Geographic chronology of Colorado
Location of the
State of Colorado in the
United States of America
The area currently occupied by the
U.S.
State of Colorado has undergone numerous changes in occupancy, territorial claims, and political designations.
Paleoamericans entered the region about 11,500 BCE,
[1] although new research indicates the region may have been visited much earlier. At least nine
Native American nations have called the area home. Although
Europeans may have entered the region as early as 1540,
[3] the first
European
fort
[a] was not constructed until 1819,
[4] and the first
European
town
[b] was not established until 1851,
[5] primarily due to the opposition of the
Ute people .
Spain ,
[6]
France ,
[7]
Mexico ,
[8] and the
Republic of Texas
[9] have all claimed areas of future state. The
United States first claimed an eastern portion of the future state with the
Louisiana Purchase of 1803.
[10]
[c] The United States surrendered the portion of the region south and west of the
Arkansas River to the
Spanish Empire with the
Adams–Onís Treaty in 1821.
[11]
[d]
[e] The United States completed its acquisition of the region with the
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo that ended the
Mexican–American War in 1848.
[12] The United States created the
free
Territory of Colorado in 1861 following the
Pikes Peak Gold Rush .
[13] The Territory fought for the
Union during the
American Civil War
[14] despite many of its founders being natives of
slave states or territories .
[15] The Territory of Colorado joined the
Union as the State of Colorado in 1876, the
centennial year of the United States.
[16]
Indigenous peoples
Indigenous peoples who have lived in the area of the present State of Colorado:
Cliff Palace on
Mesa Verde , 1891
Ouray and
Chipeta ,
Ute leaders
Former U.S. Senator
Ben Nighthorse Campbell
Early European claims
Early
Iberian claims in the
New World :
Replicas of the three ships of the
first voyage of Columbus
Columbus led the first
southern European expedition to the
Americas . Columbus substantially underestimated the
circumference of the Earth and mistook the
Lucayan Archipelago and the
Greater Antilles for the southern islands of the
Japanese Archipelago . Nevertheless, this expedition became the basis for the
Spanish claim to all of the Americas.
The demarcation lines of
Inter Caetera (doted purple) and the
Treaty of Tordesillas (solid purple)
After receiving accounts of the
first voyage of Columbus,
Valencian Pope Alexander VI issued this papal bull that split the
non-Christian world into two halves for
Christian exploration, conquest, conversion, and exploitation. The eastern half went to the
King of Portugal and the western half (including almost all of the
Americas ) went to the
Queen of Castile and the
King of Aragon .
This treaty signed by the
Portuguese Empire and the
Spanish Empire established a new demarcation
meridian farther west than the meridian established by the
papal bull
Inter Caetera . This gave Portugal a much greater portion of
Brazil but kept the rest of the
Americas under Spanish purview.
Pope Julius II sanctioned the treaty with his papal bull
Ea quae pro bono pacis issued on January 24, 1506.
The members of the Balboa expedition became the first
Europeans to reach the eastern Pacific Ocean. The Balboa claim included all of the
Americas west of the
Continental Divide .
Spanish Empire 1492-1821
Territorial claims of the
Spanish Empire in the area of the present State of Colorado:
Columbus on
Guanahani , 1492
Spanish Empire , 1492-1821
Columbus landed on the
Taíno island of
Guanahani in the
Bahamas which he renamed San Salvador and claimed for
Queen Isabel I of Castile and the
King Fernando II of Aragon .
[56] This claim became the founding basis for the
Spanish Empire .
The
Coronado expedition , 1540–1542
Viceroyalty of New Spain , 1521-1821
Upon his conquest of the
Aztec Empire , Cortés renamed
Tenochtitlán as
México and proclaimed the establishment of
Nueva España (New Spain) .
[60]
Coronado led an extensive expedition north from
New Spain in search of the mythical
Seven Cities of Gold .
[3] The expedition explored the future
U.S. states of
Arizona ,
New Mexico ,
Texas ,
Oklahoma ,
Kansas , and possibly
Colorado .
The
Adams–Onís Treaty , 1821
Santa Fé de Nuevo Méjico , 1598–1821
Oñate established the colony of Santa Fe de Nuevo Méjico at the village of
San Juan de los Caballeros adjacent to the
Ohkay Owingeh Pueblo at the confluence of the
río Bravo (Rio Grande) and the
río Chama .
[6] At its greatest extent, the colony encompassed all of the present
U.S. state of
New Mexico and portions of
Arizona ,
Utah ,
Colorado ,
Wyoming ,
Nebraska ,
Kansas ,
Oklahoma ,
Texas , and the
Mexican state of
Chihuahua .
[s]
The
Adams–Onís Treaty is signed on February 22, 1819, and takes effect on February 22, 1821.
On February 22, 1819, the
United States and the
Spanish Empire signed the
Treaty of Amity, Settlement, and Limits Between the United States of America and His Catholic Majesty .
[11]
[d] This treaty took effect two years later on February 22, 1821. The Spanish Empire ceded
Florida , land east of the
Sabine River , and claims north of the
41st parallel north to the United States. The United States ceded a southwestern portion of the
Mississippi River basin to the Spanish Empire.
Santa Fe de Nuevo México 1821–1848
With this treaty signed at
Córdoba on August 24, 1821, the
Spanish Empire acknowledged the independence of the
Mexican Empire .
[8]
Kingdom of France 1682-1764
Territorial claim of the
Kingdom of France to the
Mississippi River basin :
[t]
La Salle claims
La Louisiane for
France , 1682
La Louisiane , 1682–1762
Having descended the
Mississippi River to its
mouth ,
La Salle claimed the entire Mississippi River basin for the King of France on April 9, 1682.
[7] This claim ignored
Native Americans living in the region. The
Spanish Empire disputed the southwestern extent of this claim as encroaching upon its province of
Santa Fe de Nuevo México
[s] and later
Texas . This dispute became moot with the signing of the
Treaty of Fontainebleau on November 23, 1762, but arose again with the signing of the
Third Treaty of San Ildefonso on October 1, 1800. With the
Louisiana Purchase of 1803, the question of the southwestern extent of
Louisiana became a dispute between the
United States and the Spanish Empire.
[c]
La Luisiana , 1762-1801
Fearing the loss of all his
North American territories as a result of the
Seven Years' War (the
French and Indian War in North America),
King Louis XV of France made this secret pact transferring
La Louisiane to his cousin
King Carlos III of Spain .
[61] Despite the transfer to Spain, the region remained largely
Francophone .
Kingdom of Spain 1762-1803
Territorial claims of the
Kingdom of Spain in the
Mississippi River basin :
[t]
King Carlos III of Spain
King Carlos IV of Spain
La Luisiana , 1762-1801
King Louis XV of France transferred
La Louisiane to
King Carlos III of Spain with this secret pact.
[61]
Seeking to restore French presence in the
Americas ,
French First Consul Napoléon Bonaparte pressured
King Carlos IV of Spain to agree to this secret pact to transfer
La Luisiana to the
French Republic in exchange for French claims in
Tuscany .
[62]
La Louisiane , 1801–1803
This treaty between the
French Republic and the
Spanish Empire set the terms for the "restoration of
La Louisiane to France."
[63]
In a ceremony at
Nueva Orleans (New Orleans) on November 30, 1803,
Spanish Governor Juan Manuel de Salcedo transferred control of La Luisiana to
French Governor Pierre Clement de Laussat .
[64] This formal transfer of power was made solely to accommodate the
Louisiana Purchase . On March 9, 1804, a similar ceremony was held at
San Luis (St. Louis) .
French Republic 1800-1803
Territorial claims of the
French Republic in the
Mississippi River basin :
[t]
French First Consul Napoléon Bonaparte
Seeking to restore French presence in the
Americas ,
French First Consul Napoléon Bonaparte pressured
King Carlos IV of Spain to agree to this secret pact to transfer
La Luisiana to the
French Republic in exchange for French claims in
Tuscany .
[62]
La Louisiane , 1801–1803
This treaty between the
French Republic and the
Spanish Empire set the terms for the "restoration of
La Louisiane to France."
[63]
The
Louisiana Purchase is signed on April 30, 1803, announced on July 4, 1803, ratified on October 20, 1803, and transferred on December 20, 1803.
Louisiana Purchase , 1803
Wishing to guarantee American navigation rights on the
Mississippi River ,
U.S. President
Thomas Jefferson offered to purchase the Mississippi River port of
New Orleans from the
French Republic . Concerned with the potential cost of future campaigns,
French First Consul Napoléon Bonaparte countered with an offer to sell the entire territory of
La Louisiane to the United States. Agreeing to a price of 80 million
French francs or $15 million
U.S. dollars ,
A Treaty between the United States of America and the French Republic was signed on April 30, 1803.
[10]
In a ceremony at
Nueva Orleans (New Orleans) on November 30, 1803,
Spanish Governor Juan Manuel de Salcedo transferred control of La Luisiana to
French Governor Pierre Clement de Laussat .
[64] This formal transfer of power was made solely to accommodate the
Louisiana Purchase . On March 9, 1804, a similar ceremony was held at
San Luis (St. Louis) .
On December 20, 1803, in a ceremony at
La Nouvelle-Orléans (New Orleans) only 20 days after the transfer of Spanish control,
French Governor Pierre Clement de Laussat transferred control of La Luisiana to
U.S. Governor William Claiborne .
[64] On March 10, 1804, a similar ceremony was held at
Saint-Louis (St. Louis) .
Mexico 1821-1848
Territorial claims of
Mexico south and west of the
Adams–Onís border :
[d]
Agustin de Iturbide
Antonio López de Santa Anna
Nicolás Bravo Rueda
Mexican Empire 1821–1823
With this treaty signed at
Córdoba on August 24, 1821, the
Spanish Empire acknowledged the independence of the
Mexican Empire .
[8]
Mexico 1823–1824
Mexican Republic 1824–1835
The
Treaty of Limits is signed on January 12, 1828, extended on April 5, 1831, and takes effect on April 5, 1832.
On January 12, 1828, the
United States and the
United Mexican States signed the
Treaty of Limits between the United States of America and the United Mexican States .
[65] On April 5, 1831, the signatories extended the ratification period with an
Additional Article to the Treaty of Limits concluded between the United States of America and the United Mexican States, on the 12th day of January, 1828 .
[66] This treaty took effect one year later on April 5, 1832, and affirmed the border established between the United States and the
Spanish Empire by the
Adams–Onís Treaty .
[d]
Mexican Republic 1835–1846
In 1829, the
Mexican Republic banned slavery. Many
Texians ,
Anglo-American immigrants in the Mexican state of
Coahuila y Tejas , owned slaves. Seven years later on March 2, 1836, the Texians declared their independence as the Republic of Texas.
[9] The Mexican Republic refused to recognize the Republic of Texas, although the
United States recognized the Republic in 1837.
On December 29, 1845,
U.S. President
James K. Polk signed the
Joint resolution for the admission of the State of Texas into the Union .
[67] The United States assumed the territorial claims of the Republic of Texas upon the annexation.
[e] The
Mexican Republic asserted that the annexation was a violation of the
Treaty of Limits . This dispute led to the
Mexican–American War .
On May 13, 1846,
U.S. President
James K. Polk signed
An act providing for the prosecution of the existing war between the United States and the Republic of Mexico .
[68] The
Mexican–American War persisted until 1848.
The 1,700 man Army of the West under the command of
General Stephen Kearny seized the
Nuevo México capital of
Santa Fe with little resistance.
[69] General Kearny declared himself military governor of New Mexico on August 18, 1846, and established a civilian
provisional government of New Mexico .
United Mexican States 1846–1863
Mexican Cession , 1848–1850
On February 2, 1848, the
United States and the
United Mexican States signed the
Treaty of Peace, Friendship, Limits, and Settlement between the United States of America and the United Mexican States at
Guadalupe Hidalgo .
[12] This treaty took effect on May 30, 1848, ending the
Mexican–American War . Mexico ceded its extensive northern territory to the United States.
Republic of Texas 1836-1845
Territorial claim of the
Republic of Texas between the
Rio Grande and the
Adams–Onís border :
[d]
Texas President Sam Houston
Republic of Texas disputed with the
Mexican Republic , 1836–1845
On March 2, 1836,
Texians ,
Anglo-American immigrants in the Mexican state of
Coahuila y Tejas , declared their independence as the Republic of Texas.
[9] The Mexican Republic refused to recognize the Republic of Texas, although the
United States recognized the Republic in 1837. The
Republic of Texas claimed as its eastern and northern border the
Adams–Onís border
[d] with the
United States and as its western and southern border the
Rio Grande to its
headwaters , thence north along meridian 107°32′35″ west to the Adams–Onís border with the United States.
[e]
State of Texas disputed with the
Mexican Republic , 1845–1848
On December 29, 1845,
U.S. President
James K. Polk signed the
Joint resolution for the admission of the State of Texas into the Union .
[67] The United States assumed the territorial claims of the Republic of Texas upon the annexation.
[e] The
Mexican Republic asserted that the annexation was a violation of the
Treaty of Limits . This dispute led to the
Mexican–American War .
United States 1803 to present
Historical
political divisions of the United States in the area of the present State of Colorado:
U.S. President
Thomas Jefferson
The
Louisiana Purchase is signed on April 30, 1803, announced on July 4, 1803, ratified on October 20, 1803, and transferred on December 20, 1803.
Louisiana Purchase , 1803
Wishing to guarantee American navigation rights on the
Mississippi River ,
U.S. President
Thomas Jefferson offered to purchase the Mississippi River port of
New Orleans from the
French Republic . Concerned with the potential cost of future campaigns,
French First Consul Napoléon Bonaparte countered with an offer to sell the entire territory of
La Louisiane to the United States. Agreeing to a price of 80 million
French francs or $15 million
U.S. dollars ,
A Treaty between the United States of America and the French Republic was signed on April 30, 1803.
[10] The
United States Senate ratified the treaty on October 20, 1803. On October 21, 1803, President Jefferson signed
An Act to enable the President of the United States to take possession Oct. 31, 1803, of the territories ceded by France to the United States, by the treaty concluded at Paris, on the thirtieth of April last; and for the temporary government thereof .
[70]
French Governor Laussat transfers
La Louisiane to
U.S. Governor Claiborne , December 20, 1803.
Unorganized territory created by the
Louisiana Purchase , 1803–1804
On December 20, 1803, in a ceremony at
La Nouvelle-Orléans (New Orleans) only 20 days after the transfer of Spanish control,
French Governor Pierre Clement de Laussat transferred control of La Luisiana to
U.S. Governor William Claiborne .
[64] On March 10, 1804, a similar ceremony was held at
Saint-Louis (St. Louis) . The Louisiana Purchase remained unorganized and under military control until it was divided on October 1, 1804, into the
Territory of Orleans south of the
33rd parallel north and the
District of Louisiana north of the 33rd parallel north.
District of Louisiana , 1804–1805
On March 26, 1804,
U.S. President
Thomas Jefferson signed
An Act erecting Louisiana into two territories, and providing for the temporary government thereof .
[71] The Act created the
District of Louisiana on October 1, 1804 from the portion of the
Louisiana Purchase north of the
33rd parallel north . The District remained under the jurisdiction of the
Indiana Territory until it was reorganized as the
Territory of Louisiana on July 4, 1805.
Territory of Louisiana , 1805–1812
On March 3, 1805,
U.S. President
Thomas Jefferson signed
An Act further providing for the government of the district of Louisiana .
[72] The Act reorganized the
District of Louisiana as the
Territory of Louisiana on July 4, 1805. The Territory was reorganized as the
Territory of Missouri on June 4, 1812.
U.S. President
James Madison
Territory of Missouri , 1812–1821
On June 4, 1812,
U.S. President
James Madison signed
An Act providing for the government of the territory of Missouri .
[73] The Act reorganized the
Territory of Louisiana as the
Territory of Missouri . On January 30, 1819, the northern border of the Territory with
Rupert's Land was altered by the
Anglo-American Convention of 1818 . On March 2, 1819, the United States created the
Territory of Arkansaw from the southern portion of the Territory. On February 22, 1821, the
Adams–Onís Treaty reduced the southwestern extent of the Territory. The Territory existed until the admission of the
State of Missouri into the
Union on August 10, 1821.
The
Adams–Onís Treaty is signed on February 22, 1819, and takes effect on February 22, 1821.
On February 22, 1819, the
United States and the restored
Kingdom of Spain signed the
Treaty of Amity, Settlement, and Limits Between the United States of America and His Catholic Majesty .
[11]
[d] This treaty took effect two years later on February 22, 1821. The Spanish Empire ceded
Florida , land east of the
Sabine River , and claims north of the
41st parallel north to the United States. The United States ceded a southwestern portion of the
Mississippi River basin to the Spanish Empire.
U.S. President
James Monroe
On March 6, 1820,
U.S. President
James Monroe signed
An Act to authorize the people of the Missouri territory to form a constitution and state government, and for the admission of such state into the Union on an equal footing with the original states, and to prohibit slavery in certain territories .
[74] The
Missouri Compromise allowed Missouri to become a
slave state , but prohibited slavery in the
western territories north of the
parallel 36°30′ north .
Unorganized territory previously the northwestern portion of the Missouri Territory, 1821–1854
On August 10, 1821,
U.S. President
James Monroe certified that the conditions for
statehood had been fulfilled and issued
Proclamation 28 — Admitting Missouri into the Union .
[75] The remaining northwestern portion of the
Territory of Missouri became
unorganized territory .
The
Treaty of Limits is signed on January 12, 1828, extended on April 5, 1831, and takes effect on April 5, 1832.
On January 12, 1828, the
United States and the
United Mexican States signed the
Treaty of Limits between the United States of America and the United Mexican States .
[65] On April 5, 1831, the signatories extended the ratification period with an
Additional Article to the Treaty of Limits concluded between the United States of America and the United Mexican States, on the 12th day of January, 1828 .
[66] This treaty took effect one year later on April 5, 1832, and affirmed the border established between the United States and the
Spanish Empire by the
Adams–Onís Treaty .
[d]
U.S. President
James K. Polk
On December 29, 1845,
U.S. President
James K. Polk signed the
Joint resolution for the admission of the State of Texas into the Union .
[67] The United States assumed the territorial claims of the Republic of Texas upon the annexation.
[e] The
Mexican Republic asserted that the annexation was a violation of the
Treaty of Limits . This dispute led to the
Mexican–American War .
On May 13, 1846,
U.S. President
James K. Polk signed
An act providing for the prosecution of the existing war between the United States and the Republic of Mexico .
[68] The
Mexican–American War persisted until 1848.
General Stephen Kearny
The 1,700 man Army of the West under the command of
Brigadier General Stephen Kearny seized the
Nuevo México capital of
Santa Fe with little resistance.
[69] General Kearny assumed command as the first
U.S. military governor of New Mexico . On September 22, General Kearny appointed
Charles Bent as the first
U.S. civilian governor of New Mexico .
On February 2, 1848, the
United States and the
United Mexican States signed the
Treaty of Peace, Friendship, Limits, and Settlement between the United States of America and the United Mexican States at
Guadalupe Hidalgo .
[12] This treaty took effect on May 30, 1848, ending the
Mexican–American War . Mexico ceded its extensive northern territory to the United States.
Unorganized territory created by the
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo , 1848–1850
On May 30, 1848, the northern portion of the
United Mexican States ceded to the United States becomes
unorganized territory .
Brigham Young ,
Governor of the Provisional State of Deseret
Provisional State of Deseret , 1849–1851
On March 10, 1849, the
Mormon settlers of the
Great Salt Lake Valley formed the
Provisional Government of the State of Deseret .
[76]
Brigham Young was elected
Governor . Deseret encompassed almost all of the present
U.S. states of
Utah and
Nevada , and portions of
Oregon ,
Idaho ,
Wyoming ,
Colorado ,
New Mexico ,
Arizona , and
California , although only the
Wasatch Front was occupied.
[u] The United States created the
Territory of Utah on September 9, 1850. Deseret served as the
de facto government of the Great Salt Lake Valley until the Provisional State was dissolved on April 4, 1851.
Territory of New Mexico , 1850–1912
Territory of Utah , 1850–1896
On September 9, 1850,
U.S. President
Millard Fillmore signed three bills:
An Act proposing to the State of Texas the Establishment of her Northern and Western Boundaries, the Relinquishment by the said State of all Territory claimed by her exterior to said Boundaries, and of all her Claims upon the United States, and to establish a territorial Government for New Mexico ,
[77]
An Act for the admission of the State of California into the Union ,
[78] and
An Act to establish a Territorial Government for Utah .
[79] The Territory of Utah existed until January 4, 1896, when it was admitted into the
Union as the
State of Utah .
Utah statehood was delayed over the issue of
polygamy in the Territory. The Territory of New Mexico existed until January 6, 1912, when it was admitted into the
Union as the
State of New Mexico .
New Mexico statehood was delayed due to the
Spanish origins of the Territory.
U.S. President
Franklin Pierce
Territory of Kansas , 1854–1861
Territory of Nebraska , 1854–1867
On May 30, 1854,
U.S. President
Franklin Pierce signed
An Act to Organize the Territories of Nebraska and Kansas .
[80] This act superseded the
Missouri Compromise and provided for the voters of the territories to decide for themselves whether to permit
slavery . The
Kansas–Nebraska Act unwittingly led to the
American Civil War . The Territory of Kansas existed until January 29, 1861, when it was admitted into the
Union as the
free
State of Kansas . The Territory of Nebraska existed until March 1, 1867, when it was admitted into the
Union as the
State of Nebraska .
Robert Williamson Steele ,
Governor of the Provisional Territory of Jefferson
Provisional Territory of Jefferson , 1859–1861
On October 24, 1859, the settlers in the
Pike's Peak region formed the
Provisional Government of the Territory of Jefferson and elected
Robert Williamson Steele
Governor .
[81]
[82] The Jefferson Territory extended from the
102nd meridian west to the
110th meridian west and from the
37th parallel north to the
43rd parallel north , and encompassed all of the present
U.S. state of
Colorado and portions of
Utah ,
Wyoming ,
Nebraska , and
Kansas .
[v] The United States created the
Territory of Colorado on February 28, 1861. The Jefferson Territory served as the
de facto government of the region until Governor Steele proclaimed the government disbanded on June 6, 1861.
Unorganized territory previously the western portion of the Kansas Territory, 1861
On January 29, 1861,
U.S. President
James Buchanan signed
An Act for the Admission of Kansas into the Union as a
free state .
[83] The remaining western portion of the
Territory of Kansas became
unorganized territory . This area was incorporated into the
Territory of Colorado 30 days later on February 28, 1861.
William Gilpin ,
first Governor of the Territory of Colorado
John Long Routt ,
last Governor of the Territory of Colorado and
first Governor of the State of Colorado
Territory of Colorado , 1861–1876
On February 28, 1861,
U.S. President
James Buchanan signed
An Act to provide a temporary Government for the Territory of Colorado as a
free territory .
[13] The Territory of Colorado replaced the
Provisional Territory of Jefferson and comprised the
unorganized territory previously the western portion of the
Territory of Kansas and portions of the
Territory of New Mexico , the
Territory of Utah , and the
Territory of Nebraska . The Colorado Territory existed until it was admitted into the
Union as the
State of Colorado on August 1, 1876.
On March 3, 1875,
U.S. President
Ulysses S. Grant signed
An Act to enable the people of Colorado to form a constitution and State government, and for the admission of the said State into the Union on an equal footing with the original States .
[84]
State of Colorado , since 1876
On August 1, 1876,
U.S. President
Ulysses S. Grant certified that the conditions of the
Colorado Enabling Act had been fulfilled and issued
Proclamation 230 — Admission of Colorado into the Union .
[16]
Maps
Map of the United States after the
Constitution of the United States was ratified on
March 4, 1789
Map of the United States after the secret
Third Treaty of San Ildefonso transferred the
Spanish colony of
la Luisiana to the
French Republic on
October 1, 1800
Map of the United States after the
Louisiana Purchase took effect on
December 20, 1803
Map of the United States after the creation of the
District of Louisiana on
March 26, 1804
Map of the United States after the creation of the
Territory of Louisiana on
March 3, 1805
Map of the United States after the creation of the
Territory of Missouri on
June 4, 1812
Map of the United States after the
Adams–Onís Treaty took effect on
February 22, 1821
Map of the United States after
Missouri was admitted to the
Union on
August 10, 1821
Territorial claims of the
Republic of Texas ,
May 2, 1836
Map of the United States after
Texas was admitted to the
Union on
December 29, 1845
Map of the United States after the
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo was signed on
February 2, 1848
Map of the United States after the creation of the provisional
State of Deseret on
July 2, 1849
Map of the United States after the creation of the
Territory of New Mexico and the
Territory of Utah on
September 9, 1850
Map of the United States after the creation of the
Territory of Kansas and the
Territory of Nebraska on
May 30, 1854
Map of the United States after the creation of the provisional
Territory of Jefferson on
October 24, 1859
Map of the United States after the admission of
Kansas to the
Union on
January 29, 1861
Map of the United States after the creation of the
Territory of Colorado on
February 28, 1861
Map of the United States after
Colorado was admitted to the
Union on
August 1, 1876
Map of the United States as it has been since
Hawaiʻi was admitted to the
Union on
August 21, 1959
See also
Notes
^ The first
European building built in the
future state of
Colorado was the
Spanish Fort at
Sangre de Cristo Pass .
^ The oldest
European town in
Colorado is
San Luis (San Luis de la Culebra ) in the
San Luis Valley .
^
a
b In
Colorado , the territory disputed between the
United States
Louisiana Purchase and the
Nueva España (New Spain) province of
Santa Fe de Nuevo México (New Mexico) included the entire area east of both the
Continental Divide and the
Sangre de Cristo Divide .
^
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
i In
Colorado , the border set by the
Adams–Onís Treaty between the
United States and the
Spanish Empire extended up the
Arkansas River to its
headwaters , thence north along the
meridian 106°20'35" west . The United States surrendered the area in the future state south and west of the Arkansas River and east of both the
Continental Divide and the
Sangre de Cristo Divide . North of the
headwaters of the
Arkansas River , the border was moved from the
Continental Divide to the meridian 106°20'35" west. The Adams–Onís border was affirmed by the
Treaty of Limits between the United States and the
United Mexican States .
^
a
b
c
d
e
f The
Republic of Texas claimed as its eastern and northern border the
Adams–Onís border
[d] with the
United States and as its western and southern border the
Rio Grande to its
headwaters , thence north along meridian 107°32′35″ west to the Adams–Onís border with the United States. The western extent of this claim was dubious since the Republic of Texas never occupied any territory west of the
102nd meridian west . This claim included half of the Mexican province of
Santa Fe de Nuevo México , established centuries before in 1598.
^
a
b On September 17, 1851, leaders of the
Lakota ,
Cheyenne ,
Arapaho ,
Crow ,
Assiniboine ,
Hidatsa ,
Mandan , and
Arikara nations signed the
Treaty of Fort Laramie, 1851
[33] at
Fort Laramie (Wyoming) . Cheyenne and Arapaho people were given a reservation that extended east of the
Continental Divide between the
Arkansas River and the
North Platte River . As whites infiltrated these lands, the
Cheyenne and Arapaho Indian Reservation shrank to a mere fraction of its original extent. On October 28, 1867, the leaders of the Cheyenne and Arapaho people signed the
Cheyenne and Arapaho Treaty
[34] that called for their removal from the
Territory of Colorado to a new
Cheyenne and Arapaho Indian Reservation in
Indian Territory . While the
Cheyenne and
Southern Arapaho people agreed to move southeast to Indian Territory, the
Northern Arapaho people refused to move far from their traditional lands and near their traditional enemies. On April 29, 1868, the leaders of the Northern Arapaho people joined with the leaders of the
Oglala ,
Miniconjou , and
Brulé bands of
Lakota people and the
Yanktonai Dakota people to sign the
Treaty of Fort Laramie, 1868
[35] at
Fort Laramie in the
Territory of Dakota . The Treaty called for the tribes to remove to the
Great Sioux Reservation in the Territory of Dakota. After a brief stay on the Great Sioux Reservation, the Northern Arapaho wandered west into the
Central Rocky Mountains , eventually settling in 1878 with their former enemies on the
Shoshone Indian Reservation in the
Territory of Wyoming .
^
a
b In 1878, the
Northern Arapaho Tribe settled on the
Shoshone Indian Reservation while waiting for the United States to provide a reservation for the tribe. When the United States failed to act, the Northern Arapaho became a fixture of the Shoshone Indian Reservation. It wasn't until the conclusion of the 1938 U.S. Supreme Court Case
United States v. Shoshone Tribe of Indians that the government recognized it had wrongly given Shoshone land and resources to the Arapaho. A subsequent land deal then officially solidified Arapaho claim as half-owners of tribal lands and resources on the Shoshone Indian Reservation, which was officially renamed the
Wind River Indian Reservation .
^
a
b On September 17, 1851, leaders of the
Lakota ,
Cheyenne ,
Arapaho ,
Crow ,
Assiniboine ,
Hidatsa ,
Mandan , and
Arikara nations signed the
Treaty of Fort Laramie, 1851
[33] at
Fort Laramie (Wyoming) . Cheyenne and Arapaho people were given a reservation that extended east of the
Continental Divide between the
Arkansas River and the
North Platte River . As whites infiltrated these lands, the
Cheyenne and Arapaho Indian Reservation shrank to a mere fraction of its original extent. On October 28, 1867, the leaders of the Cheyenne and Arapaho people signed the
Cheyenne and Arapaho Treaty
[34] that called for their removal from the
Territory of Colorado to a new
Cheyenne and Arapaho Indian Reservation in
Indian Territory .
^ On July 3, 1868, leaders of the
Eastern Shoshone and
Bannock people signed the
Fort Bridger Treaty
[43] at
Fort Bridger in the
Territory of Utah . The Treaty called for the Eastern Shoshone and Bannock people to remove to the new
Shoshone Indian Reservation .
^
On December 30, 1849, Quixiachigiate and 27 other chiefs of the
Capote and
Mouache Utes and signed the Peace Treaty of Abiquiú
[44] at
Abiquiú (New Mexico) with new U.S. Indian Commissioner
James S. Calhoun .
On October 3, 1861,
U.S. President
Abraham Lincoln signed an executive order reserving the
Uinta River Valley in the
Territory of Utah for
American Indians .
On October 7, 1863, leaders of the
Tabeguache Utes signed the Tabeguache Treaty
[45] at the
Tabaquache Agency at Conejos in
San Luis Valley . The Tabeguache relinquished all land east of the
Continental Divide and
Middle Park . Unfortunately, this included land occupied by the Capote Utes.
On May 5, 1864, President Lincoln signed "An Act to vacate and sell the present Indian Reservations in Utah Territory, and to settle the Indians of said Territory in the Uinta Valley",
[46] unilaterally removing all Indians in the
Territory of Utah to the
Uinta Valley Reservation . On February 23, 1865, President Lincoln signed "An Act to extinguish the Indian Title to Lands in the Territory of Utah suitable for agricultural and mineral Purposes",
[47] expropriating Indian lands in the Territory of Utah outside of the Uinta Valley Reservation.
On March 2, 1868, leaders of the seven bands of the
Ute Nation signed the Ute Treaty of 1868
[48] in
Washington, D.C. The Utes were removed to the
Consolidated Ute Reservation in the western portion of the Territory of Colorado and the
Uinta Valley Reservation in the Territory of Utah.
On September 13, 1873, leaders of the seven bands of the
Ute Nation signed the Brunot Treaty
[49] in
Washington, D.C. The Utes relinquished land in the
San Juan Mountains desired by miners.
On November 9, 1878, leaders of the
Capote ,
Mouache , and
Weeminuche Utes signed an agreement at
Pagosa Springs, Colorado , establishing the
Southern Ute Indian Reservation and relinquishing all other land in
Colorado .
[50]
On March 6, 1880, leaders of the seven bands of the Ute Nation signed the Ute Agreement of 1880
[51] at Washington, D.C. The Agreement called for the
Tabeguache Utes to remove to the
Grand Valley of Colorado and
Parianuche and
Yamparica Utes to remove to the
Uintah Reservation in the Territory of Utah.
On January 5, 1882, President
Chester A. Arthur signed an executive order to remove the
Tabeguache Utes to the new
Uncompahgre Indian Reservation in the Territory of Utah.
On July 28, 1882, President Arthur signed
An act relating to lands in Colorado lately occupied by the Uncompahgre and White River Ute Indians ,
[52] expropriating the lands of the Parianuche, Tabeguache, and Yamparica Utes in Colorado.
On June 6, 1940, the
Weeminuche Utes separated from the
Southern Ute Indian Reservation as the
Ute Mountain Tribe of the
Ute Mountain Reservation .
[53]
^
a
b On December 30, 1849, Quixiachigiate and 27 other chiefs of the
Capote and
Mouache Utes and signed the Peace Treaty of Abiquiú
[44] at
Abiquiú (New Mexico) with new U.S. Indian Commissioner
James S. Calhoun .
^
a
b On October 7, 1863, leaders of the
Tabeguache Utes signed the Tabeguache Treaty
[45] at the
Tabaquache Agency at Conejos in
San Luis Valley . The Tabeguache relinquished all land east of the
Continental Divide and
Middle Park . Unfortunately, this included land occupied by the Capote Utes.
^
a
b
c On November 9, 1878, leaders of the
Capote ,
Mouache , and
Weeminuche Utes signed an agreement at
Pagosa Springs, Colorado , establishing the
Southern Ute Indian Reservation and relinquishing all other land in
Colorado .
[50]
^
a
b
c On March 6, 1880, leaders of the seven bands of the Ute Nation signed the Ute Agreement of 1880
[51] at Washington, D.C. The Agreement called for the
Tabeguache Utes to remove to the
Grand Valley of Colorado and
Parianuche and
Yamparica Utes to remove to the
Uintah Reservation in the Territory of Utah.
^
a
b
c On July 28, 1882,
U.S. President
Chester A. Arthur signed
An act relating to lands in Colorado lately occupied by the Uncompahgre and White River Ute Indians ,
[52] expropriating the lands of the Parianuche, Tabeguache, and Yamparica Utes in Colorado.
^ On January 5, 1882,
U.S. President
Chester A. Arthur signed an executive order to remove the
Tabeguache Utes to the new
Uncompahgre Indian Reservation in the Territory of Utah.
^ On June 6, 1940, the
Weeminuche Utes separated from the
Southern Ute Indian Reservation as the
Ute Mountain Tribe of the
Ute Mountain Reservation .
[53]
^ On October 3, 1861,
U.S. President
Abraham Lincoln signed an executive order reserving the
Uinta River Valley in the
Territory of Utah for
American Indians . On May 5, 1864, President Lincoln signed "An Act to vacate and sell the present Indian Reservations in Utah Territory, and to settle the Indians of said Territory in the Uinta Valley",
[46] unilaterally removing all Indians in the
Territory of Utah to the
Uinta Valley Reservation . On February 23, 1865, President Lincoln signed "An Act to extinguish the Indian Title to Lands in the Territory of Utah suitable for agricultural and mineral Purposes",
[47] expropriating Indian lands in the Territory of Utah outside of the Uinta Valley Reservation.
^
a
b At its greatest territorial extent, the
Spanish Empire claimed that the border of its colony of
New Mexico (Santa Fe de Nuevo México ) began where the
31st parallel north crossed
100th meridian west , thence north along the 100th meridian west to the
42nd parallel north , thence west along the 42nd parallel north to the
Green River (río Español ) , thence down the Green River to its
confluence with the
Colorado River (río Colorado ) , thence down the Colorado River to its confluence with the
Gila River (río Gila ) , thence up the Gila River up to its confluence with its East Fork and West Fork, thence south along the
meridian 108°12′22″ west to the
31st parallel north , thence east along the 31st parallel north back to the 100th meridian west.
^
a
b
c In
Colorado , the
Mississippi River basin includes all areas east of both the
Continental Divide of the Americas and the
Sangre de Cristo Divide .
^ The Constitution of the
State of Deseret
[76] states its boundaries as "commencing at the
33 degree of north latitude where it crosses the
108 degree of longitude west of Greenwich thence running south and west to and down the main channel of the
Gila River on the northern line of Mexico and on the northern boundary of
Lower California to the
Pacific Ocean thence along the coast north westerly to
118 degrees 30 minutes of west longitude thence north to where said line intersects the dividing ridge of the
Sierra Nevada mountains thence north along the summit of the Sierra Nevada mountains to the dividing range of mountains that separates the waters flowing into the
Columbia River from the waters running into the
Great Basin thence easterly along the dividing range of mountains that separates said waters flowing into the Columbia River on the north from the waters flowing into the Great Basin on the south to the summit of the
Wind River chain of mountains thence south east and south by the
dividing range of mountains that separate the waters flowing into the
Gulf of Mexico from the waters flowing into the
Gulf of California to the place of beginning as set forth in a map drawn by
Charles Preuss and published by order of the
Senate of the United States in 1848." This ambitious claim included the future cities of
Las Vegas ,
Phoenix ,
San Diego , and
Los Angeles .
^ The Constitution of the
Provisional Government of the Territory of Jefferson
[81] states its boundaries as "Commencing at a point where the
37th degree of north latitude , crosses the
102nd degree of west longitude , and running north on said meridian to the
43d degree of north latitude ; thence west on said parallel to the
110th degree of west longitude ; thence south on said meridian to the 37th degree of north latitude; thence east on the said parallel to the place of beginning."
References
^
a
b
c
d Cassells, E. Steve. (1997). The Archeology of Colorado , Revised Edition. Boulder, Colorado: Johnson Books. pp. 53-54.
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^
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^
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^
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^
a
b The
United States of America and the
Lakota ,
Cheyenne ,
Arapaho ,
Crow ,
Assiniboine ,
Hidatsa ,
Mandan , and
Arikara Nations (September 17, 1851).
"Treaty of Fort Laramie, 1851" (PDF) . Retrieved March 16, 2022 . {{
cite web }}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
link )
^
a
b The
United States of America and the
Cheyenne and
Arapaho Nations (October 28, 1867).
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^ The
United States of America and the
Oglala ,
Miniconjou , and
Brulé bands of
Lakota Nation , the
Yanktonai band of the
Dakota Nation , and the
Northern band of the
Arapaho Nation (April 29, 1868).
"Treaty between the United States of America and different Tribes of Sioux Indians; Concluded April 29 et seq., 1868; Ratification advised February 16, 1869; Proclaimed February 24, 1869" (PDF) . p. 635. Retrieved March 16, 2022 . {{
cite web }}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
link )
^
Northern Arapaho Tribe .
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^
a
b
"Wind River Indian Reservation" . 2022. Retrieved March 16, 2022 .
^
a
b
"Cheyenne and Arapaho Tribes" .
Cheyenne and Arapaho Tribes . Retrieved March 16, 2022 .
^
"Comanche Nation: About us" .
Comanche Nation . 2022. Retrieved March 16, 2022 .
^
"Kiowa Tribe" .
Kiowa Tribe . Retrieved March 16, 2022 .
^
"History of the Navajo Nation" .
Navajo Nation Government . 2011. Retrieved March 16, 2022 .
^
"Pawnee History" .
Pawnee Nation . 2022. Retrieved March 16, 2022 .
^ The
United States of America and the
Eastern Band of Shoshone and the
Bannock Tribe (July 3, 1868).
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^
a
b The
United States of America and the
Capote and
Mouache Utes (December 30, 1849).
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^
a
b The
United States of America and the
Tabeguache Utes (October 7, 1863).
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^
a
b
Thirty-eighth United States Congress (May 5, 1864).
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^
a
b
Thirty-eighth United States Congress (February 23, 1865).
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link )
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Ute Nation (March 2, 1868).
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^
Forty-third United States Congress (April 29, 1874).
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^
a
b
United States of America and the
Capote ,
Mouache , and
Weeminuche Utes (November 9, 1878).
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^
a
b The
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Ute Nation (June 15, 1880).
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Forty-sixth United States Congress . p. 199. Retrieved March 16, 2022 .
^
a
b
Forty-seventh United States Congress (July 28, 1882).
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^
a
b
Ute Mountain Tribe (June 6, 1940).
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^
a
b
Southern Ute Indian Tribe (2022).
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^
"Weeminuche Band of Ute Nation" .
Ute Mountain Ute Tribe . 2020. Retrieved March 16, 2022 .
^
a
b
Christopher Columbus .
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John Boyd Thacher . Retrieved March 16, 2022 .
^
Pope Alexander VI (May 4, 1493).
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^
The Portuguese Empire and the Spanish Empire (June 7, 1494).
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^ Sosa, Juan B. and Arce, Enrique J. (October 1911).
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Hernán Cortés (April 12, 1866).
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a
b
Louis XV of France and Carlos III of Spain (September 30, 1764).
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^
a
b
The French Republic and Carlos IV of Spain (October 1, 1800).
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^
a
b
Elizabeth Wormeley Latimer (1897).
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^
a
b
c
d
Binger Hermann (1898).
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^
a
b
The United States of America and the United Mexican States (January 12, 1828).
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a
b
The United States of America and the United Mexican States (April 5, 1831).
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^
a
b
c
Twenty-ninth United States Congress (December 29, 1845).
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^
a
b
Twenty-ninth United States Congress (April 25, 1846).
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^
a
b Dwight L. Clarke (1961).
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Eighth United States Congress (October 21, 1803).
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^
Eighth United States Congress (March 26, 1804).
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^
Eighth United States Congress (March 3, 1805).
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^
Twelfth United States Congress (June 4, 1812).
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^
Sixteenth United States Congress (March 6, 1820).
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^
James Monroe (August 10, 1821).
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^
a
b Peter Crawley (October 1, 1989).
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^
Thirty-first United States Congress (September 9, 1850).
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^
Thirty-first United States Congress (September 9, 1850).
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^
Thirty-first United States Congress (September 9, 1850).
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^
Thirty-third United States Congress (May 30, 1854).
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^
a
b
"The Constitution of Jefferson Territory" (PDF) . Colorado Magazine. Retrieved March 16, 2022 .
^
General Assembly of the Territory of Jefferson (November 28, 1859).
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^
Thirty-sixth United States Congress (January 29, 1861).
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^
Forty-third United States Congress (March 3, 1875).
"An act to enable the people of Colorado to form a constitution and State government, and for the admission of the said State into the Union on an equal footing with the original States" (PDF) . p. 474. Retrieved March 16, 2022 .
External links
38°59′50″N 105°32′52″W / 38.9972°N 105.5478°W / 38.9972; -105.5478 (State of Colorado )