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Image 1
"Colors" is a song by Romanian group
Morandi intended to be the lead single off the group's fourth studio album, Zebra. However, it was later included in their compilation album, Best Of (2011). The supposed Zebra's mix of
club and
British rock served as inspiration for the track. Written by the group, the song was first released on 16 June 2009 in Romania and on 6 August 2009 for
digital download and
streaming in the United States through
Universal Music Romania.
Commercially, the song topped the charts in the
Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) and Slovakia, and reached the top five in Bulgaria and the Czech Republic. A music video directed by
Marius Moga and Giuliano Bekor was released to promote the song, which premiered on Romanian radio station Radio 21's website and was aired on MTV in late September 2009. The song was nominated at the 2010
Balkan Music Awards and at the 2010
Radio România Actualităţi Awards for Best Song from Romania and Best Pop/Dance Song, respectively. The video also received a nomination in the former ceremony for Best Video in the Balkans 2009. (Full article...)
Image 2
"Eu cred" (English: "I believe") is a song recorded by Romanian singer
Mălina Olinescu. It was recorded at the
TVR Music Studio in
Bucharest, and was released as a
CD single in 1998 by Mega Music in Romania. The release also contained "You Live", the English-language version of the song. "Eu cred" was written by Liliana Ștefan, while production was handled by
Adrian Romcescu [
ro].
The track represented
Romania in the
Eurovision Song Contest 1998 in
Birmingham, United Kingdom after winning the pre-selection show Selecția Națională. In Birmingham, Romania automatically qualified to the final due to their relegation in the previous year and finished in 22nd place with six points. This remains one of Romania's worst results ever in the contest. Commercially, "Eu cred" failed to impact any national chart. (Full article...)
Image 3
"Endless" is a song recorded by Romanian singer
Inna for her second studio album, I Am the Club Rocker (2011). The song was released on 25 November 2011 as the fourth single from the album. It was written and produced by
Play & Win members Sebastian Barac, Radu Bolfea and Marcel Botezan. A
flamenco-influenced
mid-tempoclub-
ballad, "Endless" features an
acoustic and
Spanish guitar in its instrumentation.
Music critics gave favorable reviews of the track, pointing it out as a highlight on I Am the Club Rocker. At the 2011
Balkan Music Awards, the song won in the Best Song in the Balkans from Romania in 2011 category. To promote "Endless", an accompanying music video was shot by
Alex Herron and uploaded onto Inna's
YouTube channel on 24 November 2011 to positive response. It was connected to the
International Day for the Elimination of Violence against Women, which is observed on 25 November. The singer had also launched a foundation against domestic violence simultaneously with the video's release. She further promoted the recording through various live performances. Commercially, "Endless" reached the top ten in Romania and Slovakia. (Full article...)
Image 4
Changes in the administration of Transylvania between 1300 and 1867
They had wide-ranging administrative, military and judicial powers, but their jurisdiction never covered the whole province. The
Saxon and
Székely communities – organized into their own districts or "
seats" from the 13th century – were independent of the voivodes. The kings also exempted some Transylvanian towns and villages from their authority over the centuries. Even so, the Voivodeship of Transylvania "was the largest single administrative entity" in the entire kingdom in the 15th century. Voivodes enjoyed income from the royal estates attached to their office, but the right to "grant lands, collect taxes and tolls, or coin money" was reserved for the monarchs. Although
Roland Borsa,
Ladislaus Kán and some other voivodes rebelled against the sovereign, most remained faithful royal officials. (Full article...)
Image 5
"Dincolo de nori" (Romanian pronunciation:[ˈdiŋkolodeˈnorʲ]; English: "Beyond the Clouds") is a song recorded by Romanian singer
Dan Bittman at the Magic Sound Production in
Craiova and was released as a
CD single in 1994 by Metro Records Romania. "Dincolo de nori" was written by Antonio Furtuna and Bittman and produced solely by Furtuna, featuring a
bass guitar,
harmonica and keyboards in its instrumentation.
The track represented
Romania in the
Eurovision Song Contest 1994 (held in
Dublin, Ireland) after winning the pre-selection show Selecția Națională. In Dublin, Romania made its debut in the contest and finished in 21st place with 14 points. This remained Romania's worst result until their
1998 participation. One year after the event, "Dincolo de nori" was awarded Song of the Year by Romanian magazine Actualitatea muzicală [
ro]. The song was re-recorded in 1998 by Bittman and his group
Holograf for their 12th studio album Supersonic. (Full article...)
The founding of Moldavia (
Romanian: Descălecatul Moldovei) began with the arrival of a
Vlach (Romanian)
voivode (military leader),
Dragoș, soon followed by his people from
Maramureș, then a
voivodeship, to the region of the
Moldova River. Dragoș established a
polity there as a vassal to the
Kingdom of Hungary in the 1350s. The independence of the
Principality of
Moldavia was gained when
Bogdan I, another Vlach voivode from Maramureș who had fallen out with the Hungarian king, crossed the Carpathians in 1359 and took control of Moldavia, wresting the region from Hungary. It remained a principality until 1859, when it united with
Wallachia, initiating the development of the modern
Romanian state. (Full article...)
Image 8
"Obsesii" (English: "Obsessions") is a song recorded by Romanian singer
Alexandra Stan, released as a
single by
Universal Music Romania for
digital download on 31 January 2020. A
Romanian language track, it was written by Alex Pelin and Vlan Lucan, while the latter handled the production alongside
Radu Bolfea. Lyrically, "Obsesii" discusses a love which has turned into obsession.
Music critics particularly praised the song's lyrics, as well as Stan's vocal delivery. An accompanying music video was uploaded to her
YouTube channel on 2 February 2020. Directed by Bogdan Daragiu, the
black and white clip depicts Stan and several dancers wearing loose shirts to symbolize freedom. To further promote "Obsesii", the singer performed the track on Romanian talk shows and radio stations. Commercially, it reached number 12 on the local
Airplay 100 chart. The song is the second single from her fifth album Rainbows. (Full article...)
Image 9
"Tell Me Why" is a song recorded by Romanian singers
Monica Anghel and
Marcel Pavel. It was recorded at the Midi Sound Studio in
Bucharest, and was released as a
CD single in 2002 by
Transglobal EMI. A
ballad, "Tell Me Why" was written by Mirela Fugaru and produced by Ionel Tudor, containing a saxophone, guitar and keyboards in its instrumentation. The track represented
Romania in the
Eurovision Song Contest 2002 in
Tallinn, Estonia after winning the pre-selection show Selecția Națională. In Tallinn, the artists finished in ninth place with 71 points. This remained Romania's best result until
2005 and qualified the country for the contest's
next edition. (Full article...)
Pope Gregory XIII appointed Báthory cardinal during his visit to Rome in 1584. A year later, he was installed as
coadjutor bishop of Warmia. He was in Rome again when Stephen Báthory died in 1586. Andrew was one of the candidates to succeed him in Poland and Lithuania, but
Jan Zamoyski, the
Chancellor of Poland, convinced him to support another candidate,
Sigismund Vasa, and to demonstrate the Báthorys' claim to the crown only through nominating his minor cousin,
Sigismund Báthory,
Prince of Transylvania. After Sigismund Vasa was elected king in 1587, Báthory convinced his cousin's advisors to send reinforcements to Poland to fight against
Maximilian of Habsburg, who also claimed the throne. Báthory became Prince-Bishop of Warmia after the death of Bishop
Marcin Kromer in 1589. (Full article...)
"Liubi, Liubi, I Love You" represented
Romania in the
Eurovision Song Contest 2007, held in
Helsinki, Finland after winning the pre-selection show Selecția Națională. In Helsinki, Romania automatically qualified to the final due to their top ten placement in
the previous year and finished in 13th place with 84 points. "Liubi, Liubi, I Love You" was promoted through performances in Belarus and a music video shot in Romania by Dan Manoliu. It charted at number 82 on the
Romanian Top 100. (Full article...)
Image 12
The 11th-century
runestone G134 referring to Blakumen (Sjonhem cemetery,
Gotland, Sweden) Blakumen or Blökumenn were a people mentioned in Scandinavian sources dating from the 11th through 13th centuries. The name of their land, Blokumannaland, has also been preserved.
Victor Spinei,
Florin Curta, Florin Pintescu and other historians identify them as
Romanians (variation of the exonym
Vlach), while
Omeljan Pritsak argues that they were
Cumans.
Judith Jesch adds the possibility that the terms meant "black men", the meaning of which is unclear. Historians identify Blokumannaland as the lands south of the
Lower Danube which were inhabited by Vlachs in the Middle Ages, adding that the term may refer to either
Wallachia (to the north of the Danube) or
Africa in the modern
Icelandic language. (Full article...)
Mungiu and cinematographer
Oleg Mutu shot it in
Bucharest and other Romanian locations in 2006. After making its world premiere at Cannes, 4 Months, 3 Weeks and 2 Days made its Romanian debut on 1 June 2007, at the
Transilvania International Film Festival. It opened to critical acclaim, and was noted for its
minimalism and intense themes. (Full article...)
Image 14
"Jokero" is a song by Romanian group
Akcent for their fifth studio album French Kiss with Kylie (2006). Marius Nedelcu wrote the song, while
Adi Colceru and
Adrian Sînă produced it. The song was officially released on 17 December 2005, when it premiered on a Romanian radio station. In February 2006, "Jokero" was announced as one of the competing songs in Selecția Națională 2006, an event used to determine Romania's entry for the
Eurovision Song Contest 2006. Akcent asked Romanian singer
Nico to perform the track with them for the competition. The song came second overall, losing to
Mihai Trăistariu's "
Tornerò" (2006), though it won the public vote.
"Jokero" was received positively by most
music critics, who noted its potential to become a
hit song. Commercially, the song became the group's first number one in Romania and it reached the top ten in the
Commonwealth of Independent States and Sweden. Two music videos were shot for the track. The first, directed by Dragos Buliga which depicts the group's members wandering through a town individually holding a
disco ball. The second was recorded to promote the song during Selecția Națională, it features the group and Nico performing in one of
TVR's studios. At the
MTV Romania Music Awards 2006, the song was nominated for Best Song and Best Dance. (Full article...)
Bucharest (UK: /ˌbuːkəˈrɛst/BOO-kə-REST, US: /ˈbuːkərɛst/-rest;
Romanian: București[bukuˈreʃtʲ]ⓘ) is the capital and largest city of
Romania. The metropolis stands on the River
Dâmbovița in south-eastern Romania. Its population is officially estimated at 1.76 million residents within a greater
metropolitan area of 2.3 million residents, which makes Bucharest the
8th most-populous city in the
European Union. The city area measures 240 km2 and comprises 6 districts (Sectoare), while the metropolitan area covers 1,811 km2. Bucharest is a beta
global city, a major cultural, political and economic hub, and the country's seat of government.
Bucharest was first mentioned in documents in 1459. The city became capital in 1862 and is the centre of Romanian media, culture, and art. Its architecture is a mix of historical (mostly
Eclectic, but also
Neoclassical and
Art Nouveau),
interbellum (
Bauhaus,
Art Deco, and
Romanian Revival architecture),
socialist era, and
modern. In the period between the two World Wars, the city's elegant architecture and the sophistication of its elite earned Bucharest the nicknames of Little Paris (
Romanian: Micul Paris) or
Paris of the East (
Romanian: Parisul Estului). Although buildings and districts in the historic city centre were heavily damaged or destroyed by war, earthquakes, and even
Nicolae Ceaușescu's program of
systematization, many survived and have been renovated. In recent years, the city has been experiencing an economic and cultural boom. It is one of the fastest-growing high-tech cities in Europe, according to the
Financial Times,
CBRE,
TechCrunch, and others. (Full article...)
... that three American bombers were downed over the Romanian village of Suslănești in May 1944?
... that film critic and censor D. I. Suchianu wanted Romanian moviegoers to cease "falling asleep whenever they're not shown a naked breast [or] a hip that's getting some action"?
... that Romanian-born Helen O'Brien escaped advancing Russians on the King's horse, opened Eve, and worked as a spy for MI5 and MI6?
Image 27Bran Castle (
German: Törzburg,
Hungarian: Törcsvár) built in 1212, is commonly known as Dracula's Castle and is situated in the centre of present-day Romania. In addition to its unique
architecture, the
castle is famous because of persistent myths that it was once the home of
Vlad III Dracula. (from History of Romania)
Image 371941 stamp depicting a Romanian and a German soldier in reference to the two countries' common participation in Operation Barbarossa. The text below reads the holy war against
Bolshevism. (from History of Romania)
Image 38Proclamation of Union between Transylvania and Romania (from History of Romania)
Image 39Physical and administrative map of Romania, with the
historic regions in grey (Țara Românească means Wallachia). (from Geography of Romania)
Image 50Ethnic map of Greater Romania according to the
1930 census. Sizeable ethnic minorities put Romania at odds with Hungary, Bulgaria, and the Soviet Union throughout the interwar period. (from History of Romania)
Image 55The Principalities of
Moldavia and
Wallachia in 1786, Italian map by G. Pittori, since the geographer Giovanni Antonio Rizzi Zannoni (from History of Romania)
Image 68Romania has seen its largest waves of protests against judicial reform ordinances of the PSD-ALDE coalition during the
2017–2019 Romanian protests. (from History of Romania)
Image 87Romania after the territorial losses of 1940. The recovery of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina was the catalyst for Romania's entry into the war on Germany's side. (from History of Romania)
Image 88Romanian territorial losses in the Treaty of Bucharest in May 1918 (from History of Romania)
Image 89Seal of Michael the Brave during the personal union of the two Romanian principalities with Transylvania (from History of Romania)
Image 90Lieutenant Emil Rebreanu was awarded the Medal for Bravery in gold, the highest military award given by the Austrian command to an ethnic Romanian; he would later be hanged for desertion while trying to escape to Romania. (from History of Romania)
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