From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Overview of the events of 2018 in science
A number of significant scientific events occurred in 2018 .
Events
January
5 January:
Curious rock shapes (
biological or geological ?) found on
Mars by the
Curiosity rover .
[1]
[2]
1 January – Researchers at
Harvard , writing in
Nature Nanotechnology , report the first single
lens that can focus all colours of the rainbow in the same spot and in high resolution, previously only achievable with multiple lenses.
[3]
[4]
2 January – Physicists at
Cornell University report the creation of "muscle" for shape-changing, cell-sized robots.
[5]
[6]
3 January
4 January –
MIT researchers devise a new method to create stronger and more resilient
nanofibers .
[11]
[12]
5 January – Researchers report images (including
image-1 ) taken by the
Curiosity rover on
Mars showing
curious rock shapes that may require further study in order to help better determine whether the shapes are
biological or geological .
[1]
[2] Later, an astrobiologist made a similar claim based on a different image (
image-2 ) taken by the Curiosity rover.
[13]
[14]
8 January – The
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) reports that 2017 was the costliest year on record for climate and weather-related disasters in the United States.
[15]
[16]
9 January
A pattern in
exoplanets is discovered by a team of multinational researchers led by the
Université de Montréal : Planets orbiting the same star tend to have similar sizes and regular spacings. This could imply that most planetary systems form differently from the
Solar System .
[17]
Analysis of the stone
Hypatia shows it has a different origin than the planets and known asteroids. Parts of it could be older than the solar system.
[18]
A new study by researchers at
Stanford University indicates the
genetic engineering method known as
CRISPR may trigger an immune response in humans, thus rendering it potentially ineffective in them.
[19]
[20]
9 January: A potentially major setback for CRISPR is reported, as it is shown to trigger an immune response in many humans.
24 January: Creation, using
nuclear DNA transfer , for the
first time , of
clones of a
primate (specifically,
crab-eating macaque
monkeys similar to the one in the picture) reported.
[33]
[34]
18 January
19 January – Researchers at the
Technical University of Munich report a new propulsion method for
molecular machines , which enables them to move 100,000 times faster than biochemical processes used to date.
[44]
22 January
24 January – Scientists in China report in the journal
Cell the creation of two
monkey
clones , named
Zhong Zhong and
Hua Hua , using the
complex DNA transfer method that produced
Dolly the sheep , for the first time.
[33]
[34]
[50]
[51]
25 January
29 January – Scientists report, for the first time, that 800 million
viruses , mainly of
marine origin , are deposited daily from the
Earth 's
atmosphere onto every square meter of the planet's surface, as the result of a global atmospheric stream of viruses, circulating above the weather system, but below the altitude of usual airline travel, distributing viruses around the planet.
[57]
[58]
February
6 February: Successful launch of the
Falcon Heavy , the most powerful rocket since the
Space Shuttle program .
[59]
14 February: Researchers found that blocking the enzyme beta-secretase (
BACE1 ) in mice reduces formation of plaques responsible for
Alzheimer's disease .
[71]
[72]
14 February
16 February – Scientists report, for the first time, the discovery of a new form of
light , which may involve
polaritons , that could be useful in the development of
quantum computers .
[74]
[75]
19 February – Scientists identify traces of the genes of the indigenous
Taíno people in modern-day
Puerto Ricans , indicating that the ethnic group was not extinct as previously believed.
[76]
21 February – Medical researchers report that
e-cigarettes contain chemicals known to cause
cancer and
brain damage ; as well as, contain potentially dangerous (even potentially toxic) levels of metals, including
arsenic ,
chromium ,
lead ,
manganese and
nickel .
[77]
[78]
[79]
[80]
28 February – Astronomers report, for the first time, a signal of the
reionization epoch, an indirect detection of light from the earliest stars formed – about 180 million years after the
Big Bang .
[81]
[82]
March
8 March: First detection of natural
Ice VII (see structure above) on Earth.
[88]
[89]
8 March – Scientists report the first detection of natural
ice VII on Earth, previously it was only produced artificially. It may be common on the moons
Enceladus ,
Europa and
Titan .
[88]
[89]
9 March – NASA medical researchers report that
human spaceflight may alter
gene expression in
astronauts , based on
twin studies where one astronaut twin,
Scott Kelly , spent nearly one year in space while the other,
Mark Kelly , remained on Earth.
[90]
[91]
[92]
13 March – Scientists report that
Archaeopteryx , a
prehistoric
feathered dinosaur , was likely capable of
flight , but in a manner substantially different from that of
modern birds .
[93]
[94]
15 March
19 March –
Uber suspends all of its
self-driving cars worldwide after a woman is killed by one of the vehicles in Arizona. This is the first recorded fatality using a fully automated version of the technology.
[101]
22 March – Scientists at Harvard Medical School identify a key mechanism behind vascular aging and muscle decline in mice. Their study shows that treating the animals with a chemical compound called
NMN enhances blood vessel growth and reduces cell death, boosting their stamina and endurance.
[102]
26 March
A study in Geophysical Research Letters concludes that West Greenland's ice sheet is melting at its fastest rate in centuries.
[103]
The world's first total transplant of a
penis and
scrotum is performed by surgeons at
Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, Maryland, operating on a soldier who was wounded in Afghanistan.
[104]
April
10 April: Centuries' worth of rare-earth metals reported near the island of Minami-Tori-shima (pictured).
26 April:
NASA and
ESA agree to develop
Mars sample return missions .
[122]
[123]
[124]
May
11 May:
NASA approves the
Mars Helicopter for the
Mars 2020 mission.
[142]
[143]
[144]
2 May – Scientists discover that
Helium is present in the exoplanet
WASP-107b .
[145]
5 May – The
InSight spacecraft, designed to study the interior and subsurface of the planet
Mars , successfully launches at 11:05 UTC, with an expected arrival on 26 November 2018.
[146]
[147]
9 May – Scientists report that the curious physical phenomenon of
quantum entanglement is even more supported based on recent rigorous
Bell test experimentations .
[148]
[149]
10 May – NASA's
Carbon Monitoring System (CMS) is cancelled by the
Trump administration .
[150]
11 May – NASA approves the
Mars Helicopter for the
Mars 2020 mission.
[142]
[143]
[144]
14 May
Astronomers publish supporting evidence of
water plume activity on
Europa , moon of the planet
Jupiter , based on an updated critical analysis of data obtained from the
Galileo space probe, which orbited Jupiter between 1995 and 2003. Such plume activity, similar to that found on
Saturn 's moon
Enceladus , could help researchers
search for life from the subsurface European ocean without having to land on the moon.
[151]
[152]
[153]
[154]
Anthropologists provide evidence that the brain of
Homo naledi , an extinct
hominid which is thought to have lived between 226,000 and 335,000 years ago, was small, but nonetheless complex, sharing structural similarities with the modern human brain.
[155]
[156]
14 May:
Water plumes on
Europa detected by the
Galileo space probe .
[151]
[152]
[153]
[154]
17 May – Scientists warn that banned
CFC-11 gas emissions are originating from an unknown source somewhere in East Asia, with potential to damage the
ozone layer .
[157]
22 May
23 May – Paleontologists report finding the skull of a new species of
haramiyida (a long lived lineage of
mammaliaform
cynodonts ), called Cifelliodon wahkarmooshuh , underneath the fossilized foot of a large dinosaur that lived 130 million years ago in North America.
[164]
[165]
24 May
30 May
The first
3D printed human
corneas are created at Newcastle University.
[170]
The FDA approves the first artificial
iris .
[171]
Physicists of the
MiniBooNE experiment report a stronger neutrino oscillation signal than expected, a possible hint of
sterile neutrinos , an elusive particle that may pass through matter without any interaction whatsoever.
[172]
[173]
June
1 June:
Mars dust storm (before/after) detected that may affect the survivability of the
Opportunity rover .
[174]
[175]
20 June: Gene-edited
pigs are made resistant to
porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome , one of the world's most costly animal diseases.
[198]
14–15 June – The Japanese
Hayabusa2 probe returns images of the asteroid
162173 Ryugu from a distance of 650–700 km.
[199] It enters orbit on 27 June.
16 June – Astronomers detect
AT2018cow (
ATLAS name: ATLAS18qqn), a powerful astronomical explosion, 10-100 times brighter than a normal
supernova ,
[200] that may be a
cataclysmic variable star (CV),
gamma-ray burst (GRB),
gravitational wave (GW),
supernova (SN) or something else.
[201]
[202]
[203] By 22 June 2018, this
astronomical event had generated a significant interest among astronomers throughout the world,
[204]
[202] and may be, as of 22 June 2018, considered a
supernova , tentatively named Supernova 2018cow (SN 2018cow).
[205]
[206] However, the true identity of AT2018cow remains unclear, according to astronomers.
[202]
[207]
18 June – MIT publishes details of "VoxelMorph", a new machine-learning algorithm, which is over 1,000 times faster at registering brain scans and other 3-D images.
[208]
20 June – Scientists at the University of Edinburgh report that gene-edited
pigs have been made resistant to
porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome , one of the world's most costly animal diseases.
[198]
21 June – The US
National Science and Technology Council warns that America is unprepared for an
asteroid impact event , and has developed and released the "
National Near-Earth Object Preparedness Strategy Action Plan " to better prepare.
[209]
[210]
[162]
[163]
[211]
26 June – Researchers at the University of California, Los Angeles, develop synthetic
T cells that mimic the form and function of real human versions.
[212]
27 June
July
2 July: First confirmed image of a
newborn planet ,
exoplanet
PDS 70b , several times larger than the
planet
Jupiter .
[218]
[219]
[220]
2 July
10 July – Researchers at the University of Michigan show that increased atmospheric CO2 reduces the medicinal properties of
milkweed plants that protect
monarch butterflies from disease.
[222]
11 July – Scientists report the discovery in
China of the
oldest stone tools outside of
Africa , estimated at 2.12 million years old.
[223]
12 July
The
IceCube Neutrino Observatory announces that they have traced a
neutrino that hit their Antarctica-based research station in September 2017 back to its point of origin in a
blazar 3.7 billion
light-years away. This is the first time that a
neutrino detector has been used to locate an object in space.
[224]
[225]
[226]
Using NASA's Hubble and ESA's Gaia, astronomers make the most precise measurements to date of the universe's expansion rate – a figure of 73.5 km (45.6 miles) per second per megaparsec – reducing the uncertainty to just 2.2 percent.
[227]
16 July – A study by the University of Wisconsin-Madison concludes that thousands of miles of buried
Internet infrastructure could be damaged or destroyed by
rising sea levels within 15 years.
[228]
17 July – Scientists led by
Scott S. Sheppard report the discovery of 12 new
moons of Jupiter , taking its total number to 79. This includes an "oddball",
Valetudo (originally known as S/2016 J 2 ; Roman-numeral designation Jupiter LXII ), that is predicted to eventually collide with a neighbouring moon.
[229]
[230]
19 July – A complete
fruit fly
connectome is mapped at nanoscale resolution for the first time, using two high-speed electron microscopes on 7,000 brain slices and 21 million images.
[231]
20 July
23 July
A study published in Nature Climate Change finds that the death toll from
suicide in the United States and Mexico has risen between 0.7 and 2.1 percent with each degree (Celsius) of increased monthly average temperature. By 2050, this could lead to an additional 21,000 suicides.
[234]
Scientists at the
University of Alberta report a new technique, based on quickly removing or replacing single hydrogen atoms, which can provide a thousand-fold increase in solid-state memory density.
[235]
[236]
25 July:
Radar image of a
subglacial lake on
Mars .
August
8 August:
Stromatoveris psygmoglena , which dominated oceans a half billion years ago, found to be a member of
Animalia .
[248]
16 August: First complete map of the wheat genome.
16 August
18 August – Research presented at the Goldschmidt conference in Boston concludes that water is likely to be a common feature of
exoplanets between two and four times the size of Earth, with implications for the search of life in our Galaxy.
[271]
20 August
21 August – Scientists announce the first direct evidence for exposed
water-ice on the Moon's surface , which is found in permanently shaded regions.
[275]
22 August
Scientists report evidence of a 13-year-old
hominin female, nicknamed
Denny , estimated to have lived 90,000 years ago, and who was determined to be half
Neanderthal and half
Denisovan , based on genetic analysis of a bone fragment discovered in
Denisova Cave ; the first time an ancient individual was discovered whose parents belonged to distinct human groups.
[276]
[277]
[278]
Researchers report evidence of rapid shifts (in geological-time terms), nearly 30 times faster than known previously, of
geomagnetic reversals , where the
north magnetic pole of
Earth becomes the
south magnetic pole and vice versa, including a
chronozone that lasted only 200 years, much shorter than any other such reversal found earlier.
[279]
28 August – Physicists officially report, for the first time, observing the
Higgs boson decay into a pair of
bottom quarks , an interaction that is primarily responsible for the "natural width" (range of masses with which a particle is observed) of the boson.
[280]
30 August – Researchers from the
Chinese University of Hong Kong report a new way of controlling
nanobots , using
swarm behaviours to do complex tasks in minimally invasive surgeries.
[281]
[282]
September
3 September:
Hexagon (in 2013 and 2017) at the north pole on the planet
Saturn may be a
jet stream of atmospheric gases moving at 320 km/h (200 mph) and 300 km (190 mi) high.
[283]
[284]
3 September – Astronomers present evidence that the 32,000 km (20,000 mi) wide
hexagon at the north pole of the planet
Saturn (possibly a
jet stream of atmospheric gases moving at 320 km/h (200 mph)) may be 300 km (190 mi) high, well into the
stratosphere , at least during the northern spring and summer, rather than lower in the
troposphere as thought earlier.
[283]
[284]
6 September – A study by the
University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign finds that large-scale solar panels and wind turbines in the
Sahara desert would have a major impact on rainfall, vegetation and temperatures – potentially greening the region.
[285]
[286]
7 September
9 September – Astronomers report detecting another 72
Fast Radio Bursts (FRBs), using
artificial intelligence , from
FRB 121102 that had been missed earlier, resulting in about 300 total FRBs from this object. FRB 121102 is the only known repeating fast radio source which is very unusual since all other currently known FRBs (very powerful and extremely short-lived astronomical objects) have not been found to repeat, occurring one time only.
[289]
[290]
[291]
16 September: Medical study: use of low-dose
aspirin by older healthy people may not be beneficial and, in some case, may be harmful.
[292]
[293]
24 September: Astronomers describe several possible
star systems from where
'Oumuamua , an
interstellar object passing through the
Solar System , may have begun its journey.
[303]
20 September
21 September – The Japanese
Hayabusa2 probe deploys two landers on the surface of the large asteroid
Ryugu .
[309]
24 September
25 September:
Vorombe titan (similar to purple above; maroon, an
ostrich ; all others non-avian
theropod
dinosaurs ), an extinct
elephant bird , determined to be the largest
bird known to have existed.
[314]
[315]
[316]
October
3 October: Evidence presented for first known
exomoon , which may be orbiting
exoplanet
Kepler-1625b .
[325]
[326]
8 October:
IPCC releases
Special Report on Global Warming , noting the need to keep
global warming below 1.5°C.
[337]
[338]
[339]
10 October
11 October
15 October – A study by the
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute finds that insect populations in
Puerto Rico have crashed since the 1970s, with some species witnessing a 60-fold decrease in numbers. The fall is attributed to a 2.0 °C rise in tropical forest temperatures.
[353]
16 October
The final published book by physicist
Stephen Hawking , entitled
Brief Answers to the Big Questions , is released.
[354]
[355]
[356]
[357]
A comprehensive analysis of demographic trends published in
The Lancet predicts that all countries are likely to experience at least a slight increase in
life expectancy by 2040. Spain is expected to overtake Japan as it rises from fourth to first place, with an average lifespan of 85.8 years.
[358]
[359]
Astronomers report that
GRB 150101B , a
gamma-ray burst event detected in 2015, may be directly related to the historic
GW170817 , a
gravitational wave event detected in 2017, and associated with the
merger of two
neutron stars . The similarities between the two events, in terms of
gamma ray ,
optical and
x-ray emissions, as well as to the nature of the associated host
galaxies , are "striking", suggesting the two separate events may both be the result of the merger of neutron stars, and both may be a
kilonova (i.e., a luminous flash of radioactive light that produces elements like
silver ,
gold ,
platinum and
uranium ), which may be more common in the universe than previously understood, according to the researchers.
[360]
[361]
[362]
[363]
24 October:
Oldest weapons ,
chert
spear points , dated as early as 15,500 years ago, found in North America [note: similar, but more recent,
clovis point pictured]
[364]
[365]
17 October
20 October – The joint ESA/JAXA
BepiColombo probe is launched to the planet
Mercury .
22 October
24 October – Scientists report discovering the
oldest weapons found in North America, ancient
spear points , dated to 13,500 – 15,500 years ago, made of
chert , predating the
clovis culture (typically dated to 13,000 years ago), in the state of Texas.
[364]
[365]
26 October – Astronomers confirm the existence of
dust cloud
satellites , called
Kordylewski clouds , in semi-stable regions (the L4 and L5
Lagrangian points of the Earth–Moon system) about 400,000 km (250,000 mi) above the planet
Earth .
[372]
[373]
[374]
30 October
NASA announces that the
Kepler space telescope , having run out of fuel, and after nine years of service and the discovery of over 2,600
exoplanets , has been officially retired, and will maintain its current, safe orbit, away from Earth.
[375]
[376]
Scientists announce the
3-D virtual reconstruction , for the first time, of a
Neanderthal
rib cage , which may help researchers better understand how this ancient human species moved and breathed.
[377]
[378]
November
1 November
The
Earth BioGenome Project is launched, a 10-year global effort to sequence the
genomes of all 1.5 million known animal, plant, protozoan and fungal species on Earth.
[380]
[381]
NASA announces the official retirement, due to the depletion of fuel, of the
Dawn spacecraft mission, that lasted 11 years, and that studied two
protoplanets ,
Vesta and
Ceres . The spacecraft will remain in a relatively stable orbit around Ceres for at least the next 20 years, serving as a "monument" to the mission.
[379]
[382]
Russian scientists release a video recording of the
Soyuz MS-10 crewed spaceflight mission involving a
Soyuz-FG rocket after launch on 11 October 2018 that, due to a faulty sensor, resulted in the destruction of the rocket. The crew, NASA astronaut
Nick Hague and Russian cosmonaut
Aleksey Ovchinin . escaped safely and successfully.
[383]
Astronomers from
Harvard University suggest that the
interstellar object
'Oumuamua may be an
extraterrestrial
solar sail from an alien civilization, in an effort to help explain the object's "peculiar acceleration".
[384]
[385]
[386]
2 November
Two independent teams of astronomers both conclude, based on numerous observations from other astronomers around the world, that the unusual
AT2018cow event (also known as Supernova 2018cow, SN 2018cow, and "The Cow"), a very powerful astronomical explosion, 10 – 100 times brighter than a normal
supernova detected on 16 June 2018, was "either a newly formed
black hole in the process of accreting matter, or the frenetic rotation of a
neutron star ."
[387]
[388]
[389]
[390]
The world's largest
neuromorphic
supercomputer , the million-core 'SpiNNaker' machine, is switched on by the University of Manchester, England.
[391]
5 November: Polar
ozone holes are healing faster than previously thought, and are expected to completely heal by 2060.
[392]
[393]
4 November – Geologists present evidence, based on studies in
Gale Crater by the
Curiosity rover , that there was plenty of
water on early
Mars .
[394]
[395]
5 November
Astronomers report the discovery of one of the
oldest stars , named
2MASS J18082002-5104378 B , in the
universe , about 13.5 billion-years-old, possibly one of the first stars, a tiny
ultra metal-poor (UMP) star made almost entirely of materials released from the
Big Bang . The discovery of the star in the
Milky Way
galaxy suggests that the galaxy may be at least 3 billion years older than thought earlier.
[396]
[397]
[398]
A new assessment of the
ozone hole , published by the UN, shows it to be recovering faster than previously thought. At projected rates, the Northern Hemisphere and mid-latitude ozone is expected to heal completely by the 2030s, followed by the Southern Hemisphere in the 2050s and polar regions by 2060.
[392]
[393]
Scientists report the discovery of the smallest known
ape ,
Simiolus minutus , which weighed approximately eight pounds, and lived about 12.5 million years ago in
Kenya in
East Africa .
[399]
[400]
7 November – Scientists report the discovery of the oldest known
figurative art painting , over 40,000 (perhaps as old as 52,000) years old, of an unknown animal, in the cave of
Lubang Jeriji Saléh on the
Indonesian island of
Borneo (see
image ).
[401]
[402]
[403]
12 November – China's Institute of Plasma Physics announces that plasma in the
Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak (EAST) has reached 100 million degrees Celsius.[
citation needed ]
14 November – Astronomers report the discovery of
GJ 699 b , a
Super-Earth orbiting near the
snow line of
Barnard's Star , just six light years from Earth.
[404]
[405]
[406]
[407]
19 November: NASA chooses
Jezero crater as the landing site of the
Mars 2020 rover mission, to land on Mars in February 2021.
[408]
16 November
19 November –
NASA chooses
Jezero crater on the planet
Mars as the landing site for the
Mars 2020 rover , which is to launch on 17 July 2020, and touch down on Mars on 18 February 2021.
[408]
[417]
[418]
[419]
20 November
Astronomers report the use of a new powerful method,
NIRSpec in
adaptive optics (AO) mode (
NIRSPAO ), to search for
biosignatures on
exoplanets .
[420]
[421]
The
World Meteorological Organization (WMO) publishes its latest Greenhouse Gas Bulletin, showing record high concentrations of heat-trapping greenhouse gases, with levels of carbon dioxide (CO2 ) reaching 405.5 parts per million (ppm) in 2017, up from 403.3 ppm in 2016 and 400.1 ppm in 2015. The WMO reports that "there is no sign of a reversal in this trend, which is driving long-term climate change, sea level rise, ocean acidification and more extreme weather."
[422]
[423]
22 November
December
3 December: The
OSIRIS-REx spacecraft arrives at
asteroid
Bennu after a two-year journey.
[450]
2–14 December –
COP24
United Nations Climate Change conference in
Katowice .
3 December – NASA reports the arrival of the
OSIRIS-REx spacecraft to the
carbonaceous asteroid
Bennu after a two-year journey, and has determined that the asteroid interacted with water early in its history.
[450]
[451]
4 December – Physcists report discovery of
superconductivity at 250 K and 170 GPa.
[452]
5 December
An astronomer from the
University of Oxford advances a new theory, related, in part, to notions of
gravitationally repulsive negative masses , presented earlier by
Albert Einstein , that may help better understand, in a testable manner, the considerable amounts of unknown
dark matter and
dark energy in the
cosmos .
[453]
[454]
Researchers create a new algorithm, based on
deep learning , that is able to solve text-based
CAPTCHA tests in less than 0.05 seconds.
[455]
Scientists in the United Kingdom announce completion of the
100,000 Genomes Project .
[456]
Research published by the
Global Carbon Project shows record high
carbon emissions of 37.1 billion metric tons in 2018, driven by a booming market for cars and ongoing coal use in China.
[457]
[458]
[459]
8 December – China launches
Chang'e 4 , the first mission to land a robotic craft on the far side of the Moon.
[460]
10 December
Voyager 2 , a space probe launched in 1977, is confirmed (
image of onboard detections ) to have left the
Solar System for
interstellar space on 5 November 2018, six years after its sister probe,
Voyager 1 (
related image ).
[461]
[462]
Four glaciers in the
Vincennes Bay region of
Antarctica are found to be thinning at surprisingly fast rates, casting doubt on the idea that the
eastern part of the icy continent is stable.
[463]
[464]
Researchers announce the discovery of considerable amounts of
life forms , including 70% of
bacteria and
archea on
Earth , comprising up to 23 billion tonnes of
carbon , living up to at least 4.8 km (3.0 mi) deep underground, including 2.5 km (1.6 mi) below the seabed, according to a ten-year
Deep Carbon Observatory project.
[465]
[466]
[467]
[468]
24 December:
NASA celebrates the
50th Anniversary of the
1968 Christmas Eve (
Earthrise )
Apollo 8 trip around the
Moon .
[469]
[470]
[471]
11 December – A report on the impact of climate change in the Arctic, published during the latest
American Geophysical Union meeting, concludes that populations of wild reindeer, or
caribou , have crashed from almost 5 million to just 2.1 million animals in the last two decades.
[472]
[473]
17 December
Astronomers led by
Scott Sheppard announce the discovery of
2018 VG18 , nicknamed "Farout", the most distant body ever observed in the
Solar System at approximately 120
AU .
[474]
Scientists announce that the earliest
feathers may have originated 250 million years ago, 70 million years earlier than previously thought.
[475]
[476]
[477]
18 December
Scientists report that the earliest
flowers began about 180 million years ago, 50 million years earlier than previously thought.
[478]
The
Kamchatka superbolide falls over the
Bering Sea , near the east coast of
Russia , the third largest asteroid to hit Earth since 1900. The event would not be recognized and announced until March 2019, however.
[479]
19 December – NASA reports that the
InSight lander has deployed a
seismometer on
Mars , the first time a seismometer has been placed onto the surface of another planet.
[480]
24 December
Awards
Deaths
January 5 –
Thomas Bopp , American astronomer (b. 1949)
February 1 –
Barys Kit , Belarusian-American rocket scientist (b. 1910)
February 2 –
Joseph Polchinski , American theoretical physicist (b. 1954)
February 4 –
Alan Baker , British mathematician (b. 1939)
February 5 –
Donald Lynden-Bell , British astrophysicist (b. 1935)
February 10 –
Alan R. Battersby , British organic chemist (b. 1925)
February 18 –
Günter Blobel , German-American biologist and Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1936)
February 21 –
Richard E. Taylor , Canadian physicist and Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1929)
March 6 –
John Sulston , British biologist and Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1942)
March 14 –
Stephen Hawking , British theoretical physicist and cosmologist (b. 1942)
[482]
April 7 –
Peter Grünberg , German physicist and Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1939)
May 26 –
Ted Dabney , American engineer and computer scientist (b. 1937)
June 29 –
Arvid Carlsson , Swedish neuropharmacologist and Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1923)
July 18 –
Burton Richter , American physicist and Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1931)
September 23 –
Charles K. Kao , Hong Kong-American-British physicist and Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1933)
October 3 –
Leon M. Lederman , American physicist and Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1922)
October 9 –
Thomas A. Steitz , American biochemist and Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1940)
November 26 –
Stephen Hillenburg , American marine biologist and animator (b. 1961)
December 9 –
Riccardo Giacconi , Italian-American astrophysicist and Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1931)
December 22 -
Jean Bourgain , Belgian mathematician and Fields Medal laureate (b. 1954)
December 23 -
Elias M. Stein , American mathematician (b. 1931)
December 26 -
Peter Swinnerton-Dyer , English mathematician (b. 1927)
December 26 -
Roy J. Glauber , American theoretical physicist and Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1925)
See also
Notes
^ Physicist John Bell depicts the Einstein camp in this debate in his article entitled "Bertlmann's socks and the nature of reality", p. 143 of Speakable and unspeakable in quantum mechanics : "For EPR that would be an unthinkable 'spooky action at a distance'. To avoid such action at a distance they have to attribute, to the space-time regions in question, real properties in advance of observation, correlated properties, which predetermine the outcomes of these particular observations. Since these real properties, fixed in advance of observation, are not contained in quantum formalism, that formalism for EPR is incomplete. It may be correct, as far as it goes, but the usual quantum formalism cannot be the whole story." And again on p. 144 Bell says: "Einstein had no difficulty accepting that affairs in different places could be correlated. What he could not accept was that an intervention at one place could influence, immediately, affairs at the other."
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External links