United Nations Security Council Resolution 2728, adopted on 25 March 2024, demands an immediate ceasefire in the
Israel–Hamas war during the month of
Ramadan leading to a lasting sustainable ceasefire. It also demands the unconditional release of all hostages.[1][2] The resolution received approval from 14 members, while the
United States abstained from voting.
Background and procedures
Resolution 2728 was proposed by the E-10 (the non-permanent members) and followed the
veto of a US draft resolution regarding a ceasefire in Gaza by China and Russia on 22 March 2024.[3]
A verbal amendment introduced by Russia reinserting the word "permanent" to qualify the ceasefire in the resolution's first operative paragraph received 3 votes in favour (Algeria, China, Russia), 11 abstentions and 1 against (United States) and therefore failed to pass due to an insufficient number of members voting in favour of the amendment.[4][5]
It was reported that the Prime Minister of Israel stated that he would cancel an Israeli delegation trip to the US if it did not veto the resolution.[6][1]
Reiterating its demand that all parties comply with their obligations under
international law, including
international humanitarian law and
international human rights law, and in this regard deploring all attacks against civilians and civilian objects, as well as all violence and hostilities against civilians, and all acts of
terrorism, and recalling that the taking of
hostages is prohibited under international law,
Acknowledging the ongoing diplomatic efforts by
Egypt,
Qatar and the United States, aimed at reaching a cessation of hostilities, releasing the hostages and increasing the provision and distribution of humanitarian aid,
1. Demands an immediate ceasefire for the month of
Ramadan respected by all parties leading to a lasting sustainable
ceasefire, and also demands the immediate and unconditional release of
all hostages, as well as ensuring humanitarian access to address their medical and other humanitarian needs, and further demands that the parties comply with their obligations under international law in relation to all persons they detain;
2. Emphasizes the urgent need to expand the flow of humanitarian assistance to and reinforce the protection of civilians in the entire Gaza Strip and reiterates its demand for the lifting of all barriers to the provision of humanitarian assistance at scale, in line with international humanitarian law as well as
resolutions 2712 (2023) and
2720 (2023);
3. Decides to remain actively seized of the matter.
Voting record
Permanent members of the Security Council are in bold.
Israel: Prime Minister
Benjamin Netanyahu cancelled a delegation trip to the White House to discuss Rafah with a statement released citing "a clear retreat from the consistent US position".[7] They also stated "today’s resolution gives Hamas hope that international pressure will force Israel to accept a ceasefire without the release of our hostages, thus harming both the war effort and the effort to release the hostages."[1] Israel's Minister of National Security
Itamar Ben-Gvir argued that the Security Council resolution "proves that the United Nations is anti-Semitic" and that UN Secretary-General "is anti-Semitic".[8][9][10]Gilad Erdan,
Israel's Permanent Representative to the United Nations, called the resolution "shameless".[11]
Palestine: Permanent Observer to the UN
Riyad Mansour welcomed the resolution whilst calling for its enforcement.[12]
Hamas: Hamas welcomed the resolution, stating they were ready "to engage in an immediate prisoner exchange process that leads to the release of prisoners on both sides".[2]
Security Council members
China: Ambassador to the UN
Zhang Jun stated, "For the millions of people in Gaza who remain mired in an unprecedented humanitarian catastrophe, this resolution, if fully and effectively implemented, could still bring long-awaited hope. Security Council resolutions are binding."[13]
France: Permanent Representative
Nicolas de Rivière stated, "The Security Council's silence on Gaza was becoming deafening. It is high time now for the council to finally contribute to finding a solution".[14]
Malta: The Ambassador to the UN,
Vanessa Frazier, highlighted how this was "the first joint motion [from the non-permanent members] on a geographic situation in the council's history" and that it sent a strong message to world leaders.[15]
Russia: Permanent Representative
Vasily Nebenzya stated, "We believe it is fundamentally important to vote in favour of peace. The council must continue to work on achieving a permanent ceasefire".[16]
Switzerland: The
Federal Council stated in a press release that the resolution "responds to the most urgent needs on the ground and must be implemented immediately". It also highlighted how the "decision by the Council underlines the weight of the non-permanent members of the Council".[17]
South Korea: At a regular briefing,
foreign ministry spokesman Lim Soo-seok said, "We hope that the UNSC resolution will lead to a ceasefire agreement, the release of all hostages and a surge in humanitarian aid." A foreign ministry official said the resolution must be respected and "faithfully implemented as it reflects the consensus of the international community".[18]
United States: Permanent Representative
Linda Thomas-Greenfield thanked members for adding some of the US edits, but also stated the lack of condemnation of Hamas meant it could not support the resolution.[19][20] She further demanded of the Security Council to link the release of all hostages to any ceasefire, characterizing the resolution as "non-binding".[5] The US State Department noted that the US abstention did not indicate a change in US policy, and also stated that the US saw the ceasefire resolution as nonbinding.[21]
Other nations
Australia: Foreign Minister
Penny Wong stated "all parties to the conflict must comply" with the resolution.[22]
Colombia: President
Gustavo Petro called on the international community to break diplomatic ties with Israel if it did not comply with the resolution.[23]
Iran: The Foreign Ministry spokesman stated, "A more important step than adopting this resolution would be effective action to implement it".[24]
Jordan: Foreign Minister
Ayman Safadi stated that the "reaction by the Israeli government reflects the disdain with which it holds international law".[25]
Lebanon: Prime Minister
Najib Mikati called the resolution, "A first step on the path to stopping the Israeli aggression on the Gaza Strip".[26]
Qatar: The Foreign Ministry stated, "The ministry stresses the importance of committing to implementing the resolution, especially the ceasefire, and allowing humanitarian aid urgently and without obstacles into the entire Gaza Strip".[27]
Spain: Prime Minister
Pedro Sánchez said it was "imperative that the resolution be implemented and humanitarian aid access be allowed" into Gaza.[29]
Turkey: The Foreign Affairs spokesman stated, "We hope that Israel will comply with the requirements of this resolution without delay".[30]
Ceasefire negotiations
Israel claimed that the rejection of a ceasefire proposal by Hamas was due to the passing of 2728, with Netanyahu stating the Hamas response was a "sad testament to the damage caused by the UN Security Council". The Israeli team at Doha was also recalled. The US rejected the assertions describing them as "inaccurate in almost every respect".[31][32]
Other
Responding to the passing of the resolution,
Secretary-GeneralAntónio Guterres expressed his desire for implementation, posting that "failure would be unforgivable".[33] In a statement,
Doctors Without Borders said, "Council members must ensure that the ceasefire is put into action immediately and doesn’t end up being merely words on paper."[34] The head of
Amnesty International stated the Resolution must be "implemented immediately".[35] The Israel-Palestine director of
Human Rights Watch stated, "States should use all forms of leverage – including imposing arms embargo and targeted sanctions on Israel – to press it to comply. The lives of millions of Palestinians hang in the balance."[36] The president of the European Commission
Ursula von der Leyen stated, "Implementation of this resolution is vital for the protection of all civilians".[37]
Compliance
Ceasefire
The day following the passage of the resolution, journalist
Hind Khoudary reported, "After the UN resolution passed, Palestinians thought that they won’t be bombed in the Gaza Strip. But still, Palestinians continue to be killed and wounded."[38] Imran Khan, a journalist, wrote, "Israel has a very long history of simply ignoring UN resolutions".[39] On 27 March, James Elder, a spokesperson for
UNICEF, stated, "There was so much hope in Gaza after Monday’s call for a ceasefire. That hope, night after night, is being drowned out by bombs".[40]
Benny Gantz, a member of the Israeli war cabinet, stated the resolution had "no operational significance".[41]Robert A. Wood, a U.S. diplomat, stated, "The Israelis saw that resolution, they didn’t like it."[42]Christos Christou, the international president of
Doctors Without Borders, "We haven’t seen any change after this resolution on the ground".[43]
Hostages
Regarding the second demand in operative paragraph 1 of the resolution, on 27 March
Khaled Mashaal, the former head of Hamas's politburo, said that the hostages would remain captive until Israel halts hostilities, withdraws its troops, allows displaced civilians to return and ends its blockade of the Gaza Strip.[44]