June 12 –
Battle of Augsburg: The
Hungarians defeat the
East Frankish army under King
Louis IV (the Child), using the famous
feigned retreat tactic of the nomadic warriors.[1] Count Gausbert, the actual commander of the East Frankish army (because Louis IV is only 16 years old at this time), is killed in the battle.
William I (the Pious) of
Aquitaine, donates land in
Burgundy for the building of a
Benedictine monastery dedicated to the saints
Peter and
Paul. Hence the
Abbey of Cluny, becomes the largest in the
West. In the foundation charter, William renounces all rights to the monastery and nominates
Berno as the first
abbot of
Cluny (Eastern
France). He places the monastery directly under the control of the
Papal See.
The Fatimids begin the conquest of
Sicily, over their
Aghlabid archrivals. Fatimid Sicilian governor Ibn al-Khinzir raids the south Italian coast (approximate date).
A rebellion of the
Kutama Berbers against the
Fatimid Caliphate occurs. The Kutama tribesmen were previously the main supporters of the
Shia regime.[3]
July 18 – Emperor
Taizu (Zhu Wen) is murdered in the imperial palace at
Kaifeng by his eldest living son
Zhu Yougui after a 5-year reign. He succeeds his father as the ruler of
Later Liang.
Summer –
Constantine Doukas, a Byzantine general (magister militum), tries, unsuccessfully, with the support of several
aristocrats to usurp the
throne from the young Constantine VII. He is killed in a clash by the soldiers of the Hetaireia guard, assembled by John Eladas. His head is cut off and presented to Constantine.[11][12][13]
Caliph
Abdullah al-Mahdi Billah of the
Fatimid Caliphate replaces the unpopular governor Ibn Abi Khinzir with Ali ibn Umar al-Balawi. But the Sicilian lords find this unacceptable and decide to declare independence of
Sicily. They acknowledge allegiance to the
Abbasid caliph
Al-Muqtadir and acclaim an Aghlabid prince, Ahmed ibn Khorob, as
emir of Sicily. The Sicilians re-launch their conquest of Byzantine
Calabria, while Ahmed ibn Khorob in Sicily leads a successful assault against the
North African cities of
Sfax and
Tripoli.[15]
Viking raiders establish a settlement near
Waterford (
Ireland) led by
Ottir (the Black). The
Dublin Vikings are forced to pay
tribute to the Irish kings of
Meath and
Leinster as the price to keeping their independence.[19]
February 6 – Hubasa takes Barqah (modern-day
Benghazi), the ancient capital of
Cyrenaica. The Abbasid governor withdraws to
Egypt, before the superior strength of the Fatimids. With this rich, fertile province fallen into his hands, it provides Hubāsa with 24,000
gold dinars in annual revenues from
taxes, as well as 15,000 dinars paid by
Christians.[24]
July 11 –
Al-Qa'im bi-Amr Allah, son of the Fatimid caliph
Abdullah al-Mahdi Billah, leaves
Raqqada at the head of an army, which is composed of Kutama warriors and the Arab jund (personal guard) in an attempt to conquer Egypt. He sends orders to Hubāsa to wait for him, but driven by ambition Hubāsa is already on his way to
Alexandria.[24]
August 27 – Hubasa captures Alexandria, after a victorious encounter with Egyptian troops near al-Hanniyya (modern-day
El Alamein). The Abbasid governor
Takin al-Khazari refuses to surrender and asks for reinforcements, which reach him in September. Shortly after al-Qa'im bi-Amr Allah enters Alexandria, with the rest of his army.[24]
December – The Fatimid army under Hubasa leaves Alexandria, followed by al-Qa'im bi-Amr Allah. The Abbasid troops hold
Fustat and begin a
counter-offensive against the invaders. The Kutama cavalry suffers heavy losses to the
Turkish archers.[24]
Summer –
Battle of Garigliano: The Christian League, personally led by
Pope John X, lays
siege to
Garigliano (a fortified Arab camp in the area of
Minturno), which is blockaded from the sea by the
Byzantine navy. After three months of siege, plagued by hunger, the
Saracens decide to break out of Garigliano and find their way back to
Sicily by any means possible. Christian hunting parties fall on the fleeing Arabs, and all are captured and executed.[28]
Sicilian
Berbers in
Agrigento revolt and depose the independent Emir Ahmed ibn Khorob. They offer
Sicily to the
Fatimid Caliphate in
Ifriqiya (modern
Tunisia). Caliph
Abdullah al-Mahdi Billah welcomes this turn of events, but refuses to grant the Berber rulers their autonomy. He sends a Fatimid expeditionary force under Abu Said Musa which lands in Sicily and, with some difficulty, takes control of the island. Abdullah al-Mahdi Billah appoints Salam ibn Rashid as the
emir of Sicily. Ahmed ibn Khorob is dispatched to
Raqqada and executed.[29]
Britain
Lady
Æthelflæd, daughter of the late King
Alfred the Great and the widow of Earl
Æthelred of Mercia, sends an army into
Brycheiniog to avenge the murder of the Mercian
abbot Ecbryht and his companions. They seize and burn the royal fort of King Tewdr of Brycheiniog at
Llangorse Lake (
Wales), and take the queen and thirty-three others captive.[30]
Asia
Abaoji, Khitan ruler and founder of the
Liao Dynasty, adopts
Chinese court formalities in which he declares himself emperor in the Chinese style and adopts an
era name, Taizu of Liao. He names his eldest son
Yelü Bei as heir apparent, a first in the history of the
Khitan. Abaoji leads a campaign in the west, conquering much of the
Mongolian Plains.[31]
Fall –
Battle of Katasyrtai: The Bulgarian army under Simeon I marches southwards to Constantinople. Leo Phokas, who survived at Anchelous, gathers the last Byzantine troops to intercept the Bulgarians before they reach the capital. The two armies meet near the village of Katasyrtai, just outside Constantinople. After a surprise night attack, the Byzantines are completely routed from the battlefield.[33]
Europe
Bulgarian–Serbian War: Simeon I sends a Bulgarian expeditionary force under
Theodore Sigritsa and
Marmais to
Serbia. The two persuade
Petar Gojniković, a Serbian prince who formed an anti-Bulgarian coalition, to meet for a peace agreement. They seize him and send the rebellious prince to the Bulgarian capital of
Preslav, where he dies in prison. Simeon replaces Petar with
Pavle Branović, a grandson of prince
Mutimir, who lives in Preslav. Serbia becomes a
puppet state until 921.[34]
Summer –
Arnulf, Duke of Bavaria ("the Bad"), is elected as
anti-king by the East-Frankish nobles in opposition to Henry I.
Burchard II, duke of Swabia, submits to Henry's rule — allowing him to retain administrative control over his duchy. After an absence of nearly 15 years, the Magyars raid Bavaria and Northern
Italy again, sacking the
Po Valley (see
Hungarian invasions of Europe).
Lady
Ælfwynn of the Mercians is brought to the court of her uncle, King
Edward the Elder, and deprived of her authority in
Mercia. Edward formally annexes the kingdom, ending independent Mercian rule.
Battle of Langshan Jiang: The
Wuyue navy (500 dragon ships) under Prince
Qian Yuanguan who is preparing an invasion to attack the
Wu Kingdom, defeats the naval forces of General Peng Yanzhang on the
Yangtze River. Due to the use of
flamethrower ships (using
gunpowder to ignite
petrol, like
Greek fire) Qian Yuanguan manages to destroy 400 enemy ships and captures 7,000 prisoners.
Bi'dah al-Kabirah, was a songstress, and had been a slave of Arib. She died on 10 July 915. Abu Bakr ibn al-Muhtadi led the funeral prayers.[42] She was also concubine of Abbasid caliph Al-Mamūn (r. 813–833)
^Picard, Christophe (2000). Le Portugal musulman (VIIIe-XIIIe siècle. L'Occident d'al-Andalus sous domination islamique. Paris: Maisonneuve & Larose. p. 109.
ISBN2-7068-1398-9.
^Yorke. Kings and Kingdoms of Early Anglo-Saxon England, p. 123.
^Rucquoi, Adeline (1993). Histoire médiévale de la Péninsule ibérique. Paris: Seuil. p. 87.
ISBN2-02-012935-3.
^Gilbert Meynier (2010) L'Algérie cœur du Maghreb classique. De l'ouverture islamo-arabe au repli (658-1518). Paris: La Découverte; p. 39.
^Angelov, Dimitar; Bozhilov, Ivan; Vaklinov, Stancho; Gyuzelev, Vasil; Kuev, Kuyu; Petrov, Petar; Primov, Borislav; Tapkova, Vasilka; Tsankova, Genoveva (1981). История на България. Том II. Първа българска държава [History of Bulgaria. Volume II. First Bulgarian State] (in Bulgarian). et al.
Sofia:
Bulgarian Academy of Sciences Press. p. 285.
^Bóna, István (2000). The Hungarians and Europa in the 9th-10th centuries. Budapest: Historia - MTA Történettudományi Intézete, pp. 13–14.
ISBN963-8312-67-X.
^al-Sāʿī, Ibn; Toorawa, Shawkat M.; Bray, Julia (2017). كتاب جهات الأئمة الخلفاء من الحرائر والإماء المسمى نساء الخلفاء: Women and the Court of Baghdad. Library of Arabic Literature. NYU Press. pp. 20, 22.
ISBN978-1-4798-6679-3.
^Halm, Heinz (1991). Das Reich des Mahdi: Der Aufstieg der Fatimiden [The Empire of the Mahdi: The Rise of the Fatimids] (in German). Munich: C. H. Beck. p. 189.
ISBN3-406-35497-1.