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List of domesticated animals

This page gives a list of domestic animals, ^[1] also including a list of animals which are or may be undergoing the process of domestication and animals that have an extensive relationship with humans beyond simple predation. This includes species which are semi-domesticated, undomesticated but captive-bred on a commercial scale, or commonly wild-caught, at least occasionally captive-bred, and tameable. In order to be considered fully domesticated, most species have undergone significant genetic, behavioural and/or morphological changes from their wild ancestors; while others have been changed very little from their wild ancestors despite hundreds or thousands of years of potential selective breeding. A number of factors determine how quickly any changes may occur in a species, however, there isn't always a desire to improve a species from its wild form. Domestication is a gradual process, i.e., there is no precise moment in the history of a given species when it can be considered to have become fully domesticated.

Archaeozoology has identified three classes of animal domesticates: (1) commensals, adapted to a human niche (e.g., dogs, cats, guinea pigs); (2) prey animals sought for food (e.g., cows, sheep, pig, goats); and (3) targeted animals for draft and nonfood resources (e.g., horse, camel, donkey). ^[2]

To sort the tables chronologically by date of domestication, refresh your browser window, as clicking the Date column heading will mix AD and BC dates.

Domestic animals

Species and subspecies	Wild ancestor	Date	Location of origin	Purpose	Image	Degree and type of domestication	Extent in wild vs captivity	Taxon group
Dog (Canis lupus familiaris)	Extinct Pleistocene population of Gray wolf (Canis lupus) [3]	13000 BCE [4] [5]	Europe [5]	Pets, hunting, herding, guarding, pest control, transportation, draft, working, show, racing, sport, rescuing, guiding, servicing, fighting, meat, research, patrol, fibre		Tame (with exceptions), [6] significant physical changes, probably significant behavioral changes	Domestic and feral dogs both very common, [6] ancestor or nearest wild relative less common but not rare	1c Carnivora
Goat (Capra aegagrus hircus)	Bezoar ibex (Capra aegagrus aegagrus)	10000 BCE [7] [8] [9]	Iran	milk, meat, fibre, skin, show, racing, fighting, clearing land, pets, horns, guarding		Slight physical changes	Common in captivity, threatened in wild, feral goats common	1b Bovidae
Domestic pig (Sus scrofa domesticus)	Anatolian boar (Sus scrofa libycus), [10] Northern Chinese boar (Sus scrofa moupinensis) [11]	9000 BCE [12] [13] [14] [15]	Near East, China	meat, leather, research, show, racing, fighting, truffles, pets, tusks, guarding, manure		Some physical changes	Common in the wild. Much more common in captivity. Feral animals common in some areas.	1a Artiodactyla except Bovidae
Sheep (Ovis aries)	Unknown ancestor, [16] possibly Armenian mouflon (Ovis orientalis gmelini)	9000 BCE to 8500 BCE [17]	Anatolia, Zagros mountains	fibre, meat, milk, leather, pelt, vellum, pets, show, racing, research, guarding, fighting, ornamental, horns, lawn mowing		Some physical changes	Common in captivity, threatened in the wild	1b Bovidae
Cattle (Bos taurus)	Eurasian aurochs (Bos primigenius primigenius) (extinct)	8000 BCE [18] [19]	Near East	meat, milk, leather, hides, working, plowing, draft, vellum, blood, transportation, soil fertilization, fighting, show, racing, pets, horns, guarding, dung		Some physical changes	Very common in captivity, wild relatives extinct, feral cattle fairly common	1b Bovidae
Zebu (Bos primigenius indicus)	Indian aurochs (Bos primigenius namadicus) (extinct)	8000 BCE	India	meat, milk, leather, hides, working, plowing, draft, vellum, blood, transportation, soil fertilization, fighting, show, racing, pets, horns, dung		Considerable physical changes	Wild relatives extinct, common in captivity	1b Bovidae
Cat (Felis catus)	African wildcat (Felis silvestris lybica)	8000 BC to 7500 BCE [20] [21] [22] [23]	Near East	pets, pest control, show, pelt, research		Tame, some physical changes	Very abundant in captivity, true wildcats less abundant though not rare. Feral populations very common.	1c Carnivora
Chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus)	Red junglefowl (Gallus gallus) with some contribution from the Grey junglefowl (Gallus sonneratii)	6000 BCE [24]	India and Southeast Asia	meat, eggs, feathers, leather, show, racing, ornamental, fighting, pest control, pets, guarding, manure		Some physical changes, considerable reproductive changes	Very common in captivity and the wild	2b Galliformes
Domestic guinea pig (Cavia porcellus)	Montane guinea pig (Cavia tschudii)	5000 BCE [25]	Peru	pets, show, racing, research, meat, lawn mowing		Tame, slight physical changes	Somewhat common in captivity and the wild	1d Rodentia
Donkey (Equus africanus asinus)	Nubian wild ass (Equus africanus africanus), Somali wild ass (Equus africanus somaliensis) [26]	5000 BCE [27] [28]	Egypt	transportation, working, plowing, draft, mount, meat, milk, pets, racing, guarding, lawn mowing, patrol, manure		Slight physical changes	Somewhat common in captivity and as feral animals, wild animals critically endangered,	1e Other mammals
Domestic duck (Anas platyrhynchos domesticus)	Mallard duck (Anas platyrhynchos)	4000 BCE	China	meat, feathers, eggs, pets, show, racing, ornamental, guarding, pest control		Considerable physical changes	Common in captivity, but more abundant in the wild	2a Anseriformes
Water buffalo, including "river buffalo" (Bubalus bubalis bubalis) and " swamp buffalo" (Bubalus bubalis carabenesis)	Wild water buffalo (Bubalus arnee)	4000 BCE	India, China, Philippines	working, plowing, draft, mount, fighting, meat, show, racing, milk, pets, horns, patrol, dung		Mainly unchanged from wild animal	Common in captivity, endangered in the wild	1b Bovidae
Western honey bee (Apis mellifera), including subspecies Italian bee (A. mellifera ligustica), European dark bee (A. mellifera mellifera), Carniolan honey bee (A. mellifera carnica) and Caucasian honey bee (A. mellifera caucasia), Greek bee (A. mellifera cecropia)	Western honey bee (Apis mellifera), Italian bee (A. mellifera ligustica), European dark bee (A. mellifera mellifera), Carniolan honey bee (A. mellifera carnica) and Caucasian honey bee (A. mellifera caucasia), Greek bee (A. mellifera cecropia)	4000 BCE (1880s for A.m. ligustica, modern for A.m. mellifera, uncertain for A.m. carnica, A.m. caucasia and A.m. cecropia)	Europe, Asia and Africa	honey, wax, pollination		Some physical and behavioral changes. Domestication status is a point of contention. See Western honey bee for details.	Very common in captivity, feral populations common, wild status unclear [29]	6a Hymenoptera
Dromedary camel (Camelus dromedarius)	Thomas' camel (Camelus thomasi) (extinct) [30]	4000 BCE	Arabia	transportation, working, hunting, plowing, draft, mount, show, racing, fighting, milk, meat, pets, patrol, hair		Tame, few physical changes	Moderately common in captivity, small feral population in original range, significant feral population in Australia, true wild dromedaries may be extinct	1a Artiodactyla except Bovidae
Horse (Equus ferus caballus)	Extinct unknown population of Wild horse [31]	3500 BCE [32]	Kazakhstan	transportation, milk, meat, working, guiding, servicing, hunting, execution, plowing, draft, mount, patrol fighting, show, racing, pets, hair, manure		Tame, some physical changes mainly in coloration	Common in captivity, very rare in wild, feral populations common	1e Other mammals
Domestic silkmoth (Bombyx mori)	Wild silkmoth (Bombyx mandarina)	3000 BCE	China	silk, animal feed, pets, meat		Tame/held captive, some physical changes	Fairly common in captivity, wild extent unclear	6b Other insects
Domestic pigeon (Columba livia domestica)	Rock dove (Columba livia)	3000 BCE	Mediterranean Basin	show, ornamental, messenger, meat, racing, pets		Artificially selected into many varieties, including meat breeds, racing/messenger breeds, and fancy plumage breeds	Relatively common in captivity, very common in the wild, feral pigeons extremely abundant	2c Columbiformes
Domestic goose (Anser anser domesticus and Anser cygnoides domesticus)	Greylag goose (Anser anser) and Swan goose (A. cygnoides)	3000 BCE for A. anser, date uncertain for A. cygnoides. [33]	Egypt (A. anser), China (A. cygnoides)	meat, feathers, eggs, show, guarding, pest control, pets		Considerable physical changes	Common in captivity and the wild	2a Anseriformes
Yak (Bos grunniens)	Wild yak (Bos mutus)	2500 BCE	Tibet, Nepal	milk, transportation, working, plowing, mount, racing, fighting, meat, fibre, guarding, pets, horns, patrol, dung		Tame, slight physical changes	Fairly common in captivity; threatened in the wild.	1b Bovidae
Domestic Bactrian camel (Camelus bactrianus)	Wild Bactrian camel (Camelus ferus)	2500 BCE	Central Asia ( Afghanistan)	milk, transportation, working, hunting, plowing, draft, mount, fighting, show, racing, meat, hair, pets		Tame, few physical changes	Moderately common in captivity, critically endangered in the wild	1a Artiodactyla except Bovidae
Llama (Lama glama)	Guanaco (Lama guanicoe cacsilensis) [34]	2400 BCE [35]	Peru, Bolivia	transportation, working, draft, pack, meat, show, racing, pets, guarding		Slight physical changes	Fairly common in captivity and the wild	1a Artiodactyla except Bovidae
Alpaca (Vicugna pacos)	Vicuña (Vicugna vicugna mensalis) [34]	2400 BCE [35]	Peru, Bolivia	fibre, meat, show, pets, guarding, milk, lawn mowing		Considerable physical changes	Fairly common in captivity and the wild	1a Artiodactyla except Bovidae
Domestic guineafowl (Numida meleagris)	Helmeted guineafowl (Numida meleagris)	2400 BCE [36]	Africa	meat, eggs, pest control, show, alarming, pets, guarding, manure		Mainly unaltered from wild population	Somewhat common in captivity and in the wild	2b Galliformes
Fuegian dog (Lycalopex culpaeus) (extinct)	Culpeo (Lycalopex culpaeus)	Date uncertain	Chile	hunting, pets, warmth, guarding			Extinct in captivity	1c Carnivora
Ferret (Mustela putorius furo)	European polecat (Mustela putorius)	1500 BCE [37]	Europe	pets, hunting, pest control, show, racing		Tame, slight physical changes	Common in captivity, somewhat common in the wild. Feral ferrets rare	1c Carnivora
Domestic muscovy duck (Cairina moschata domestica)	Muscovy duck (Cairina moschata)	700–600 BCE [35]	South America	meat, feathers, eggs, show, pets, guarding, pest control		Tame, some physical changes	Common in captivity, feral populations are rare	2a Anseriformes
Barbary dove (Streptopelia risoria)	African collared dove (Streptopelia roseogrisea)	500 BCE	North Africa	show, pets, meat		Slight physical changes	Common in captivity and feral populations	2c Columbiformes
Bali cattle (Bos javanicus domesticus)	Javan banteng (Bos javanicus javanicus)	Date uncertain	Southeast Asia, Bali	meat, milk, show, racing, working, plowing, draft		Slight physical changes	Common in captivity, endangered in the wild	1b Bovidae
Gayal (Bos frontalis)	Gaur (Bos gaurus)	Date uncertain	Southeast Asia, Northeast India	meat, milk		Slight physical changes	Somewhat common in captivity, threatened in the wild	1b Bovidae
Domestic turkey (Meleagris gallopavo)	South Mexican wild turkey (Meleagris gallopavo gallopavo)	180 CE [35]	Mexico	meat, feathers, eggs, show, pets, pest control, guarding, manure		Considerable physical changes	Common in captivity and wild	2b Galliformes
Goldfish (Carassius auratus)	Prussian carp (Carassius gibelio)	300 CE to 400 CE	China	pets, show, racing, ornamental		Tame/held captive, significant physical changes	Very common and abundant in captivity, wild extent is unclear	5a Cyprinidae
Domestic rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus)	Iberian rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus huxleyi) [38]	600 CE [39]	Europe	pelt, fibre, pets, show, racing, research, meat, lawn mowing		Tame, significant physical changes	Common in captivity, rare in native habitat, common in introduced range	1e Other mammals
Koi (Cyprinus rubrofuscus)	Amur carp (Cyprinus rubrofuscus)	11th Century CE	Japan	ornamental, show, pets		Tame/held captive, considerable physical changes	Fairly common in captivity, threatened in the wild	5a Cyprinidae
Domestic canary (Serinus canaria domestica)	Atlantic canary (Serinus canaria)	15th century CE	Canary Islands, Europe	pets, research, show, mining, fighting		Slight physical changes	Common in captivity and wild	2d Passeriformes
Scaly-breasted munia (Lonchura punctulata)	Scaly-breasted munia (Lonchura punctulata)	date uncertain	Southeast Asia	pets, research		Slight physical changes	Fairly common in captivity and the wild	2d Passeriformes
Society finch (Lonchura striata domestica)	White-rumped munia (Lonchura striata)	unknown, may have been introduced to Japan sometime around the early 18th century CE [40]	Japan	pets, research		Slight physical changes	Fairly common in captivity and the wild	2d Passeriformes
Fancy mouse and laboratory mouse	House mouse (Mus musculus)	1100 BCE (China), then 17th century CE (Europe) [41]	China	pets, research, racing, animal feed		Tame, significant physical changes	Common in captivity and in the wild	1d Rodentia
Siamese fighting fish (Betta splendens)	Uncertain species of the genus Betta	19th century CE	Thailand	fighting, pets		Tame/held captive, very significant physical and slight behavioral changes		5b Other fish
Fancy rat and laboratory rat	Brown rat (Rattus norvegicus)	19th century CE [42]	United Kingdom	pets, research, show		Tame, some physical and psychological changes	Common in captivity and in the wild	1d Rodentia
Domestic mink (Neovison vison) [43]	American mink (Neovison vison)	19th century CE	North America	fur, hunting, pest control, pets		Some physical and psychological changes	Somewhat common in captivity and in the wild	1c Carnivora
Domesticated red fox (Vulpes vulpes)	Red fox (Vulpes vulpes)	1950s CE	Soviet Union, Russia	pelt, research, pets		Tame, some physical changes	Very small domestic population, wild relatives fairly common	1c Carnivora
Domestic hedgehog (Atelerix albiventris)	Four-toed hedgehog (Atelerix albiventris)	1980s CE	Central and Eastern Africa	pets		Slight physical changes	Common in the wild. Somewhat rare in captivity	1e Other mammals
Guppy (Poecilia reticulata some strains) [44]	Guppy (Poecilia reticulata)	Date uncertain	Barbados, Brazil, Guyana	pets		Tame/held in captivity, significant physical changes	Common in captivity	5b Other fish

Semidomesticated, routinely captive-bred, or domestication status unclear

Due to the somewhat unclear outlines of what, precisely, constitutes domestication, there are some species that may or may not be fully domesticated. There are also species that are extensively used or kept as pets by humans, but are not significantly altered from wild-type animals. Most animals on this second table are at least somewhat altered from wild animals by their extensive interactions with humans. Many could not be released into the wild, or are in some way dependent on humans.

Species and subspecies	Wild ancestor	Date	Location of origin	Purpose	Image	Degree and type of domestication	Extent in wild vs captivity	Taxon group
Semi-domesticated reindeer (Rangifer tarandus)	Reindeer (Rangifer tarandus)	3000 BC	Fennoscandia, Western Russia (possibly Eastern Russia) [45]	meat, milk, transportation, working, draft, mount, hides, racing, leather, antlers, pets		Semidomesticated		1a Artiodactyla except Bovidae
Addax (Addax nasomaculatus)	Addax (Addax nasomaculatus)	2500 BC	Egypt	meat, horns, leather, skin, sacrifice		Held/tame in captivity	Small captive population, but endangered in the wild	1b Bovidae
Gemsbok (Oryx gazella)	Gemsbok (Oryx gazella)	Date uncertain	Southern Africa	meat, hides, horns		Held/tame in captivity		1b Bovidae
Arabian ostrich (Struthio camelus syriacus)	Arabian ostrich (Struthio camelus syriacus) [46]	Date uncertain	Mesopotamia	meat, feathers, eggs, sacrifice			Extinct in captivity and in the wild	2f Other birds
Arabian oryx (Oryx leucoryx)	Arabian oryx (Oryx leucoryx)	Date uncertain	Middle East, Egypt	meat, horns		Held/tame in captivity		1b Bovidae
Dorcas gazelle (Gazella dorcas)	Dorcas gazelle (Gazella dorcas) [47]	Date uncertain	Egypt	meat, hides, horns, pets		Held/tame in captivity		1b Bovidae
Nubian ibex (Capra nubiana)	Nubian ibex (Capra nubiana) [48]	Date uncertain	Egypt	meat, horns		Held/tame in captivity		1b Bovidae
Scimitar oryx (Oryx dammah)	Scimitar oryx (Oryx dammah)	2320-2150 BC	Egypt	meat, hides, horns, sacrifice		Held/tame in captivity	Small captive population, but nearly extinct in wild	1b Bovidae
Nubian giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis camelopardalis)	Nubian giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis camelopardalis) [49] [50]	Date uncertain	Egypt	tourism, pets		Held/tame in captivity		1a Artiodactyla except Bovidae
Striped hyena (Hyaena hyaena)	Striped hyena (Hyaena hyaena) [51]	Date uncertain	Egypt, Middle East, India	meat, hunting, blood, show, tourism, hair, medicine, fat, organs, pets		Held/tame in captivity		1c Carnivora
Serval (Leptailurus serval)	Serval (Leptailurus serval) [52]	Date uncertain	Egypt	pest control, pets		Held/tame in captivity		1c Carnivora
Caracal (Caracal caracal)	Caracal (Caracal caracal) [53]	Date uncertain	Egypt, India, Southern Africa	hunting, pest control, pets		Held/tame in captivity		1c Carnivora
Sudan cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus soemmeringii)	Sudan cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus soemmeringii) [54]	Date uncertain	Egypt	hunting, pets		Held/tame in captivity		1c Carnivora
Bubal hartebeest (Alcelaphus buselaphus buselaphus) (extinct)	Bubal hartebeest (Alcelaphus buselaphus buselaphus) (extinct)	Date uncertain	Egypt	meat, hides, horns, sacrifice			Extinct in captivity and in the wild	1b Bovidae
Syrian wild ass (Equus hemionus hemippus) (extinct)	Syrian wild ass (Equus hemionus hemippus) (extinct) [55]	Date uncertain	Mesopotamia	draught			Extinct in captivity and in the wild	1e Other mammals
Indian elephant (Elephas maximus indicus)	Indian elephant (Elephas maximus indicus)	2000 BC	Indus Valley Civilization	working, transportation, hunting, show, racing, fighting, worship, patrol		Semidomesticated (Captured from wild and tamed)		1e Other mammals
Wood duck (Aix sponsa)	Wood duck (Aix sponsa)	Date uncertain	North America	meat, ornamental, pets, pest control		Held/tame in captivity		2a Anseriformes
Mandarin duck (Aix galericulata)	Mandarin duck (Aix galericulata)	Pre-modern China (date uncertain)	China	ornamental, pets, pest control		Held/tame in captivity		2a Anseriformes
Egyptian goose (Alopochen aegyptiacus)	Egyptian goose (Alopochen aegyptiacus)	Date uncertain	Egypt	meat, eggs, ornamental, guarding, pets, feathers		Held/tame in captivity	common in captivity, feral populations very common	2a Anseriformes
Egyptian mongoose (Herpestes ichneumon)	Egyptian mongoose (Herpestes ichneumon)	Ancient Egypt (Date uncertain)	Egypt	pest control, pets		Held/tame in captivity		1c Carnivora
Leopard cat (Prionailurus bengalensis)	Leopard cat (Prionailurus bengalensis) [56]	5000 BC	China	pest control, pets		Held/tame in captivity		1c Carnivora
Common genet (Genetta genetta), Cape genet (G. tigrina), Pardine genet (G. pardina) and Rusty-spotted genet (G. maculata)	Common genet (Genetta genetta) [57], Cape genet (G. tigrina), Pardine genet (G. pardina) and Rusty-spotted genet (G. maculata)	Date uncertain	Africa	pest control, pets		Held/tame in captivity		1c Carnivora
Asiatic honey bee (Apis cerana), including subspecies Indian honey bee (Apis cerana indica) and Japanese honey bee (Apis cerana japonica)	Asiatic honey bee (Apis cerana) and appropriate subspecies	Date uncertain	South Asia, Southeast Asia, Japan	honey, pollination		Held/tame in captivity		6a Hymenoptera
Fallow deer (Dama dama)	Fallow deer (Dama dama)	1000 BC	Mediterranean Basin	meat, hides, antlers, pets		Semidomesticated		1a Artiodactyla except Bovidae
European medicinal leech (Hirudo medicinalis)	European medicinal leech (Hirudo medicinalis)	800 BC	Europe, Asia	bloodletting, surgery				7 Other animals
Cochineal (Dactylopius coccus)	Cochineal (Dactylopius coccus)	700–500 BC [35]	Chile, Peru, Mexico	dye		Held/tame in captivity	Very common in the wild	6b Other insects
Indian peafowl (Pavo cristatus)	Indian peafowl (Pavo cristatus)	500 BC	India	show, feathers, meat, ornamental, pets, guarding, pest control		Held/tame in captivity	Fairly common in the wild	2b Galliformes
Common hill myna (Gracula religiosa)	Common hill myna (Gracula religiosa)	kept in Ancient Greece, date of captive breeding uncertain	Greece	pets, talking bird		Held/tame in captivity		2d Passeriformes
Rose-ringed parakeet (Psittacula krameri)	Rose-ringed parakeet (Psittacula krameri)	Classical antiquity (Date uncertain)	Africa, Asia	pets, talking bird		Held/tame in captivity		2e Psittaciformes
Red deer (Cervus elaphus)	Red deer (Cervus elaphus)	~0 AD	China, Russia, Europe, United Kingdom	meat, velvet, hides, leather, antlers		Captive bred		1a Artiodactyla except Bovidae
Roman snail (Helix pomatia)	Roman snail (Helix pomatia)	100 AD	Europe	meat, pets, shells				7 Other animals
Stingless bees (Melipona beecheii), (M. scutellaris), (M. bicolor), (M. quadrifasciata) and (M. subnitida)	Stingless bees (Melipona beecheii), (M. scutellaris), (M. bicolor), (M. quadrifasciata) and (M. subnitida)	180 AD	Mexico, Amazon basin	honey, pollination, pets		Semidomesticated		6a Hymenoptera
White cockatoo (Cacatua alba)	White cockatoo (Cacatua alba)	Tang Dynasty (618–907 AD)	China, Indonesia	pets, show		Held/tame in captivity		2e Psittaciformes
Sulphur-crested cockatoo (Cacatua galerita)	Sulphur-crested cockatoo (Cacatua galerita)	Date uncertain	Australia	pets, show		Held/tame in captivity		2e Psittaciformes
Yellow-crested cockatoo & Citron-crested cockatoo (Cacatua sulphurea & C. S. citrinocristata)	Yellow-crested cockatoo & Citron-crested cockatoo (Cacatua sulphurea & C. S. citrinocristata)	Date uncertain	Sulawesi, Masalembu Islands, Tukangbesi Islands, Tanah Jampea, Sumbawa, Komodo, Flores, Timor, Lesser Sundas, Sumba	pets		Held/tame in captivity		2e Psittaciformes
Japanese and great cormorants (Phalacrocorax capillatus & P. carbo)	Japanese and great cormorants (Phalacrocorax capillatus & P. carbo)	960 AD	Japan, China	fishing		Held/tame in captivity		2f Other birds
Whooper swan (Cygnus cygnus)	Whooper swan (Cygnus cygnus)	Date uncertain	Eurasia	meat, ornamental, feathers		Semidomesticated		2a Anseriformes
Mute swan (Cygnus olor)	Mute swan (Cygnus olor)	1000-1500	Europe	meat, ornamental, feathers, guarding		Semidomesticated		2a Anseriformes
House cricket (Acheta domesticus)	House cricket (Acheta domesticus)	12th century	Southwestern Asia, China, Japan	animal feed, meat, fighting, pets		Held in captivity	Somewhat common in captivity, very common in wild	6b Other insects
Common (Coturnix coturnix) and Japanese quail (C. japonica)	Common (Coturnix coturnix) and Japanese quail (C. japonica)	1100–1900	Eurasia, Japan	meat, eggs, pets		Domesticated in captivity		2b Galliformes
Common carp (Cyprinus carpio)	Common carp (Cyprinus carpio)	1200–1500	Europe, Asia	meat		Held/tame in captivity		5a Cyprinidae
Java sparrow (Lonchura oryzivora)	Java sparrow (Lonchura oryzivora)	Ming Dynasty (1368–1644 AD)	China	pets		Non-wild coloration pied and fancy colored Javas from long Asian captivity lines are hand tamable	Threatened in wild	2d Passeriformes
Northern bobwhite (Colinus. virginianus) including subspecies Masked bobwhite (C. v. ridgwayi)	Northern bobwhite (Colinus virginianus) including subspecies Masked bobwhite (C. v. ridgwayi)	Date uncertain	United States, Sonora, South America	meat, eggs, pets		Captive bred	Plumage changes	2b Galliformes
Crested bobwhite (Colinus cristatus)	Crested bobwhite (Colinus cristatus)	Date uncertain	South America	meat, eggs, pets		Held/tame in captivity		2b Galliformes
European goldfinch (Carduelis carduelis)	European goldfinch (Carduelis carduelis)	Date uncertain	Europe	pets, singing		Captive bred		2d Passeriformes
Pekin robin (Leiothrix lutea)	Red-billed leiothrix (Leiothrix lutea)	Date uncertain	China, Japan	pets, singing		Captive bred		2d Passeriformes
Indian gray mongoose (Herpestes edwardsii)	Indian gray mongoose (Herpestes edwardsii)	Date uncertain	India	fighting, pest control, pets		Held/tame in captivity		1c Carnivora
Capybara (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris)	Capybara (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris)	Date uncertain	Brazil	meat, pelt, pets, lawn mowing		Held/tame in captivity		1d Rodentia
Gambian pouched rat (Cricetomys gambianus)	Gambian pouched rat (Cricetomys gambianus)	At least 1997 [58] but possibly early 1990s	Sub-Saharan Africa	meat, pets, landmine detection, TB detection, pest control		Held/tame in captivity		1d Rodentia
Indian palm squirrel (Funambulus palmarum)	Indian palm squirrel (Funambulus palmarum)	Date uncertain	India	pets		Easy to tame		1d Rodentia
Black and Grey francolin (Francolinus francolinus and F. pondicerianus)	Black and Grey francolin (Francolinus francolinus and F. pondicerianus)	Date uncertain	India, Pakistan	meat, pets, fighting		Held/tame in captivity		2b Galliformes
Golden pheasant (Chrysolophus pictus)	Golden pheasant (Chrysolophus pictus)	Date uncertain	China	ornamental, pets, pest control		Held/tame in captivity		2b Galliformes
Common pheasant (Phasianus colchicus) and Green pheasant (P. versicolor)	Common pheasant (Phasianus colchicus) and Green pheasant (P. versicolor)	Date uncertain	Asia, Japan	meat, eggs, pets, pest control		Held/tame in captivity		2b Galliformes
Sika deer (Cervus nippon)	Sika deer (Cervus nippon)	Date uncertain	Japan, China	meat, antlers, tourism, pets		Held/tame in captivity		1a Artiodactyla except Bovidae
Common eland (Taurotragus oryx)	Common eland (Taurotragus oryx)	Date uncertain	Zimbabwe, South Africa, Kenya	meat, milk, leather, hides, horns		Held/tame in captivity		1b Bovidae
American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis), Chinese alligator (A. sinensis)	American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis), Chinese alligator (A. sinensis)	Date uncertain	United States, China	pets, meat, hides, teeth			once uncommon in the wild, captive breeding has led to the species recovering across much of its range	3c Other reptiles
Moose (Alces alces)	Moose (Alces alces) [59]	Date uncertain	Russia, Finland, Sweden, Alaska	research, milk, antlers, mount, draft, transportation, working, meat		Held/tame in captivity		1a Artiodactyla except Bovidae
Quagga (Equus quagga quagga)	Quagga (Equus quagga quagga) [60] [61]	1830s	South Africa	guarding, draft			Extinct in captivity and in the wild	1e Other mammals
North African ostrich (Struthio camelus camelus) and Masai ostrich (S. c. massaicus)	North African ostrich (Struthio camelus camelus) and Masai ostrich (S. c. massaicus)	Date uncertain	North Africa, West Africa; East Africa	meat, eggs, feathers, leather, oil, mount, racing, guarding, pets		Semidomesticated		2f Other birds
South African ostrich (Struthio camelus australis)	South African ostrich (Struthio camelus australis)	19th century	South Africa	meat, eggs, feathers, leather, oil, mount, racing, guarding, pets		Semidomesticated		2f Other birds
Somali ostrich (Struthio molybdophanes)	Somali ostrich (Struthio molybdophanes)	Date uncertain	Kenya	meat, eggs, feathers, mount, racing, guarding, pets		Semidomesticated		2f Other birds
Budgerigar (Melopsittacus undulatus)	Budgerigar (Melopsittacus undulatus)	1850s	Australia	pets, show, talking bird		Plumage changes, some breeds are physically larger	Fairly common in the wild and in captivity	2e Psittaciformes
Cockatiel (Nymphicus hollandicus)	Cockatiel (Nymphicus hollandicus)	1870s	Australia	pets, show, talking bird		Held/tame in captivity	Common in the wild and in captivity	2e Psittaciformes
Major Mitchell's cockatoo (Lophochroa leadbeateri)	Major Mitchell's cockatoo (Lophochroa leadbeateri)	Date uncertain	Australia	pets, show		Held/tame in captivity		2e Psittaciformes
Elk (Cervus canadensis) including subspecies Rocky Mountain elk (C. c. nelsoni), Roosevelt elk (C. c. roosevelti), Tule elk (C. c. nannodes), Manitoban elk (C. c. manitobensis)	Elk (Cervus canadensis), Rocky Mountain elk (C. c. nelsoni), Roosevelt elk (C. c. roosevelti), Tule elk (C. c. nannodes), Manitoban elk (C. c. manitobensis)	late 1800s	North America	meat, velvet, hides, leather, antlers		Captive bred		1a Artiodactyla except Bovidae
Stoat (Mustela erminea)	Stoat (Mustela erminea)	1800s	Eurasia	fur, pest control, pets		Held/tame in captivity		1c Carnivora
European mink (Mustela lutreola)	European mink (Mustela lutreola)	1800s	Europe	fur		Held/tame in captivity		1c Carnivora
Coypu (Myocastor coypus)	Coypu (Myocastor coypus)	late 19th to early 20th century	Argentina	fur, meat, aquatic weed control, pets		Captive bred		1d Rodentia
Domestic skunk (Mephitis mephitis)	Striped skunk (Mephitis mephitis)	19th century	North America	pets, pest control		Tame when captive-bred		1c Carnivora
Western spotted skunk (Spilogale gracilis)	Western spotted skunk (Spilogale gracilis) [62]	Date uncertain	North America	pest control, pets		Held/tame in captivity		1c Carnivora
Common fruit fly (Drosophila melanogaster)	Common fruit fly (Drosophila melanogaster)	1910s	Australia, South Africa	research, animal feed				6b Other insects
Chinese hamster (Cricetulus griseus)	Chinese hamster (Cricetulus griseus)	1920s	China	research, biotechnology, pets		Held/tame in captivity		1d Rodentia
Rosy-faced, yellow-collared, and Fischer's lovebirds (Agapornis roseicollis, A. personatus & A. fischeri)	Rosy-faced, yellow-collared and Fischer's lovebirds (Agapornis roseicollis, A. personatus & A. fischeri)	1920s	Africa	pets		Held/tame in captivity		2e Psittaciformes
Rainbowfish (Melanotaeniidae)	Various rainbowfish spp. (Melanotaeniidae spp.)	1920s	northern and eastern Australia, New Guinea, islands in Cenderawasih Bay, and the Raja Ampat Islands in Indonesia	pets, pest control		Held/tame in captivity		5b Other fish
Golden hamster (Mesocricetus auratus)	Golden hamster (Mesocricetus auratus)	1930s	Syria, Turkey	pets, research		Domesticated		1d Rodentia
Turkish hamster (Mesocricetus brandti)	Turkish hamster (Mesocricetus brandti)	20th century	Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Iran, Russia, Turkey	pets, research		Domesticated		1d Rodentia
European water vole (Arvicola amphibius)	European water vole (Arvicola amphibius)	20th century	Europe, Russia, West Asia and Kazakhstan	pets		Domesticated		1d Rodentia
Common vole (Microtus arvalis)	Common vole (Microtus arvalis)	20th century	Eurasia	pets		Domesticated		1d Rodentia
Long-tailed chinchilla (Chinchilla lanigera)	Long-tailed chinchilla (Chinchilla lanigera)	1930s	Andes	pets, fur, research		Held/tame in captivity		1d Rodentia
Short-tailed chinchilla (Chinchilla chinchilla)	Short-tailed chinchilla (Chinchilla chinchilla)	1930s	Andes	fur		Raised in captivity	Critically endangered in the wild	1d Rodentia
Water flea (Daphnia magna)	Water flea (Daphnia magna)	1930s	North America, Eurasia, Africa	research, animal feed		Held/tame in captivity		6c Other arthropods
African clawed frog (Xenopus laevis)	African clawed frog (Xenopus laevis)	1950s	South Africa	pets, research				4a Anura
Sea-monkey (Artemia nyos)	Brine shrimp (Artemia spp., esp. A. salina)	1950s	United States	pets		Domesticated		6c Other arthropods
Ball python (Python regius)	Ball python (Python regius)	1960s	Africa	pets		Captive bred		3a Serpentes
Dwarf hamsters (Phodopus spp.)	Campbell's dwarf, Djungarian and Roborovski hamsters (Phodopus campbelli, P. sungorus and P. roborovskii)	1960s	Europe	pets, research		Held/tame in captivity		1d Rodentia
Zebra finch (Taeniopygia guttata)	Zebra finch (Taeniopygia guttata)	20th century	Australia	pets, show		Plumage changes, some breeds are physically larger		2d Passeriformes
Axolotl (Ambystoma mexicanum)	Axolotl	20th century	Mexico	research, pets		Slight physical changes	Critically endangered in the wild	4b Other amphibians
Palm cockatoo (Probosciger aterrimus)	Palm cockatoo (Probosciger aterrimus)	Date uncertain	Australia	pets		Held/tame in captivity		2e Psittaciformes
Leopard gecko (Eublepharis macularius)	Leopard gecko (Eublepharis macularius)	20th century	Pakistan	pets		Slight physical modification	Somewhat common in captivity	3b Lacertilia
American bison (Bison bison)	American bison (Bison bison)	20th century	North America	meat, leather, hides, horns, guarding		Semidomesticated		1b Bovidae
Companion parrot (Order Psittaciformes)	Many species (Order Psittaciformes)	1980s and 1990s	Australia, Europe, Africa, Asia, North America, South America, New Zealand	pets, companion, talking bird, ornamental, guarding		Held/tame in captivity		2e Psittaciformes
Turquoise parrot (Neophema pulchella)	Turquoise parrot (Neophema pulchella)	20th century	Australia	pets, show		Held/tame in captivity		2e Psittaciformes
Dyeing dart frog (Dendrobates tinctorius)	Dyeing dart frog (Dendrobates tinctorius)	Mid-to-late 20th century	Guyana, Suriname, Brazil, French Guiana	pets		Slight physical changes; loss of toxicity		4a Anura
Green and black poison dart frog (Dendrobates auratus)	Green and black poison dart frog (Dendrobates auratus)	Mid-to-late 20th century	Nicaragua; Costa Rica; Panama; Colombia	pets		Slight physical changes; loss of toxicity		4a Anura
Diamond dove (Geopelia cuneata)	Diamond dove (Geopelia cuneata)	Date uncertain	Australia	pets		Held/tame in captivity		2c Columbiformes
Common kingsnake (Lampropeltis getula)	Common kingsnake (Lampropeltis getula)	Date uncertain	Texas, New Mexico, Chihuahua	pets		Held/tame in captivity		3a Serpentes
Milk snake (Lampropeltis triangulum )	Milk snake (Lampropeltis triangulum )	Date uncertain	Texas, New Mexico, Chihuahua	pets		Held/tame in captivity		3a Serpentes
Grey-banded kingsnake (Lampropeltis alterna)	Grey-banded kingsnake (Lampropeltis alterna)	Date uncertain	Texas, New Mexico, Chihuahua	pets		Held/tame in captivity		3a Serpentes
Corn snake (Pantherophis gutttatus)	Corn snake (Pantherophis guttatus)	1960s	United States	pets		Slight physical changes	Somewhat common in captivity, common in the wild	3a Serpentes
Muskox (Ovibos moschatus)	Muskox (Ovibos moschatus)	1960s	United States	wool, meat, milk		Held/tame in captivity		1b Bovidae
Madagascar hissing cockroach (Gromphadorhina portentosa)	Madagascar hissing cockroach (Gromphadorhina portentosa)	1960s	Madagascar	pets				6b Other insects
Eastern bearded dragon (Pogona barbata)	Eastern bearded dragon (Pogona barbata)	Date uncertain	Australia	pets		Slight physical changes		3b Lacertilia
Central bearded dragon (Pogona vitticeps)	Central bearded dragon (Pogona vitticeps)	1970s	Australia	pets		Slight physical changes		3b Lacertilia
Eclectus parrot (Eclectus roratus)	Eclectus parrot (Eclectus roratus)	1980s	Australia, Indonesia, New Guinea, Solomon Islands	pets		Held/tame in captivity		2e Psittaciformes
Salmon-crested cockatoo (Cacatua moluccensis)	Salmon-crested cockatoo (Cacatua moluccensis)	1980s	Maluku Islands	pets, show, talking bird		Held/tame in captivity		2e Psittaciformes
Yellow-bellied glider (Petaurus australis)	Yellow-bellied glider (Petaurus australis)	Date uncertain	Australia	pets				1e Other mammals
Sugar glider (Petaurus breviceps)	Sugar glider (Petaurus breviceps)	1980s	Australia	pets				1e Other mammals
Lawson's dragon (Pogona henrylawsoni)	Lawson's dragon (Pogona henrylawsoni)	1980s	Australia	pets		Held/tame in captivity		3b Lacertilia
Buff-tailed bumblebee (Bombus terrestris)	Buff-tailed bumblebee (Bombus terrestris)	1980s	Europe	wax, pollination		Held/tame in captivity		6a Hymenoptera
Greater rhea (Rhea americana)	Greater rhea (Rhea americana)	1990s	South America	meat, eggs, feathers, leather, oil, pets		Semidomesticated		2f Other birds
Emu (Dromaius novaehollandiae)	Emu (Dromaius novaehollandiae)	1990s	Australia	meat, eggs, feathers, leather, oil, guarding, pets		Semidomesticated		2f Other birds
Giant eland (Taurotragus derbianus)	Giant eland (Taurotragus derbianus)	Date uncertain	West Africa	meat, leather, hides, horns, milk		Held/tame in captivity		1b Bovidae
Fringe-eared oryx (Oryx beisa callotis) and Common beisa oryx (O. b. beisa)	Fringe-eared oryx (Oryx beisa callotis) [63] and Common beisa oryx (O. b. beisa)	Date uncertain	Kenya	meat, leather, hides, horns		Held/tame in captivity		1b Bovidae
Common degu (Octodon degus)	Common degu (Octodon degus)	1990s	Chilean Andes	pets, research				1d Rodentia
Mongolian gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus) et al.	Mongolian gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus) and others of the genus	1990s	Mongolia	pets, research		Held/tame in captivity		1d Rodentia
Green iguana (Iguana iguana)	Green iguana (Iguana iguana)	1990s	South America	pets, meat, leather		Captive bred		3b Lacertilia
Carpet python (Morelia spilota)	Carpet python (Morelia spilota)	Date uncertain	New Guinea, Indonesia, Australia	pets		Captive bred		3a Serpentes
Green tree python (Morelia viridis)	Green tree python (Morelia viridis)	mid-1990s	New Guinea, Indonesia, Australia	pets		Captive bred		3a Serpentes
Red-tailed black cockatoo (Calyptorhynchus banksii)	Red-tailed black cockatoo (Calyptorhynchus banksii)	late 1990s	Australia	pets		Held/tame in captivity		2e Psittaciformes
Pin-tailed parrotfinch (Erythrura prasina)	Pin-tailed parrotfinch (Erythrura prasina)	date uncertain	Malaysia, Brunei, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Burma, and Thailand	pets		Held/tame in captivity		2d Passeriformes
Gouldian finch (Erythrura gouldiae)	Gouldian finch (Erythrura gouldiae)	late 1990s	Australia	pets, show		Held/tame in captivity		2d Passeriformes
Australian green tree frog (Litoria caerulea)	Australian green tree frog	late 20th century	Australia	pets				4a Anura
Argentine and Cranwell's horned frogs (Ceratophrys ornata & C. cranwelli)	Argentine and Cranwell's horned frogs (Ceratophrys ornata & C. cranwelli)	late 20th century	Argentina	pets				4a Anura
Crucian carp (Carassius carassius)	Crucian carp (Carassius carassius)	2000s	England, Russia	meat, pets		Domesticated		5a Cyprinidae
King quail (Excalfactoria chinensis)	King quail (Excalfactoria chinensis)	Date uncertain	Asia, Australia	pets		Held/tame in captivity		2b Galliformes
Small-billed tinamou (Crypturellus parvirostris)	Small-billed tinamou (Crypturellus parvirostris)	Date uncertain	South America	meat, eggs		Held/tame in captivity		2f Other birds
Red-winged tinamou (Rhynchotus rufescens)	Red-winged tinamou (Rhynchotus rufescens) [64]	Date uncertain	South America	meat, eggs		Held/tame in captivity		2f Other birds
Laughing kookaburra (Dacelo novaeguineae)	Laughing kookaburra (Dacelo novaeguineae) [65]	Date uncertain	Victoria, Queensland, New South Wales	pest control, show, pets		Held/tame in captivity		2f Other birds
Pied crow (Corvus albus), White-necked raven (C. albicollis), Common raven (C. corax), Australian raven (C. coronoides), Carrion crow (C. corone), American crow (Corvus brachyrhynchos), Hooded crow (C. cornix), Rook (C. frugilegus)	Pied crow (Corvus albus), White-necked raven (C. albicollis), Common raven (C. corax), Australian raven (C. coronoides), Carrion crow (C. corone), American crow (Corvus brachyrhynchos), Hooded crow (C. cornix), Rook (C. frugilegus) [66] [67] [68] [69] [70] [71]	Date uncertain	Europe, Africa, Australia, North America	pest control, pets		Held/tame in captivity		2d Passeriformes
Southern ground hornbill (Bucorvus leadbeateri), Abyssinian ground hornbill (B. abyssinicus)	Southern ground hornbill (Bucorvus leadbeateri), Abyssinian ground hornbill (B. abyssinicus)	Date uncertain	South Africa, Ethiopia	show, pest control, pets		Held/tame in captivity		2f Other birds
Southern screamer (Chauna torquata) and Northern screamer (C. chavaria)	Southern screamer (Chauna torquata) and Northern screamer (C. chavaria)	Date uncertain	South America	guarding		Held/tame in captivity		2a Anseriformes
Horned screamer (Anhima cornuta)	Horned screamer (Anhima cornuta) [72]	Date uncertain	South America	guarding		Held/tame in captivity		2a Anseriformes
Red-legged seriema (Cariama cristata)	Red-legged seriema (Cariama cristata)	Date uncertain	South America	guarding		Held/tame in captivity		2f Other birds
Black-legged seriema (Chunga burmeisteri)	Black-legged seriema (Chunga burmeisteri)	Date uncertain	South America	guarding		Held/tame in captivity		2f Other birds
Secretarybird (Sagittarius serpentarius)	Secretarybird (Sagittarius serpentarius) [73]	Date uncertain	South Africa	pest control		Held/tame in captivity		2f Other birds
Golden eagle (Aquila chrysaetos)	Golden eagle (Aquila chrysaetos) [74]	Date uncertain	Europe, North America, Kazakhstan, Mongolia	falconry, show, intercepting, pest control, pets		Held/tame in captivity		2f Other birds
Bald eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus)	Bald eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) [75]	Date uncertain	North America	falconry, show, intercepting, pets		Held/tame in captivity		2f Other birds
Harris's hawk (Parabuteo unicinctus)	Harris's hawk (Parabuteo unicinctus) [76]	Date uncertain	United States	falconry, show, pest control, pets		Held/tame in captivity		2f Other birds
Northern goshawk (Accipiter gentilis)	Northern goshawk (Accipiter gentilis) [77]	Date uncertain	Europe, Asia, North America	falconry, show, pest control, pets		Held/tame in captivity		2f Other birds
Eurasian eagle-owl (Bubo bubo)	Eurasian eagle-owl (Bubo bubo) [78]	Date uncertain	Europe	show, pest control, pets		Held/tame in captivity		2f Other birds
Tawny owl (Strix aluco)	Tawny owl (Strix aluco) [79] [80]	Date uncertain	Europe, United Kingdom	pest control, show, pets		Held/tame in captivity		2f Other birds
Glossy ibis (Plegadis falcinellus)	Glossy ibis (Plegadis falcinellus)	Date uncertain	Europe, Asia, Africa, Australia, and the Atlantic and Caribbean regions of the Americas	meat, eggs, pest control		Held/tame in captivity		2f Other birds
Puna ibis (Plegadis ridgwayi)	Puna ibis (Plegadis ridgwayi)	Date uncertain	Peru	meat, eggs, pest control		Held/tame in captivity		2f Other birds
Wild boar (Sus scrofa)	Wild boar (Sus scrofa) [81] [82]	date uncertain	Europe, United Kingdom	meat, tusks, hides, leather, pets		Held/tame in captivity		1a Artiodactyla except Bovidae
Red-necked wallaby (Macropus rufogriseus)	Red-necked wallaby (Macropus rufogriseus) [83]	2000s	Tasmania	lawn mowing, pets		Held/tame in captivity		1e Other mammals
Virginia opossum (Didelphis virginiana), White-eared opossum (D. albiventris)	Virginia opossum (Didelphis virginiana) [84], White-eared opossum (D. albiventris)	Date uncertain	North America, Brazil	pest control, pets		Held/tame in captivity		1e Other mammals
Tiger quoll (Dasyurus maculatus), Eastern quoll (D. viverrinus), Western quoll (D. geoffroii) and Northern quoll (D. hallucatus)	Tiger quoll (Dasyurus maculatus), Eastern quoll (D. viverrinus), Western quoll (D. geoffroii) and Northern quoll (D. hallucatus) [85] [86] [87] [88]	Date uncertain	Australia	pest control, pets		Held/tame in captivity		1e Other mammals
Smooth-coated otter (Lutrogale perspicillata)	Smooth-coated otter (Lutrogale perspicillata) [89]	Date uncertain	Bangladesh	fishing, pets		Held/tame in captivity		1c Carnivora
Beech marten (Martes foina), Sable (M. zibellina) and Yellow-throated marten (M. flavigula)	Beech marten (Martes foina) [90] [91], Sable (M. zibellina) and Yellow-throated marten (M. flavigula)	Date uncertain	Europe, Russia, India	fur, pest control, pets		Held/tame in captivity		1c Carnivora
Fisher (Pekania pennanti)	Fisher (Pekania pennanti)	Date uncertain	North America	fur, research, pest control, pets		Held/tame in captivity		1c Carnivora
Siberian weasel (Mustela sibirica)	Siberian weasel (Mustela sibirica) [92]	Date uncertain	Russia	pest control, pets		Held/tame in captivity		1c Carnivora
Greater grison (Galictis vittata), Lesser grison (G. cuja)	Greater grison (Galictis vittata), Lesser grison (G. cuja)	Date uncertain	South America	pest control, hunting, pets		Held/tame in captivity		1c Carnivora
Patagonian weasel (Lyncodon patagonicus)	Patagonian weasel (Lyncodon patagonicus)	Date uncertain	Argentina, Chile	pest control, pets		Held/tame in captivity		1c Carnivora
Tayra (Eira barbara)	Tayra (Eira barbara)	Date uncertain	South America	pest control, pets		Held/tame in captivity		1c Carnivora
Raccoon (Procyon lotor)	Raccoon (Procyon lotor) [93] [94]	Date uncertain	North America	pest control, pets		Held/tame in captivity		1c Carnivora
South American coati (Nasua nasua), White-nosed coati (N. narica)	South American coati (Nasua nasua) [95], White-nosed coati (N. narica)	Date uncertain	South America, Costa Rica	pest control, pets		Held/tame in captivity		1c Carnivora
Ring-tailed cat (Bassariscus astutus), Cacomistle (B. sumichrasti)	Ring-tailed cat (Bassariscus astutus), Cacomistle (B. sumichrasti) [96]	Date uncertain	North America, Central America	pest control, pets		Held/tame in captivity		1c Carnivora
Kinkajou (Potos flavus)	Kinkajou (Potos flavus)	Date uncertain	South America	pest control, pets		Held/tame in captivity		1c Carnivora
Southern tamandua (Tamandua tetradactyla), Northern tamandua (T. mexicana)	Southern tamandua (Tamandua tetradactyla), Northern tamandua (T. mexicana) [97] [98]	Date uncertain	South America, Central America	pest control, pets		Held/tame in captivity		1e Other mammals
Lowland paca (Cuniculus paca), Mountain paca (C. taczanowskii)	Lowland paca (Cuniculus paca), Mountain paca (C. taczanowskii)	Date uncertain	Mexico, Argentina, Ecuador	meat, pets		Held/tame in captivity		1d Rodentia
Greater cane rat (Thryonomys swinderianus)	Greater cane rat (Thryonomys swinderianus) [99]	Date uncertain	Ghana, Nigeria	meat, pets		Held/tame in captivity		1d Rodentia
Malayan porcupine (Hystrix brachyura)	Malayan porcupine (Hystrix brachyura) [100]	Date uncertain	Vietnam, China	meat, quills, pets		Held/tame in captivity		1d Rodentia
Chinese bamboo rat (Rhizomys sinensis) and Large bamboo rat (R. sumatrensis)	Chinese bamboo rat (Rhizomys sinensis) and Large bamboo rat (R. sumatrensis) [101]	Date uncertain	China	meat, pets		Held/tame in captivity		1d Rodentia
Lesser bamboo rat (Cannomys badius)	Lesser bamboo rat (Cannomys badius) [102]	Date uncertain	China, Laos	meat, pets		Held/tame in captivity		1d Rodentia
Desmarest's hutia (Capromys pilorides)	Desmarest's hutia (Capromys pilorides)	Date uncertain	Cuba	meat, pest control, pets		Held/tame in captivity		1d Rodentia
Steppe lemming (Lagurus lagurus)	Steppe lemming (Lagurus lagurus)	Date uncertain	Eurasian Steppe	pets				1d Rodentia
Norway lemming (Lemmus lemmus)	Norway lemming (Lemmus lemmus)	20th century	Northern Fennoscandia	pets				1d Rodentia
Pale and lesser gerbils (Gerbillus perpallidus, G. gerbillus)	Pale and lesser gerbils (Gerbillus perpallidus, G. gerbillus)	Date uncertain	Egypt	pets				1d Rodentia
Northeastern spinytail iguana (Ctenosaura acanthura), Black spiny-tailed iguana (C. similis), Mexican spiny-tailed iguana (C. pectinata)	Northeastern spinytail iguana (Ctenosaura acanthura), Black spiny-tailed iguana (C. similis), Mexican spiny-tailed iguana (C. pectinata)	Date uncertain	Mexico, Central America	pets		Captive bred		3b Lacertilia
Chinese cobra (Naja atra)	Chinese cobra (Naja atra) [103]	Date uncertain	China	venom, skins, pets		Captive bred		3a Serpentes
Crimson, Eastern, Western, Green, Pale-headed and Northern rosellas (Platycercus elegans, P. eximius, P. icterotis, P. caledonicus, P. adscitus & P. venustus)	Crimson, Eastern, Western, Green, Pale-headed and Northern rosellas (Platycercus elegans, P. eximius, P. icterotis, P. caledonicus, P. adscitus & P. venustus)	Date uncertain	Australia	pets		Semidomesticated		2e Psittaciformes
Red-eared, yellow-bellied, and Cumberland sliders (Trachemys scripta elegans, T. s. scripta, T. s. troostii)	Red-eared, yellow-bellied, and Cumberland sliders (Trachemys scripta elegans, T. s. scripta, T. s. troostii)	Date uncertain	United States, especially the southeastern United States	pets, meat		Easy to domesticate	Fairly common in captivity, common in the wild	3c Other reptiles
Chinese softshell turtle (Pelodiscus sinensis)	Chinese softshell turtle (Pelodiscus sinensis) [104]	Date uncertain	China	pets, meat		Captive bred		3c Other reptiles
Chinese pond turtle (Mauremys reevesii)	Chinese pond turtle (Mauremys reevesii) [105]	Date uncertain	China	pets, meat		Captive bred		3c Other reptiles
Common snapping turtle (Chelydra serpentina)	Common snapping turtle (Chelydra serpentina) [106]	Date uncertain	Florida	pets, meat		Captive bred		3c Other reptiles
Golden coin turtle (Cuora trifasciata)	Golden coin turtle (Cuora trifasciata)	Date uncertain	China	pets, meat		Captive bred		3c Other reptiles
Wattle-necked softshell turtle (Palea steindachneri)	Wattle-necked softshell turtle (Palea steindachneri)	Date uncertain	China	pets, meat		Captive bred		3c Other reptiles
Nile (Crocodylus niloticus), West African (C. suchus), Siamese, (C. siamensis), Cuban (C. rhombifer), Morelet's (C. moreletii), Orinoco (C. intermedius), American (C. acutus), Freshwater (C. johnsoni), Philippine (C. mindorensis), Saltwater (C. porosus), New Guinea (C. novaeguineae) and Mugger crocodiles (C. palustris)	Nile (Crocodylus niloticus), West African (C. suchus), Siamese, (C. siamensis), Cuban (C. rhombifer), Morelet's (C. moreletii), Orinoco (C. intermedius), American (C. acutus), Freshwater (C. johnsoni), Philippine (C. mindorensis), Saltwater (C. porosus), New Guinea (C. novaeguineae) and Mugger crocodiles (C. palustris) [107] [108] [109] [110] [111] [112]	Date uncertain	Africa, Mexico, Cuba, Colombia, Florida, India, Australia, Philippines, Thailand, Papua New Guinea	meat, hides, teeth, pets, guarding, tourism, show		Captive bred		3c Other reptiles
Crimson finch (Neochmia phaeton)	Crimson finch (Neochmia phaeton)	Date uncertain	New Guinea and northern Australia	pets, show				2d Passeriformes
Star finch (Neochmia ruficauda)	Star finch (Neochmia ruficauda)	Date uncertain	Australia	pets, show		Held/tame in captivity		2d Passeriformes
Grey partridge (Perdix perdix)	Grey partridge (Perdix perdix)	Date uncertain	Hungary, United Kingdom	meat, feathers, eggs, pets		Held/tame in captivity		2b Galliformes
Red-legged partridge (Alectoris rufa), Chukar partridge (A. chukar), Philby's partridge (A. philbyi), Barbary partridge (A. barbara)	Red-legged partridge (Alectoris rufa), Chukar partridge (A. chukar), Philby's partridge (A. philbyi), Barbary partridge (A. barbara)	Date uncertain	France, Afghanistan, North Africa, Yemen	meat, feathers, eggs, pets		Held/tame in captivity		2b Galliformes
Chinese bamboo partridge (Bambusicola thoracicus), Mountain bamboo partridge (B. fytchii)	Chinese bamboo partridge (Bambusicola thoracicus), Mountain bamboo partridge (B. fytchii)	Date uncertain	China, India	meat, feathers, eggs, pets		Held/tame in captivity		2b Galliformes
Himalayan monal (Lophophorus impejanus)	Himalayan monal (Lophophorus impejanus)	Date uncertain	Nepal	meat, eggs, feathers, ornamental, pets		Held/tame in captivity		2b Galliformes
Kalij pheasant (Lophura leucomelanos), Swinhoe's pheasant (L. swinhoii), Edwards's pheasant (L. edwardsi)	Kalij pheasant (Lophura leucomelanos), Swinhoe's pheasant (L. swinhoii), Edwards's pheasant (L. edwardsi)	Date uncertain	Nepal, Taiwan, Vietnam	meat, eggs, feathers, ornamental, pets		Held/tame in captivity		2b Galliformes
Scaled quail (Callipepla squamata), Gambel's quail (C. gambelii), California quail (C. californica)	Scaled quail (Callipepla squamata), Gambel's quail (C. gambelii), California quail (C. californica)	Date uncertain	Mexico, Utah, California	meat, feathers, eggs, pets		Held/tame in captivity		2b Galliformes
Mountain quail (Oreortyx pictus)	Mountain quail (Oreortyx pictus)	Date uncertain	California	meat, feathers, eggs, pets		Held/tame in captivity		2b Galliformes
Montezuma quail (Cyrtonyx montezumae)	Montezuma quail (Cyrtonyx montezumae)	Date uncertain	Mexico	meat, feathers, eggs, pets		Held/tame in captivity		2b Galliformes
Vulturine guineafowl (Acryllium vulturinum)	Vulturine guineafowl (Acryllium vulturinum)	Date uncertain	Ethiopia	meat, pest control, pets		Held/tame in captivity		2b Galliformes
Harlequin quail (Coturnix delegorguei), Rain quail (C. coromandelica), Stubble quail (C. pectoralis)	Harlequin quail (Coturnix delegorguei), Rain quail (C. coromandelica), Stubble quail (C. pectoralis)	Date uncertain	Africa, India, Australia	meat, feathers, eggs, pets		Held/tame in captivity		2b Galliformes
Edible-nest swiftlet (Aerodramus fuciphagus)	Edible-nest swiftlet (Aerodramus fuciphagus) [113]	Date uncertain	Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, Philippines, Singapore	nests		Held/tame in captivity		2f Other birds
Tarantula (Brachypelma spp. et al.)	Mexican redknee tarantula ( Brachypelma smithi) and others	Date uncertain	Mexico	pets, research			Common in captivity, getting rare in the wild.	6c Other arthropods
Crested gecko (Rhacodactylus ciliatus)	Crested gecko (Rhacodactylus ciliatus)	Date uncertain	New Caledonia	pets		Captive bred	Somewhat common in captivity, nearly extinct in wild	3b Lacertilia
Florida manatee (Trichechus manatus latirostris)	Florida manatee (Trichechus manatus latirostris) [114]	Date uncertain	Florida	meat		Held/tame in captivity		1e Other mammals
Burchell's zebra (Equus quagga burchellii), Grant's zebra (E. q. boehmi)	Burchell's zebra (Equus quagga burchellii) [115], Grant's zebra (E. q. boehmi) [116]	Date uncertain	South Africa, Kenya	show, guarding, pets		Held/tame in captivity		1e Other mammals
Sable antelope (Hippotragus niger), roan antelope (H. equinus)	Sable antelope (Hippotragus niger) [117], Roan antelope (H. equinus) [118]	Date uncertain	South Africa	meat, horns		Held/tame in captivity		1b Bovidae
Greater kudu (Tragelaphus strepsiceros), Nyala (T. angasii), Cape bushbuck (Tragelaphus sylvaticus)	Greater kudu (Tragelaphus strepsiceros) [119], Nyala (T. angasii) [120], Cape bushbuck (Tragelaphus sylvaticus)	Date uncertain	South Africa	meat, hides, horns, pets		Held/tame in captivity		1b Bovidae
Blue wildebeest (Connochaetes taurinus), Black wildebeest (C. gnou)	Blue wildebeest (Connochaetes taurinus) [121], Black wildebeest (C. gnou) [122]	Date uncertain	South Africa, Kenya	meat, hides, horns		Held/tame in captivity		1b Bovidae
Bontebok (Damaliscus pygargus) including subspecies Blesbok (D. p. phillipsi)	Bontebok (Damaliscus pygargus) including subspecies Blesbok (D. p. phillipsi) [123]	Date uncertain	South Africa	meat, hides, horns		Held/tame in captivity		1b Bovidae
Nilgai (Boselaphus tragocamelus)	Nilgai (Boselaphus tragocamelus)	Date uncertain	India, Pakistan	meat, hides, horns, pets		Held/tame in captivity		1b Bovidae
Blackbuck (Antilope cervicapra)	Blackbuck (Antilope cervicapra)	Date uncertain	India, Pakistan	meat, hides, horns, pets		Held/tame in captivity		1b Bovidae
Chinkara (Gazella bennettii)	Chinkara (Gazella bennettii)	Date uncertain	India, Pakistan	meat, horns, pets		Held/tame in captivity		1b Bovidae
Springbok (Antidorcas marsupialis)	Springbok (Antidorcas marsupialis) [124]	Date uncertain	South Africa	meat, hides, horns, pets		Held/tame in captivity		1b Bovidae
Barbary sheep (Ammotragus lervia)	Barbary sheep (Ammotragus lervia) [125]	Date uncertain	North Africa	meat, horns		Held/tame in captivity		1b Bovidae
European mouflon (Ovis orientalis musimon)	European mouflon (Ovis orientalis musimon) [126]	Date uncertain	Europe	meat, wool, hides, horns		Held/tame in captivity		1b Bovidae
African buffalo (Syncerus caffer)	African buffalo (Syncerus caffer) [127]	Date uncertain	South Africa	meat, leather, horns		Held/tame in captivity		1b Bovidae
Wood bison (Bison bison athabascae)	Wood bison (Bison bison athabascae) [128]	Date uncertain	North America	meat		Held/tame in captivity		1b Bovidae
Collared peccary (Pecari tajacu)	Collared peccary (Pecari tajacu) [129]	Date uncertain	Brazil	meat, pets		Held/tame in captivity		1a Artiodactyla except Bovidae
South African giraffe (Giraffa giraffa giraffa)	South African giraffe (Giraffa giraffa giraffa) [130]	Date uncertain	South Africa	tourism, pets		Held/tame in captivity		1a Artiodactyla except Bovidae
Thorold's deer (Cervus albirostris)	Thorold's deer (Cervus albirostris) [131]	Date uncertain	China	meat, antlers		Held/tame in captivity		1a Artiodactyla except Bovidae
White-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus), Mule deer (O. hemionus)	White-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) [132], Mule deer (O. hemionus)	Date uncertain	Virginia, West Virginia, Colombia, Florida, Montana	meat, antlers, hides, pets		Held/tame in captivity		1a Artiodactyla except Bovidae
Chital (Axis axis)	Chital (Axis axis)	Date uncertain	India	meat, hides, antlers, pets		Held/tame in captivity		1a Artiodactyla except Bovidae
Water deer (Hydropotes inermis)	Water deer (Hydropotes inermis)	Date uncertain	China	meat, tusks		Held/tame in captivity		1a Artiodactyla except Bovidae
Dwarf musk deer (Moschus berezovskii), Alpine musk deer (M. chrysogaster), White-bellied musk deer (M. leucogaster) and Siberian musk deer (M. moschiferus)	Dwarf musk deer (Moschus berezovskii), Alpine musk deer (M. chrysogaster), White-bellied musk deer (M. leucogaster) and Siberian musk deer (M. moschiferus) [133] [134] [135]	Date uncertain	China, India	meat, tusks, musk, hides		Held/tame in captivity		1a Artiodactyla except Bovidae
Guanaco (Lama guanicoe)	Guanaco (Lama guanicoe) [136]	Date uncertain	Peru	fibre, pets		Held/tame in captivity		1a Artiodactyla except Bovidae
Vicuña (Vicugna vicugna)	Vicuña (Vicugna vicugna) [137]	Date uncertain	Peru	fibre, pets		Held/tame in captivity		1a Artiodactyla except Bovidae
African bush elephant (Loxodonta africana), African forest elephant (L. cyclotis)	African bush elephant (Loxodonta africana), [138] [139] African forest elephant (L. cyclotis) [140]	Date uncertain	South Africa, Zimbabwe, Zambia, Namibia, Botswana, Congo Basin, Kenya	mount, tourism, mine detection, patrol, work		Semidomesticated (Captured from wild and tamed)		1e Other mammals
Southern white rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum simum)	Southern white rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum simum) [141]	Date uncertain	South Africa	horns		Held/tame in captivity		1e Other mammals
Black rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis)	Black rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis) [142]	Date uncertain	South Africa	horns		Held/tame in captivity		1e Other mammals
South American tapir (Tapirus terrestris), Baird's tapir (T. bairdii), Mountain tapir (T. pinchaque), Malayan tapir (T. indicus)	South American tapir (Tapirus terrestris), Baird's tapir (T. bairdii), Mountain tapir (T. pinchaque), Malayan tapir (T. indicus) [143] [144] [145] [146]	Date uncertain	South America, Malaysia	tourism, pets		Held/tame in captivity		1e Other mammals
Fishing cat (Prionailurus viverrinus), Rusty-spotted cat (P. rubiginosus)	Fishing cat (Prionailurus viverrinus), Rusty-spotted cat (P. rubiginosus) [147] [148]	Date uncertain	India	pest control, pets		Held/tame in captivity		1c Carnivora
Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx) including subspecies Siberian lynx (L. l. wrangeli) and Carpathian lynx (L. l. carpathicus)	Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx) and appropriate subspecies [149] [150]	Date uncertain	Europe, Russia	pest control, show, pets		Held/tame in captivity		1c Carnivora
Snow leopard (Panthera uncia)	Snow leopard (Panthera uncia) [151]	Date uncertain	Central Asia, China	show, pets		Held/tame in captivity		1c Carnivora
Spotted hyena (Crocuta crocuta)	Spotted hyena (Crocuta crocuta) [152] [153] [154] [155]	Date uncertain	South Africa, Ethiopia, Nigeria	hunting, guarding, waste management, show, tourism, pets		Held/tame in captivity		1c Carnivora
Raccoon dog (Nyctereutes procyonoides) including subspecies Japanese raccoon dog (N. p. viverrinus)	Raccoon dog (Nyctereutes procyonoides) including subspecies Japanese raccoon dog (N. p. viverrinus) [156]	Date uncertain	East Asia, Japan	pest control, pets		Held/tame in captivity		1c Carnvora
Arctic fox (Vulpes lagopus), Fennec fox (V. zerda), Corsac fox (V. corsac), Pale fox (V. pallida), Swift fox (V. velox) and Kit fox (V. macrotis)	Arctic fox (Vulpes lagopus), Fennec fox (V. zerda) [157], Corsac fox (V. corsac), Pale fox (V. pallida), Swift fox (V. velox) and Kit fox (V. macrotis)	Date uncertain	Europe, North America, North Africa, Central Asia, Sudan	pest control, pets		Held/tame in captivity		1c Carnivora
Island fox (Urocyon littoralis), Gray fox (U. cinereoargenteus)	Island fox (Urocyon littoralis) [158], Gray fox (U. cinereoargenteus)	Date uncertain	Channel Islands, Eastern United States	pest control, pets		Held/tame in captivity		1c Carnivora
Bat-eared fox (Otocyon megalotis)	Bat-eared fox (Otocyon megalotis)	Date uncertain	Africa	pest control, show, pets		Held/tame in captivity		1c Carnivora
Crab-eating fox (Cerdocyon thous)	Crab-eating fox (Cerdocyon thous) [159]	Date uncertain	South America	pest control, pets		Easy to domesticate		1c Carnivora
Dingo (Canis lupus dingo), New Guinea singing dog (C. l. hallstromi), Eurasian wolf (C. l. lupus), Steppe wolf (C. l. campestris), Mongolian wolf (C. l. chanco), Arabian wolf (C. l. arabs)	Dingo (Canis lupus dingo) [160], New Guinea singing dog (C. l. hallstromi), Eurasian wolf (C. l. lupus), Steppe wolf (C. l. campestris), Mongolian wolf (C. l. chanco), Arabian wolf (C. l. arabs) [161] [162] [163] [164] [165] [166] [167] [168]	Date uncertain	Australia, Papua New Guinea, Europe, Russia, Kazakhstan, Mongolia, China, Middle East	guarding, pest control, warmth, hunting, tourism, pets		Held/tame in captivity		1c Carnivora
Meerkat (Suricata suricatta)	Meerkat (Suricata suricatta) [169] [170]	Date uncertain	South Africa	pest control, show, pets		Held/tame in captivity		1c Carnivora
Common kusimanse (Crossarchus obscurus)	Common kusimanse (Crossarchus obscurus)	Date uncertain	West Africa	pets, pest control		Captive bred		1c Carnivora
Ruddy mongoose (Herpestes smithii), Small Asian mongoose (H. javanicus)	Ruddy mongoose (Herpestes smithii) [171], Small Asian mongoose (H. javanicus) [172]	Date uncertain	India, Southeast Asia	pest control, pets		Held/tame in captivity		1c Carnivora
Kissing gourami (Helostoma temminckii)	Kissing gourami (Helostoma temminckii)	Date uncertain	Thailand, Indonesia	meat, pets		Domesticated		5b Other fish
Piranha (Pygocentrus nattereri and P. piraya)	Red-bellied piranha (Pygocentrus nattereri) and San Francisco piranha (P. piraya)	Date uncertain	South America	meat, pets, research, teeth		Semidomesticated	Fairly common in captivity, common in the wild	5b Other fish
Southern bluefin tuna (Thunnus maccoyii), Pacific bluefin tuna, (T. orientalis), Bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) Atlantic bluefin tuna (T. thynnus), Yellowfin tuna (T. albacares)	Southern bluefin tuna (Thunnus maccoyii), Pacific bluefin tuna, (T. orientalis), Bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus), Atlantic bluefin tuna (T. thynnus), Yellowfin tuna (T. albacares) [173] [174]	Date uncertain	North America, Europe, East Asia, Australia	meat		Captive bred		5b Other fish
Malabar grouper (Epinephelus malabaricus), Giant grouper (E. lanceolatus), Orange-spotted grouper (E. coioides)	Malabar grouper (Epinephelus malabaricus), Giant grouper (E. lanceolatus), Orange-spotted grouper (E. coioides) [175]	Date uncertain	Asia, Australia	meat		Captive bred		5b Other fish
Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), Masu salmon (O. masou), Chinook salmon (O. tshawytscha)	Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), Masu salmon (O. masou), Chinook salmon (O. tshawytscha)	Date uncertain	Europe, North America, Asia	meat		Captive bred		5b Other fish
Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar), Brown trout (S. trutta)	Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar), Brown trout (S. trutta)	Date uncertain	Europe, United Kingdom, Canada, Chile, Russia, Australia, Tasmania, Alaska	meat		Captive bred		5b Other fish
Barramundi (Lates calcarifer)	Barramundi (Lates calcarifer) [176]	Date uncertain	United Kingdom, Poland, United States, India, Southeast Asia, Middle East, Australia	meat, pets		Captive bred		5b Other fish
Cobia (Rachycentron canadum)	Cobia (Rachycentron canadum)	Date uncertain	United States, Asia, Panama, Mexico	meat		Captive bred		5b Other fish
European bass (Dicentrarchus labrax)	European bass (Dicentrarchus labrax)	Date uncertain	Europe	meat		Captive bred		5b Other fish
Flathead grey mullet (Mugil cephalus)	Flathead grey mullet (Mugil cephalus) [177]	Date uncertain	California, Colorado	meat		Captive bred		5b Other fish
Green chromide (Etroplus suratensis)	Green chromide (Etroplus suratensis) [178]	Date uncertain	India	meat, pets		Captive bred		5b Other fish
Yellowtail snapper (Ocyurus chrysurus)	Yellowtail snapper (Ocyurus chrysurus)	Date uncertain	Caribbean Sea	meat, tourism		Captive bred		5b Other fish
Northern red snapper (Lutjanus campechanus)	Northern red snapper (Lutjanus campechanus) [179]	Date uncertain	Gulf of Mexico	meat, research		Captive bred		5b Other fish
Japanese amberjack (Seriola quinqueradiata), Greater amberjack (S. dumerili), Yellowtail amberjack (S. lalandi), Almaco jack (S. rivoliana)	Japanese amberjack (Seriola quinqueradiata), Greater amberjack (S. dumerili), Yellowtail amberjack (S. lalandi), Almaco jack (S. rivoliana) [180] [181]	Date uncertain	Japan, Mediterranean Sea, Chile, Hawaii	meat		Captive bred		5b Other fish
European eel (Anguilla anguilla), American eel (A. rostrata), Short-finned eel (A. australis), New Zealand longfin eel (Anguilla dieffenbachii) and Japanese eel (A. japonica)	European eel (Anguilla anguilla), American eel (A. rostrata), Short-finned eel (A. australis), New Zealand longfin eel (Anguilla dieffenbachii) and Japanese eel (A. japonica) [182] [183] [184] [185]	Date uncertain	Europe, North America, Asia, New Zealand, Australia	meat, pets		Captive bred		5b Other fish
Sugarbag bee (Tetragonula carbonaria)	Sugarbag bee (Tetragonula carbonaria)	Date uncertain	Australia	honey, pollination		Held/tame in captivity		6a Hymenoptera
Dubia roach (Blaptica dubia)	Dubia roach (Blaptica dubia)	Date uncertain	Central and South America	animal feed, pets				6b Other insects
Mealworm and Superworm (Tenebrio molitor and Zophobas morio)	Larvae of darkling beetles (Tenebrio molitor and Zophobas morio)	Date uncertain	Europe	animal feed, meat		Captive bred		6b Other insects
Red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum)	Red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum)	Date uncertain	United States	research		Captive bred		6b Other insects
Black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens)	Black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) [186]	Date uncertain	United States	meat, animal feed, pollination, decompositing		Captive bred		6b Other insects
Waxworm (Achroia grisella and Galleria mellonella)	Larvae of lesser and greater wax moths (Achroia grisella and Galleria mellonella)	Date uncertain	Europe ?	animal feed, bait, research, meat		Captive bred		6b Other insects
Mopane moth (Gonimbrasia belina)	Mopane moth (Gonimbrasia belina) [187]	Date uncertain	Southern Africa	meat, silk		Captive bred		6b Other insects
American cockroach (Periplaneta americana)	American cockroach (Periplaneta americana) [188]	Date uncertain	North America	meat, pets		Captive bred		6b Other insects
Common octopus (Octopus vulgaris)	Common octopus (Octopus vulgaris) [189]	Date uncertain	Europe, Asia, North America	meat, ink, pets		Captive bred		7 Other animals
Bigfin reef squid (Sepioteuthis lessoniana)	Bigfin reef squid (Sepioteuthis lessoniana) [190] [191]	Date uncertain	Southeast Asia, Japan	meat, research, ink		Captive bred		7 Other animals
Common periwinkle (Littorina littorea)	Common periwinkle (Littorina littorea)	Date uncertain	Europe	meat, shells		Captive bred		7 Other animals
Garden snail (Cornu aspersum)	Garden snail (Cornu aspersum)	Date uncertain	Europe	meat, shells, pets		Captive bred		7 Other animals
African giant snail (Achatina achatina)	African giant snail (Achatina achatina) [192]	Date uncertain	Ghana	meat, shells, pets		Captive bred		7 Other animals
Giant East African snail (Lissachatina fulica)	Giant East African snail (Lissachatina fulica) [193]	Date uncertain	East Africa	meat, shells, pets		Captive bred		7 Other animals
Pacific hagfish (Eptatretus stoutii) and Inshore hagfish (E. burgeri)	Pacific hagfish (Eptatretus stoutii) and Inshore hagfish (E. burgeri) [194] [195]	Date uncertain	United States, South Korea, Japan	meat, slime, skins		Captive bred		5b Other fish
Mangrove horseshoe crab (Carcinoscorpius rotundicauda)	Mangrove horseshoe crab (Carcinoscorpius rotundicauda) [196]	Date uncertain	Asia	meat, blood, pets		Captive bred		6c Other arthropods
Atlantic horseshoe crab (Limulus polyphemus)	Atlantic horseshoe crab (Limulus polyphemus)	Date uncertain	North America	meat, blood, research, pets		Captive bred		6c Other arthropods
Japanese horseshoe crab (Tachypleus tridentatus)	Japanese horseshoe crab (Tachypleus tridentatus)	Date uncertain	Japan	meat		Captive bred		6c Other arthropods
Mud crab (Scylla serrata)	Mud crab (Scylla serrata)	Date uncertain	Asia	meat, pets		Captive bred		6c Other arthropods
Red king crab (Paralithodes camtschaticus), Blue king crab (P. platypus)	Red king crab (Paralithodes camtschaticus), Blue king crab (P. platypus) [197] [198]	Date uncertain	Japan, Russia, Alaska	meat		Captive bred		6c Other arthropods
European lobster (Homarus gammarus), American lobster (Homarus americanus)	European lobster (Homarus gammarus), American lobster (Homarus americanus) [199] [200] [201]	Date uncertain	Europe, United States	meat		Captive bred		6c Other arthropods
American bullfrog (Lithobates catesbeianus)	American bullfrog (Lithobates catesbeianus)	Date uncertain	North America	meat, pets		Captive bred		4a Anura
Pool frog (Pelophylax lessonae), Marsh frog (P. ridibundus)	Pool frog (Pelophylax lessonae), Marsh frog (P. ridibundus) [202]	Date uncertain	Europe	meat		Captive bred		4a Anura
Pig frog (Lithobates grylio)	Pig frog (Lithobates grylio)	Date uncertain	China	meat		Captive bred		4a Anura
Crab-eating frog (Fejervarya cancrivora)	Crab-eating frog (Fejervarya cancrivora)	Date uncertain	Java	meat		Captive bred		4a Anura
Chinese edible frog (Hoplobatrachus rugulosus), Indus Valley bullfrog (H. tigerinus)	Chinese edible frog (Hoplobatrachus rugulosus), Indus Valley bullfrog (Hoplobatrachus tigerinus)	Date uncertain	China, Thailand	meat		Captive bred		4a Anura
Chinese spiny frog (Quasipaa spinosa)	Chinese spiny frog (Quasipaa spinosa)	Date uncertain	China	meat		Captive bred		4a Anura

Taxonomical groupings

The categories used in Taxon group column are:

• 1a: Artiodactyla except Bovidae, 1b: Bovidae, 1c: Carnivora, 1d: Rodentia, 1e: Other mammals
• 2a: Anseriformes, 2b: Galliformes, 2c: Columbiformes, 2d: Passeriformes, 2e: Psittaciformes, 2f: Other birds
• 3a: Serpentes, 3b: Lacertilia, 3c: Other reptiles
• 4a: Anura, 4b: Other amphibians
• 5a: Cyprinidae, 5b: Other fish
• 6a: Hymenoptera, 6b: Other insects, 6c: Other arthropods
• 7: Other animals

References