January 12 – After suspecting that he will be dismissed,
Albrecht von Wallenstein, supreme commander of the Holy Roman Empire's Army, demands that his colonels sign a declaration of personal loyalty.
January 14 – France's Compagnie normande obtains a one-year monopoly on trade with the African kingdoms in Guinea.
February 18 – Emperor Ferdinand II's dismissal of Commander Wallenstein for high treason, and the order for his capture, dead or alive, is made public.
April 14 – The
Battle of Amritsar begins in India when Mughal Empire troops attempt to eliminate the
Sikh religious leader,
Guru Hargobind, by attacking Amritsar. The Sikh defenders hand the Mughal invaders an unprecedented defeat.
May 2 – With Albrecht Wallenstein having been eliminated, the Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand II personally takes command of the Imperial Army.
May 5 – King Charles I of England and Scotland first refers to the banner of the British Isles as the "Union Flag" in a proclamation that the flag shall not be used on any ships other than those "in our immediate Service and Pay, and none other." The term evolves into the description of the British flag as the "
Union Jack".
August (prob.) –
Jean Nicolet becomes the first European to set foot in what is now the U.S. state of
Wisconsin. He is in search of a water-route to the Pacific, when he lands at
Green Bay of
Lake Michigan.
September 12 – A gunpowder factory
explodes in
Valletta, Malta, killing 22 people and damaging several buildings.
October–December
October 11 – The
Burchardi flood (also known as the second Grote Mandrenke) strikes the North Sea coast of Germany and Denmark, causing at least 8,000 deaths and perhaps as many as 12,000.
December 8 – Francesco Niccolini obtains an audience with
Pope Urban VIII and pleads him to reconsider the Church's punishment of astronomer
Galileo Galilei. The Pope replies that although he esteems Galileo highly, nothing will change. [4]
December 16 –
Gregorio Panzani, an emissary of
Pope Urban VIII, is welcomed in England by King Charles I,[5] marking the first time since England's break with the Roman Catholic Church that a monarch has received an agent of the Vatican.
^Black, Jeremy (2002). European warfare, 1494-1660. London; New York: Routledge. p. 137.
ISBN9781134477098.
^Allen G. Debus, The Chemical Philosophy (Dover Publications, 2013) p. 310
^Asbach, Olaf (2016). The Ashgate research companion to the Thirty Years' War. London; New York: Routledge. p. 291.
ISBN9781317041351.
^Karl von Gebler, Galileo Galilei and the Roman Curia, From Authentic Sources (DigiCat, 2022)
^ "Relations between the Anglican and Roman Catholic Churches in the 16th and 17th Centuries, by D.M. Loades, in Rome and the Anglicans: Historical and Doctrinal Aspects of Anglican-Roman Catholic Relations by J. C. H. Aveling (Walter De Gruyter, 2019) p.41,
^Fayette, La (1999). The princesse de Clèves ; The princesse de Montpensier ; The comtesse de Tende. Oxford New York: Oxford University Press. p. xxxvi.
ISBN9780192837264.
^Chambers's Encyclopaedia: A Dictionary of Universal Knowledge. W. & R. Chambers. 1926. p. 505.
^Bissell, R (2005). Masters of Italian Baroque painting : the Detroit Institute of Arts. Detroit: Detroit Institute of Arts, in association with D Giles Ltd., London. p. 98.
ISBN9781904832058.
^O. Classe (2000). Encyclopedia of Literary Translation Into English: A-L. Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers. p. 261.
^Luijten, Ger (1993). Dawn of the golden age : northern Netherlandish art, 1580-1620. Amsterdam Zwolle New Haven: Rijksmuseum Waanders Yale University Press distributor. p. 299.
ISBN9780300060164.
^Fritze, Ronald (1996). Historical dictionary of Stuart England, 1603-1689. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. p. 109.
ISBN9780313283918.