crimes against humanity, aligning with the International Criminal Court's recognition of sexual violence as such.[329][330][331]
Witnesses described the perpetrators using shovels,[332] beheading victims, engaged in rapes, and even playing with severed body parts.[331] The BBC reported that "Videos of naked and bloodied women filmed by Hamas on the day of the attack, and photographs of bodies taken at the sites afterwards, suggest that women were sexually targeted by their attackers."[333] Forensic examinations cited by IDF Captain (Res.) Maayan, who is also a dentist, claimed that there were signs of sexual abuse, including mutilations, broken limbs, and broken pelvises.[334][335] This evidence has prompted scholars and legal experts to conduct investigations, amassing substantial evidence pointing to crimes against humanity and war crimes.[336][331][337][338] Hamas was accused of employing rape as a weapon of war.[339][340] Some of the released hostages also shared testimonies of sexual violence during their time in Gaza.[324] Israel accused international women's rights and human rights groups of downplaying the assaults.[341]
A two-month New York Times investigation by
Jeffrey Gettleman,
Anat Schwartz, and Adam Sella, released in late December 2023, reported finding at least seven locations where sexual assaults and mutilations of Israeli women and girls were carried out. It concluded that these were not isolated events but part of a broader pattern of gender-based violence during the 7 October massacres. The probe was said to have been based on video footage, photographs, GPS data from mobile phones, and interviews with more than 150 people.[39] According to reporting by The Intercept, the New York Times investigation has been criticized, both externally and internally by other employees, for apparent discrepancies in witness accounts and lax evidentiary standards.[345] On December 30, The Daily Telegraph wrote: "First responders to massacre saw raped and abused bodies, but the rapidity of events—and cultural taboos—may leave the truth uncovered".[346] Al-Jazeera concluded that the "allegations of widespread and systematic rape", allegations it said "were used repeatedly by politicians in Israel and the West to justify the ferocity of the subsequent bombardment of the Gaza Strip", were false.[347] On March 25, 2024, The New York Times reported that new video had surfaced, contradicting the account of an Israeli military paramedic previously interviewed by the Times that two teenagers murdered in Be'eri had also been sexually assaulted.[348]
Pramila Patten, the UN's special envoy on sexual violence in conflict, reported in March 2024 that there were "reasonable grounds" to believe sexual assaults including rape and gang-rape took place in multiple locations during the 7 October attacks. Patten also reported receiving "clear and convincing information" that some of the hostages held by Hamas had suffered rape and sexualized torture and that there were "reasonable grounds" to believe such abuses were "ongoing".[349]
On 12 April 2024, the
European Union sanctioned military and special forces wings of Hamas and the armed wing of
Palestinian Islamic Jihad due to their responsibility for the sexual violence on Oct. 7. An asset freeze and travel ban were imposed on the
Qassam and
Al-Quds Brigades and the
Nukhba Force.[350] The EU said the groups' fighters "committed widespread sexual and gender-based violence in a systematic manner, using it as a weapon of war."[351][352]
Torture and mutilation
U.S. Secretary of State
Antony Blinken described photos that Israeli Prime Minister
Benjamin Netanyahu and the Israeli government privately showed him: "a baby, an infant, riddled with bullets. Soldiers beheaded. Young people burned alive. I could go on, but it's simply depravity in the worst imaginable way."[353] Israeli forces in
Kfar Aza and
Be'eri[354] reported that they found bodies of victims mutilated. One IDF commander falsely told an
i24 News reporter that 40 babies had been killed, out of what one estimate described as at least 100 civilian victims;[355][244][356][357][358][359] in fact, only two babies are known to have died as a result of the attack, one from a bullet, and one in a hospital shortly after birth.[360]
Other false reports of this type were spread by
ZAKA volunteers acting as first responders.[360][361] In one, a ZAKA volunteer said groups of children were found tied up and burned alive.[360] Other reported atrocities included sexual assaults, rapes, and mutilations; some victims were reportedly bound, and some victims' bodies desecrated.[360]Graeme Wood reported that the video footage retrieved from body cameras the attackers wore showed several victims who "in the beginning of the footage... are alive, [and] by the end they're dead. Sometimes, in fact frequently, after their death their bodies are still being desecrated."[362] Other videos show attackers shooting at children, executing men in civilian clothing, throwing grenades into civilian shelters, and an attempted decapitation.[363][364][365]
First response personnel recovering the bodies reported being extremely distressed by the atrocities they witnessed, and said they placed the bodies of Hamas militants in body bags marked with an "X" and removed them with a bulldozer.[366]
Israeli security agencies released videos that the Times of Israel described as
apparent interrogations of Hamas attackers, in which the subjects said they were ordered to kill, behead, cut off limbs and rape.[367] A former chief rabbi of the Israeli army, part of the team identifying bodies, said there were many instances of rape and torture, and an Israeli reserve warrant officer said that forensic exams had discovered multiple cases of rape, though neither provided forensic evidence to support the claims.[368] CNN has interviewed several Israelis who witnessed the aftermath of the attack, who reported visible signs of rape and excessive violence on the bodies of women and girls from several sites.[369]
A Ha'aretz investigation into the claims of mutilation and torture found that "Members of Hamas and Palestinian Islamic Jihad, as well as other Gazans who entered Israel, committed war crimes and crimes against humanity." Regarding "testimonies about Hamas' atrocities on October 7", Ha'aretz found that "Most are supported by extensive evidence, but a few have been proved untrue, providing ammunition to deniers of the historic massacre." Ha'aretz found several cases where Israeli search and rescue units, the army, and politicians disseminated inaccurate information. An Israeli army officer claimed that babies had been hung on clotheslines; later investigations showed that exactly one infant was killed, alongside her father, and that the reports of groups of children being slaughtered and mutilated were false. A total of five children under age six were killed, and another 14 between ages 12 and 15 were killed in rocket attacks from Gaza. Most of the children were killed alongside family members. Ha'aretz reported that "Hamas terrorists did desecrate corpses during the massacre, especially the bodies of soldiers. There were also beheadings and cases of dismemberment" but that "there is no evidence that children from several families were murdered together, rendering inaccurate Netanyahu's remark to U.S. President Joe Biden that Hamas terrorists 'took dozens of children, tied them up, burned them and executed them.'"[360] ZAKA volunteers shared stories of atrocities, with one repeatedly describing 20 children having been bound and burned at a kibbutz; the same volunteer said a pregnant woman had her unborn baby cut from her womb and that he had found the woman next to a murdered child aged six or seven. But the list of dead does not correspond to the claims, and no children of that age were killed in the kibbutz; the kibbutz has denied that the story is related to the kibbutz.[360]Sara Netanyahu, the Israeli prime minister's wife, sent U.S. first lady
Jill Biden a letter claiming that a heavily pregnant woman was taken hostage to Gaza; the woman was identified as a Thai worker who had been taken hostage and later released. She was not pregnant and had not given birth.[360]
U.S. Secretary of State
Antony Blinken also repeated some of the evidence given by the same
ZAKA volunteer, describing a scene the volunteer said he found in Be'eri: "a young boy and girl, 6 and 8 years old, and their parents around the breakfast table. The father's eye gouged out in front of his kids. The mother's breast cut off, the girl's foot amputated, the boy's fingers cut off before they were executed."[370][371]Haaretz reported in December 2023 that "no children 6 or 7 or near those ages were killed on Be'eri".[360]The Intercept similarly said no one killed in Be'eri matched this account and expressed mystification that U.S. media kept citing ZAKA, even though their testimony was debunked in Israeli media.[372]
On 20 October, a forensic analysis was presented to the media at Israel's National Center of Forensic Medicine that claimed to show evidence of victims burned alive with bound hands. The analysis suggested that one CT scan of charred remains showed an adult bound to a child at the time of death.[373][374] Many victims were described as having soot in their trachea, indicating that they burned to death.[375]
Unsubstantiated reports of beheaded children
In the aftermath of the initial Hamas assault, witnesses from the Israeli soldiers, the Israeli Department Forces, and the first responder Israeli organization
ZAKA said on French Israeli TV channel
i24news that they had seen the bodies of beheaded infants at the site of the Kfar Aza massacre.[376][377][150] During Antony Blinken's visit to Israel, he said he was shown photos of the massacre by Hamas of Israeli civilians and soldiers, and specifically that he saw beheaded IDF soldiers.[378] U.S. President Biden later falsely claimed that he had seen photographic evidence of militants beheading children; the White House subsequently clarified that Biden was alluding to news reports of beheadings, which have not contained or referred to photographic evidence.[151]NBC News called reports of "40 beheaded babies" unverified allegations,[151] adding that they appeared "to have originated from Israeli soldiers and people affiliated with the Israel Defense Force" and that "an Israeli official told CNN the government had not confirmed claims of the beheadings".[151] The allegation mainly "stemmed from a viral Israeli news broadcast clip" and the main X /
Twitter accounts propagating the claims were i24NEWS and Israel's official account, even though Israeli Defense spokesperson Doron Spielman told NBC News that he could not confirm i24NEWS's report.[151] As of 12 October,
CNN had extensively reviewed online media content to verify Hamas-related atrocities but found no evidence to support claims of decapitated children.[379]
An Israeli ZAKA volunteer reported on 14 October seeing children's bodies with severe injuries and burns; the volunteer said that some of the bodies appeared to have been decapitated, but the exact circumstances were not clear.[380]
According to The Jerusalem Post, which reprinted an article from the Israeli website Themedialine.org (whose founder, Felice Friedson, was praised by The Jerusalem Post and is a contributor to it[381]), approximately 200 forensic pathologists and other experts—from Israel, Switzerland, New Zealand, the U.S. and elsewhere—reviewed evidence of the attack at the
National Center of Forensic Medicine (Abu Kabir) in Tel Aviv.[382] Chen Kugel, head of the center, said that many bodies, including those of babies, were without heads. When asked whether the bodies had been decapitated, Kugel answered yes.[383] He added that it was difficult to determine whether the dead were decapitated before or after death, or whether their heads had been "cut off by knife or blown off by
RPG".[382]
On 24 October, Israeli authorities screened bodycam footage of Hamas atrocities for journalists, including "an attempt to decapitate someone who appeared to be still alive using a garden hoe",[384] as well as a still image of a decapitated IDF soldier.[385]
On 4 December, Haaretz reported that "unverified stories [had been] disseminated by Israeli search and rescue groups, army officers and even Sara Netanyahu".[386][387]Haaretz journalists Nir Hasson and Liza Rozovsky related the chronology of the news items about "beheaded babies" and "hung babies" and concluded, "this story is false".[386] They quoted Ishay Coen, a journalist for the ultra-Orthodox website Kikar Hashabbat, who admitted he made a mistake by unquestioningly accepting the IDF's claims.[386] "Why would an army officer invent such a horrifying story?", Hashabbat asked, adding, "I was wrong."[386]Haaretz also reported that some testimony came from reservist officers.[386] Haaretz further reported that "according to sources including Israel's National Insurance Institute, kibbutz leaders and the police", one baby was killed on 7 October, and she was killed with her father in
Kibbutz Be'eri.[386]Al-Jazeera reported that the claims of babies being beheaded and were killed en masse were false.[347]
According to several international law and genocide studies experts, Hamas's assault amounted to
genocide.[52][53][54] Legal and genocide experts have condemned the attack,[388][389] saying it represents a serious violation of international law. They argue that Hamas carried out these actions with the intent to destroy the Israeli national group.[54][53][390][52] Some commentators point to Hamas's
founding charter, which
advocates for the destruction of Israel, contains antisemitic language, and, according to certain researchers, implies a call for the genocide of Jews. This has led to suggestions that the 7 October attacks were an effort to fulfill this agenda.[391][392][393][394]
^It is unclear how many of them were killed by friendly fire or as a result of the
Hannibal Directive. An
Ynet article stated that there was an "immense and complex quantity" of friendly-fire incidents during the 7 October attack.[29][30][31][32]
^This excludes the invading Palestinian militants who died in the subsequent fighting with Israeli armed personnel.
^Although Israel disengaged from Gaza in 2005, most of the international community still regards Gaza as being occupied due to Israel's effective military control over the territory.[55][56]
^The Washington Post said the Palestinians were trying to explode the device,[72] while Al-Jazeera said that a Palestinian Explosives Engineering Unit was trying to defuse the device.[73]
^ Population data from 2022 unless otherwise stated.[203][204]
^ Most of the civilian areas on the Israeli side of the Gaza border had lightly armed volunteer security teams.[205]
^ Includes on duty police, military, and other professional armed security forces. Off duty IDF reservists were counted as civilians, so some available lists of names include more people with military ranks than the official number of military deaths.[citation needed]
^ Attendance at the festival was reported to be 3,500 but figures vary.[207] After the attack, relatives searching for missing loved ones said more than one thousand were at the event at the time of the attack.[208] Some festival attendees estimated 3,000–4,000 people.[208] An emergency medic who responded to the massacre at the festival placed attendance at 3,000.[140]
^ There were at least two additional soldiers on duty that day who survived.[213]
^ Rockets were hard at 6:30am and the militants entered the
Bibas home at 9:45am
[1]
^"Of the total of 1,004 victims whose gender is identified, 735 (73.4%) of these were male, and 278 (26.6%) female."[234]
^"But the Walla news site has published data by age and gender for 756 of the murdered civilians for which information is available...two girls...11 female...162 women...59 women...69 women...seven women."[235]
That totals 272 female killed out of 756 total civilians dead.
^"Civilians has 217 male and 153 female killed.[234]
^"Military has 298 male and 38 female killed.[234]
^"Police and rescue" has 22 male and 4 female killed.[234]
^"Biden Energy Adviser to Discuss Lebanon Border Issues on Israel Trip". Asharq Al-Awsat. 20 November 2023.
Archived from the original on 28 November 2023. Retrieved 20 November 2023. In the months before the Oct. 7 attack on Israel by Palestinian Hamas militants who run the Gaza Strip, Hochstein said the United States was exploring the possibility of resolving the longstanding border dispute between Lebanon and Israel.
^Jason Burke (9 November 2023).
"A deadly cascade: how secret Hamas attack orders were passed down at last minute". The Guardian.
Archived from the original on 17 December 2023. Retrieved 20 November 2023. Analysts said other objectives of the 7 October attacks probably included halting efforts to normalise relations between Israel and Saudi Arabia, further undermining the Palestinian Authority, distracting from Hamas's failure to deliver services or break the blockade of Gaza, and provoking a violent reaction from Israel that would mobilise its own supporters in Gaza, the West Bank and elsewhere.
^
abcZitun, Yoav (12 December 2023).
"One-fifth of troop fatalities in Gaza due to friendly fire or accidents, IDF reports". Ynetnews.
Archived from the original on 14 December 2023. Retrieved 15 December 2023. Casualties fell as a result of friendly fire on October 7, but the IDF believes that beyond the operational investigations of the events, it would not be morally sound to investigate these incidents due to the immense and complex quantity of them that took place in the kibbutzim and southern Israeli communities due to the challenging situations the soldiers were in at the time.
^"Evidence points to systematic use of rape and sexual violence by Hamas in 7 October attacks | Israel-Gaza war | The Guardian". amp.theguardian.com.
Archived from the original on 4 February 2024. Retrieved 4 February 2024. By cross-referencing testimonies given to police, published interviews with witnesses, and photo and video footage taken by survivors and first responders, the Guardian is aware of at least six sexual assaults for which multiple corroborating pieces of evidence exist. Two of those victims, who were murdered, were aged under 18. At least seven women who were killed were also raped in the attack, according to Prof Ruth Halperin-Kaddari, a legal scholar and international women's rights advocate, from her examination of evidence so far. The New York Times and NBC have both identified more than 30 killed women and girls whose bodies bear signs of abuse, such as bloodied genitals and missing clothes, and according to the Israeli welfare ministry, five women and one man have come forward seeking help for sexual abuse over the past few months.
^"New signs emerge of 'widespread' sexual crimes by Hamas, as Netanyahu alleges global indifference". AP News. 5 December 2023.
Archived from the original on 12 December 2023. Retrieved 4 February 2024. Such accounts given to The Associated Press, along with first assessments by an Israeli rights group, show that sexual assault was part of an atrocities-filled rampage by Hamas and other Gaza militants who killed about 1,200 people, most of them civilians, and took more than 240 hostages that day.
^Chotiner, Isaac (10 December 2023).
"How Hamas Used Sexual Violence on October 7th". The New Yorker.
ISSN0028-792X.
Archived from the original on 24 January 2024. Retrieved 5 February 2024. What I can say with a really high degree of certainty is that it wasn't a few cases. It wasn't here and there, or only on one occasion. There were many cases of different gender-based and sexual violence, and they were in the kibbutzim and in the Nova music festival: the most extreme gang rapes, mutilation of body parts, putting objects into women's bodies, and having women paraded like trophies when they were taken into Gaza.
^
abMichaelson, Ruth (7 October 2023).
"Condemnation and calls for restraint after Hamas attack on Israel". The Guardian.
ISSN0261-3077.
Archived from the original on 7 October 2023. Retrieved 7 October 2023. International leaders condemned an unprecedented incursion by Palestinian militants into southern Israel, while governments across the Middle East called for restraint after an attack that shook the Israeli security establishment. [...] The US defence secretary,
Lloyd Austin, said his organisation would send support to Israel. 'Over the coming days the
Department of Defense will work to ensure that Israel has what it needs to defend itself and protect civilians from indiscriminate violence and terrorism,' he said.
^
ab"Hamas's attack was the bloodiest in Israel's history". The Economist. 12 October 2023.
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Archived from the original on 14 October 2023. Retrieved 15 October 2023. The most searing historical comparison predates Israel's founding. Not all of Hamas's victims were Israeli, and not all of the Israeli dead were Jewish. But under reasonable assumptions about the ethnic make-up of those killed in this and previous attacks, the last time before October 7th that this many Jews were murdered on a single day was during the Holocaust.
^
abKushner, Harvey W. (2003). Encyclopedia of terrorism. Thousand Oaks (Calif.) London: SAGE publications. pp. xxiv.
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^Dolnik, A.; Bhattacharjee, A. (2002).
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Archived from the original on 6 February 2024. Retrieved 1 February 2024. Hamas' initial involvement in the violent exchange dates to 1989, when the group conducted a stabbing campaign against individual Israelis. ... when Hamas launched a series of suicide bombings accompanied by several kidnappings of Israeli soldiers. Suicide operations remain the most dominant Hamas tactic to date, along with occasional shooting, grenade and time bomb attacks.
^Litvak, Meir (15 July 2010).
""Martyrdom is Life": Jihad and Martyrdom in the Ideology of Hamas". Studies in Conflict & Terrorism. 33 (8): 716–734.
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Archived from the original on 12 December 2023. Retrieved 1 February 2024. In the course of time, Hamas has become the most effective Palestinian organization fighting Israel, carrying out a series of suicide attacks, against mostly civilian Israeli targets, in the years 1994–1996 and 2001–2007, which caused the death of over 1,000 Israeli civilians.
^Qossay Hamed (2023). Hamas in Power: The Question of Transformation. IGI Global. p. 161.
^Timea Spitka (2023). National and International Civilian Protection Strategies in the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict.
Springer International Publishing. pp. 88–89.
^"Hamas leader Haniyeh: Battle 'will spread to West Bank, Jerusalem'".
Associated Press and
Reuters. 8 October 2023. Archived from
the original on 18 October 2023. The leader of Hamas' military wing, Mohammed Deif, said Saturday's assault was in response to the 16-year blockade of Gaza, Israeli raids inside West Bank cities over the past year, violence at Al-Aqsa and increasing attacks by settlers on Palestinians, and growth of settlements.
^Goldman, Adam; Bergman, Ronen; Mazzetti, Mark; Odenheimer, Natan; Cardia, Alexander; Tiefenthäler, Ainara; Frenkel, Sheera (30 December 2023).
"Where Was the Israeli Military?". The New York Times.
Archived from the original on 30 December 2023. Retrieved 30 December 2023.
^מתוך זמן אמת | המסיבה ששינתה הכול [From real time | The party that changed everything] (in Hebrew).
Kan 11. 7 November 2023.
Archived from the original on 8 November 2023. Retrieved 20 January 2024.
^Cohen, Ido David (11 October 2023).
צלם "ישראל היום", יניב זוהר, נרצח עם אשתו ושתי בנותיהם [Israel Today photographer, Yaniv Zohar, was murdered along with his wife and their two daughters]. הארץ (in Hebrew).
Archived from the original on 19 October 2023. Retrieved 15 October 2023.
^Michael Tuchfeld (13 October 2023).
כיתת כוננות מול עשרות מחבלים: הקרב שהציל את קיבוץ עלומים [A standby squad against dozens of terrorists: the battle that saved Kibbutz Alumim]. Makor Rishon (in Hebrew).
Archived from the original on 14 October 2023. Retrieved 2 November 2023.
^Matan Tzuri; Sa'ar Hess; Yoav Zeyton; Ilana Kuriel; Hadar Gil-Ed; Eitan Glickman; Meir Turgeman (17 October 2023).
יישוב אחרי יישוב: הנרצחים בטבח חמאס, העדויות המצמררות וסיפורי הגבורה [Settlement after settlement: the murdered in the Hamas massacre, the chilling testimonies and the stories of heroism]. Ynet (in Hebrew).
Archived from the original on 14 January 2024. Retrieved 12 November 2023.
^
abמלחמה בישראל: כל שמות ההרוגים וקורבנות הטבח שפורסמו [War in Israel: all the names of the dead and victims of the massacre published]. הארץ (in Hebrew). 12 October 2023.
Archived from the original on 13 October 2023. Retrieved 15 October 2023.
^@netanyahu (7 October 2023).
דבריי בפתח ישיבת הקבינט [My words at the beginning of the cabinet meeting:] (
Tweet) (in Hebrew). Retrieved 7 October 2023 – via
Twitter.
^Bayefsky, Anne F.; Blank, Laurie R. (22 March 2018).
Incitement to Terrorism. BRILL.
ISBN978-90-04-35982-6. The governing charter of Hamas, "The Covenant of the Islamic Resistance Movement," openly dedicates Hamas to genocide against the Jewish people.
^Tsesis, Alexander (2014–2015).
"Antisemitism and Hate Speech Studies". Rutgers Journal of Law and Religion. 16: 352. For Jews, the Holocaust remains a real concern in an age when Hamas, a Palestinian terrorist organization, continues to advocate genocide in its core Charter.