From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
UK-related events during the year of 1914
Events from the year
1914 in the
United Kingdom . This year saw the start of the
First World War , ending the
Edwardian era .
Incumbents
Events
Edward Grey ,
Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs at the outbreak of war
January–February –
Leeds
rent strike .
[1]
20 February – the
Fethard-on-Sea
life-boat
capsizes on service off the
County Wexford coast: nine crew are lost.
[2]
9 March – the
prime minister proposes to allow the
Ulster counties to hold a vote on whether or not to join a home rule parliament in
Dublin .
10 March –
suffragette
Mary Richardson damages the
Velázquez painting the
Rokeby Venus in the
National Gallery, London , with a meat cleaver.
[3]
15 March – cover price of
The Times halved to one
penny .
[4]
20 March –
Curragh incident :
British Army officers stationed in
Ireland at the
Curragh Camp resign their commissions rather than be ordered to resist action by
Unionist
Ulster Volunteers if the
Government of Ireland Act 1914 ("Third Home Rule Bill"} is passed by the Parliament of the United Kingdom.
[5] The government backs down and they are reinstated.
29 March –
Katherine Routledge and her husband arrive in
Easter Island to make the first true study of it (departing August 1915).
9 April – showing of the first colour feature film in Britain:
The World, the Flesh and the Devil .
[6]
11 April – first British performance of
George Bernard Shaw 's play
Pygmalion at
His Majesty's Theatre in
London .
[6]
17 April – suffragette
arson attack on Britannia Pier,
Great Yarmouth .
[7]
24–25 April –
Larne gun-running : 35,000 rifles and over 3 million rounds of ammunition from a German dealer are landed at
Larne ,
Bangor and
Donaghadee for the Unionist
Ulster Volunteers .
[5]
28 April – suffragette arson attack on the Bath Hotel,
Felixstowe .
[7]
4 May – suffragette Mary Wood attacks
John Singer Sargent 's portrait of
Henry James at the
Royal Academy Summer Exhibition in London with a meat cleaver. At the same exhibition on 12 May, Gertrude Mary Ansell attacks the recently deceased
Hubert von Herkomer 's portrait of the Duke of Wellington, and on 26 May 'Mary Spencer' (Maude Kate Smith) attacks
George Clausen 's painting Primavera .
[8]
9 May –
J. T. (Jack) Hearne becomes the first
bowler to take 3000
first-class wickets.
21 May – a women's suffrage march on
Buckingham Palace with a petition is thwarted by police.
[7]
25 May – the
House of Commons of the United Kingdom passes the
Irish Home Rule Bill .
30 May
5 June –
All Saints' Church, Breadsall , Derbyshire, gutted by fire, blamed on a suffragette arson attack.
[7]
23 June
29 June – international exhibition opens at the "White City",
Ashton Gate ,
Bristol . It closes on 15 August and the site is used as a military depot.
[10]
14 July – the
Government of Ireland Bill completes its passage through the
House of Lords . It allows
Ulster counties to vote on whether or not they wish to participate in Home Rule from Dublin.
18–20 July –
fleet review by the King at
Spithead .
[11]
21–24 July – a conference at
Buckingham Palace (called by the King on 19 July) fails to resolve differences between Irish
unionists and
nationalists over Home Rule.
26 July –
Howth gun-running : former British civil servant and novelist
Erskine Childers and his wife
Molly sail into
Howth in Ireland in his yacht
Asgard and land 2,500 guns for the nationalist
Irish Volunteers from a German dealer. Troops of the
King's Own Scottish Borderers , returning to Dublin having been called out to assist police in attempting to prevent the Volunteers from moving the arms to the city, perpetrate the
Bachelor's Walk massacre , firing on a crowd of protestors at Bachelors Walk, killing three; a fourth man dies later from bayonet wounds and more than 30 others are injured.
[12]
31 July –
London Stock Exchange closes until 4 January 1915.
August: London recruits for
Kitchener's Army
3 August
Sir
Edward Grey , the Foreign Secretary, makes a speech which encourages the
House of Commons to support going to war with Germany. This evening, looking from the Foreign Office windows, he observes, "The lamps are going out all over Europe; we shall not see them lit again in our lifetime."
Banks remain closed until 7 August.
English language teacher
Henry Hadley is shot in an altercation with a
Prussian officer on a train at
Gelsenkirchen in Germany, dying two days later, just 3 hours after the UK declares war on Germany.
4 August
5 August –
Imperial German Navy
minelayer
SS Königin Luise (1913) , laying a minefield about 40 miles (64 km) off the
Thames Estuary (
Lowestoft ), is intercepted by the
Royal Navy 's
3rd Destroyer Flotilla .
Destroyer
HMS Lance (1914) fires the first British shot of the war (using her 4"
Vickers gun) at her and
light cruiser
HMS Amphion (1911) sinks her, the first German naval loss of the war.
6 August
8 August
9 August – World War I:
HMS Birmingham (1913) rams and sinks German Navy
submarine
U-15 off
Fair Isle , the first
U-boat claimed by the Royal Navy.
[6]
10 August – all
suffragette prisoners released unconditionally.
12 August – World War I: formal
declaration of war by the United Kingdom on
Austria-Hungary .
13 August – World War I: twelve
Royal Aircraft Factory B.E.2
observation aircraft from
No. 2 Squadron ,
Royal Flying Corps , flying from
Swingate, Kent , become the first British aircraft to arrive in France to join the
British Expeditionary Force .
21 August – World War I: reconnaissance cyclist Private
John Parr (aged 17) becomes the first British soldier to be killed on the
Western Front , at
Obourg in Belgium.
22 August – World War I: the
British Expeditionary Force reaches
Mons . Just after 06:30
British cavalryman Captain
Hornby is reputed to have become the first British soldier to kill a German soldier using his sword, and Drummer
Edward Thomas of the
4th (Royal Irish) Dragoon Guards is reputed to have fired the
British Army 's first shot of the War near the Belgian village of
Casteau , the first British shot
fired in anger in combat on mainland Europe since the
Battle of Waterloo 99 years earlier.
23 August – World War I: in the first major action for the
British Expeditionary Force , they hold the German forces at the
Battle of Mons
[6] but then begin a month-long fighting
Great Retreat to the
Marne .
26 August
28 August – World War I: the
Battle of Heligoland – British cruisers under
Admiral Beatty sink three German cruisers.
30 August – World War I: "Amiens Dispatch" – in a special Sunday edition
The Times newspaper publishes the first news of the
Great Retreat (from its war correspondent Arthur Moore).
August – World War I: the
Order of the White Feather is established by Admiral
Charles Cooper Penrose-Fitzgerald , RN (retd), in
Folkestone , aiming to persuade women to offer white feathers to men not in uniform to shame them into enlisting.
[15]
September:
Lord Kitchener Wants You : London recruiting poster
September
5 September
5–12 September – World War I:
First Battle of the Marne begins:
[6] Northeast of
Paris , the
British Expeditionary Force and the French 6th Army under
General Maunoury attack German forces nearing Paris. Over 2 million fight (500,000 killed/wounded) in the
Allied victory.
8 September – World War I: Private
Thomas Highgate becomes the first British soldier to be executed for
desertion during the War, suffering
execution by firing squad in France.
13–28 September – World War I: the
First Battle of the Aisne involving British, French forces against those of the
German Empire , ending indecisively.
18 September – the
Government of Ireland Act , granting home rule to the whole of
Ireland , and the
Welsh Church Act , disestablishing the Church in Wales, receive
royal assent (although
George V has contemplated refusing the Irish act)
[20] but implementation of both is postponed for the duration of World War I
[5] by the simultaneous
Suspensory Act . The Government of Ireland Act in practice never comes into effect in its original form, and Welsh disestablishment is deferred until 1920.
20 September – in a speech at
Woodenbridge ,
County Wicklow ,
John Redmond , leader of the
Irish Parliamentary Party , calls on members of the
Irish Volunteers to enlist in the
National Volunteers as part of the British
New Army . The majority do so, fighting in the
10th and
16th (Irish) Division alongside their
Ulster Volunteer counterparts from the
36th (Ulster) Division (formed this month); the rump Irish Volunteers split off on 24 September.
[5]
22 September – World War I:
Action of 22 September 1914 : German submarine
U-9 torpedoes three
Royal Navy
armoured cruisers ,
Aboukir ,
Cressy and
Hogue , with the death of more than 1,400 men, in the North Sea.
8 October – "
Keep the Home Fires Burning " (music by
Ivor Novello ; words by
Lena Guilbert Ford ) is first published (as "'Till the Boys Come Home") in London.
14 October – World War I: the
Canadian Expeditionary Force arrives on 32
ocean liners in
Plymouth Sound .
15 October – World War I:
HMS Hawke (1891) is torpedoed by German submarine
U-9 in the North Sea and sinks in less than 10 minutes with the loss of 524 lives.
17 October – London anti-German riots break out in
Deptford .
[21]
First Battle of Ypres : aftermath
19 October–22 November – World War I:
First Battle of Ypres : British and French forces are victorious against the Germans at
Ypres in
Belgium .
27 October – World War I: the British super-
dreadnought battleship
HMS Audacious (23,400 tons), is sunk off
Tory Island , north-west of Ireland, by a minefield laid by the armed German merchant-cruiser Berlin , a loss not officially admitted until the end of the war.
30 October – the
SS Rohilla , requisitioned as a military hospital ship, is lost by grounding in a storm on rocks off
Whitby with the loss of 85 lives.
1 November – World War I:
Battle of Coronel fought – a
Royal Navy squadron commanded by Rear-Admiral Sir
Christopher Cradock is met in the eastern Pacific and defeated by superior German forces led by Vice-Admiral
Graf Maximilian von Spee in the first British naval defeat of the war, resulting in the loss of
HMS Good Hope and
HMS Monmouth and 1,660 fatalities (including Cradock).
3 November – World War I: German naval
raid on Yarmouth .
5 November – World War I: Britain annexes
Cyprus and
declares war on the
Ottoman Empire .
[6]
6 November – World War I: German reservist
Carl Hans Lody becomes the first spy to be executed for
war treason during the War, suffering execution at dawn by firing squad in the
Tower of London , the first execution for treason here since 1747.
11–24 November – World War I:
Battle of Basra results in
British Empire forces taking
Basra from the Ottoman Empire.
17 November – announcement that income tax is to be doubled as a result of the War.
[22]
26 November –
HMS Bulwark (1899) is blown apart by an internal explosion at her moorings on the
Medway off
Kingsnorth ,
Kent , killing all but nine of her 805 crew.
[23]
Raid on Scarborough used as a propaganda poster
Unknown dates
Publications
In fiction
Births
7 January –
Edwin La Dell , artist (died 1970)
8 January –
Norman Nicholson , poet (died 1987)
9 January
13 January –
Ted Willis , television dramatist and author (died 1992)
15 January –
Hugh Trevor-Roper, Baron Dacre of Glanton , historian (died 2003)
[29]
20 January –
Roy Plomley , radio broadcaster, producer, playwright and novelist (died 1985)
22 January –
Syd Hartley , English
association football player (died 1987)
4 February –
Ida Lupino , actress, director and writer (died 1995)
5 February –
Alan Hodgkin , scientist, winner of the
Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (died 1998)
[30]
9 February –
Helen Brotherton , conservationist (died 2009)
12 February –
Alison Munro , civil servant and headmistress (died 2008)
13 February –
Derek Gardner , artist (died 2007)
19 February –
Henry Thomas Davies , lifeboatman (died 2002)
20 February –
Peter Rogers , film producer (died 2009)
24 February –
Ralph Erskine , architect (died 2005)
25 February –
John Arlott , cricket commentator and writer (died 1991)
[31]
27 February –
Pat Fillingham , test pilot (died 2003)
10 March –
Michael Torrens-Spence , pilot (died 2001)
12 March –
Frank Soo , English footballer and manager (died 1991)
13 March –
Olaf Pooley , actor and screenwriter (died 2015)
14 March –
Bill Owen , actor (died 1999)
[32]
22 March –
Donald Stokes , industrialist (died 2008)
2 April –
Alec Guinness , actor (died 2000)
5 April –
Sheila Callender , physician (died 2004)
7 April –
Arthur Hezlet , admiral and historian (died 2007)
12 April –
Frances Macdonald , artist (died 2002)
14 April –
Michael Maclagan , historian (died 2003)
22 April –
C. H. Sisson , writer and poet (died 2003)
26 April –
Charlie Chester , comedian (died 1997)
28 April –
Philip E. High , science fiction author (died 2006)
10 May –
John James , racing driver (died 2002)
13 May –
Phil Drabble , country author and television personality (died 2007)
19 May –
Max Perutz , Austrian-born molecular biologist (died 2002)
22 May
25 May
26 May –
Geoffrey Unsworth , cinematographer (died 1978)
27 May –
Frederick Erroll, 1st Baron Erroll of Hale , politician (died 2000)
28 May –
W. G. G. Duncan Smith , World War II pilot (died 1996)
29 May
4 June
5 June –
Rose Hill , actress and soprano (died 2003)
12 June –
John Seymour , author and self-sufficiency campaigner (died 2004)
14 June
15 June
20 June –
Celia Fremlin , writer of detective fiction (died 2009)
24 June
25 June –
Mavis Pugh , actress (died 2006)
[34]
26 June –
Laurie Lee , poet and author (died 1997)
[35]
27 June –
William Stobbs , illustrator (died 2000)
1 July –
Thomas Pearson , Army officer (died 2019)
5 July –
Ilija Monte Radlovic , Army officer and author (died 2000)
10 July –
Charles Donnelly , poet (died 1937)
14 July –
Hubert Gregg , English broadcaster, writer and actor (died 2004)
[36]
15 July
17 July –
Paul Brand , doctor and surgeon (died 2003)
19 July –
Hubert Gregg , actor and screenwriter (died 2004)
25 July –
Winifred Foley , writer (died 2009)
29 July –
Abram Games , graphic designer (died 1996)
[37]
1 August
5 August –
Bert Millichip , football manager (died 2002)
7 August –
Constance Stuart Larrabee , journalist and war correspondent (died 2000)
9 August –
Joe Mercer , football manager (died 1990)
10 August –
Ken Annakin , film director (died 2009)
19 August –
Rose Heilbron , barrister (died 2005)
[38]
20 August
22 August –
Trevor Leggett , author and translator (died 2000)
30 August –
Sydney Wooderson , lawyer and athlete (died 2006)
31 August –
Edward “Tap” Gordon Jones , Air Marshal (died 2007)
2 September –
George Brown , politician (died 1985)
5 September –
Stuart Freeborn , make-up artist (died 2013)
8 September –
Denys Lasdun , architect (died 2001)
11 September –
Sidney Hart , trade unionist and religious administrator (died 2005)
12 September –
Desmond Llewelyn , actor (died 1999)
18 September –
Jack Cardiff ,
cinematographer , director and photographer (died 2009)
[39]
19 September –
Fraser McLuskey , Church of Scotland minister (died 2005)
20 September –
Kenneth More , actor (died 1982)
[40]
23 September –
Bethsabée de Rothschild , philanthropist and patron of dance (died 1999)
25 September –
John Manners , cricketer and naval officer (died 2020)
29 September –
Arnold W. G. Kean , civil aviation lawyer (died 2000)
1 October
6 October –
Joan Littlewood , theatre director (died 2002)
27 October –
Dylan Thomas , Welsh poet and author (died 1953)
28 October –
Richard Laurence Millington Synge , chemist, winner of the
Nobel Prize in Chemistry (died 1994)
6 November
7 November –
John Welsh , Irish-born actor (died 1985)
8 November –
John Nevill, 5th Marquess of Abergavenny , peer (died 2000)
9 November –
Alan Caillou , author (died 2006)
12 November –
Peter Whitehead , racing driver (died 1958)
13 November –
Leonard Appelbee , artist (died 2000)
21 November –
Michael Grant , ancient historian (died 2004)
23 November –
Roger Avon , actor (died 1998)
24 November –
Lynn Chadwick , sculptor (died 2003)
28 November –
David Croom-Johnson , judge (died 2000)
29 November –
Coleridge Goode , Jamaican-born British jazz bassist (died 2015)
30 November –
Charles Hawtrey , comedy actor (died 1988)
3 December –
Trevor Foster , rugby union player (died 2005)
12 December
13 December –
Alan Bullock , historian (died 2004)
16 December –
Norman Blamey , painter (died 2000)
24 December –
D. B. H. Wildish , admiral (died 2017)
25 December
28 December –
Bernard Youens , actor (died 1984)
29 December –
Margaret Hubble , radio presenter (died 2006)
Deaths
19 January –
William Turner ,
Roman Catholic bishop (born 1844)
21 January –
Donald Smith, 1st Baron Strathcona and Mount Royal , Scottish-born Canadian businessman and philanthropist (born 1820)
1 March –
Gilbert Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound, 4th Earl of Minto , Viceroy of India (born 1845)
28 March –
Robert Fraser , Scottish
Roman Catholic bishop (born 1858)
30 March –
Rollo Russell , meteorologist and science writer (born 1849)
4 April –
Sir Henry Hallam Parr , army officer (born 1847)
19 April –
Morton Betts , footballer (born 1847)
2 May –
John Campbell, 9th Duke of Argyll , husband of
Princess Louise of the United Kingdom (born 1845)
13 May –
Isabella Fyvie Mayo , poet and novelist (born 1843)
23 May –
Gustav Hamel , pioneer aviator (born 1889)
27 May – Sir
Joseph Swan , scientist (born 1828)
19 June –
Brandon Thomas , actor and playwright (born 1850)
2 July –
Joseph Chamberlain , politician (born 1836)
7 August –
Charles Davis Lucas , naval officer,
Victoria Cross recipient (born 1834)
9 August –
Henry Hadley , civilian shot in Germany (born 1863)
16 August –
Mary Bird ,
Anglican missionary (born 1859)
17 August –
Sir James Grierson , Scottish-born lieutenant general (of heart aneurism on service in France) (born 1859)
23 October –
Edward Wilkinson ,
Anglican bishop in Africa and Europe (born 1837)
[41]
25 October –
Charles W. H. Douglas , general (born 1850)
1 November –
Christopher Cradock , admiral (killed in action) (born 1862)
5 November –
Robert Kekewich , general (suicide) (born 1854)
11 November –
A. E. J. Collins , cricketer and soldier (killed in action) (born 1885)
14 November –
Frederick Roberts, 1st Earl Roberts of Kandahar , field marshal (born 1832)
[42]
9 December –
Sir John Bonser , colonial judge,
Chief Justice of Ceylon (born 1847)
26 December – Sir
Thomas Kelly-Kenny , general (born 1840)
See also
References
^ Bradley, Quintin (1997).
"The Leeds rent strike in 1914: A reappraisal of the radical history of the tenants movement" . Archived from
the original on 24 January 2015. Retrieved 8 September 2014 .
^ Walsh, Dan (21 February 2008).
"Lifeboat men pay the ultimate price" . Wexford Echo . Retrieved 7 September 2010 . [
permanent dead link ]
^
"Women's History Timeline: 1910–1919" . Woman's Hour . BBC Radio 4. Retrieved 25 September 2007 .
^ The Times: Past, Present, Future . 1985. pp. 46–7.
^
a
b
c
d Cottrell, Peter (2009). The War for Ireland, 1913–1923 . Oxford: Osprey. pp. 14–15.
ISBN
978-1-84603-9966 .
^
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
i
j Penguin Pocket On This Day . Penguin Reference Library. 2006.
ISBN
0-14-102715-0 .
^
a
b
c
d Housego, Molly; Storey, Neil R. (2012). The Women's Suffrage Movement . Oxford: Shire.
ISBN
9780747810896 .
^ Bonett, Helena (2 May 2014).
" 'Deeds not words': Suffragettes and the Summer Exhibition" . London:
Royal Academy of Arts . Retrieved 9 March 2016 .
^
"Wharncliffe Silkstone Colliery Explosion - Barnsley - 1914" . Northern Mine Research Society. Retrieved 23 October 2020 .
^
"International exhibition became known as a city" .
Bristol Post . 9 July 2013. Archived from
the original on 1 February 2014. Retrieved 28 January 2014 .
^ "Naval Spectacle at Spithead".
The Times . No. 40580. London. 20 July 1914. p. 9.
^ Connolly, S. J., ed. (2007). Oxford Companion to Irish History (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press.
ISBN
978-0-19-923483-7 .
^ Jellicoe, Admiral Viscount (1919).
The Grand Fleet, 1914–1916: its creation, development and work (PDF) . New York: George H. Doran. pp. 4–5. Retrieved 21 August 2013 .
^
Hurd, Michael (1983).
"Rutland Boughton (1878–1960), The Immortal Hour" .
Hyperion . Retrieved 1 September 2014 .
^ Ellsworth-Jones, Will (2008). We Will Not Fight...: The Untold Story of World War One's Conscientious Objectors . London: Aurum.
ISBN
9781845133009 .
^
Carpenter, Humphrey (2000).
J. R. R. Tolkien: A Biography . New York: Houghton Mifflin. p. 79.
ISBN
978-0618057023 .
^
Duriez, Colin (2012). J. R. R. Tolkien: The Making of a Legend . Oxford: Lion. pp. 77–9.
ISBN
978-0-7459-5514-8 .
^ "New Film Factory in Hertfordshire". Kinematograph & Lantern Weekly . 1 October 1914. p. 10.
^ Quinn, Tony (8 December 2001).
"London Opinion – the most influential cover" . Magforum.com .
Archived from the original on 11 September 2010. Retrieved 7 August 2010 .
^
Bogdanor, Vernon (1997).
The Monarchy and the Constitution . Oxford University Press. p. 131.
ISBN
0-19-829334-8 .
^
"Anti-German Riots" . East End at War . 7 May 2015. Retrieved 16 April 2019 .
^
"Notable Dates in History" . The Flag in the Wind .
The Scots Independent . Archived from
the original on 23 May 2014. Retrieved 11 July 2014 .
^
"The HMS Bulwark Explosion" . Disasters in Medway . 2009. Archived from
the original on 3 August 2012. Retrieved 17 June 2010 .
^ The Hutchinson Factfinder . Helicon. 1999. p. 483.
ISBN
1-85986-000-1 .
^
"The Bombardment of Hartlepool, 16 December 1914" .
The Western Front Association . 10 July 2011. Archived from
the original on 1 November 2011. Retrieved 7 December 2011 .
^
"Egypt: a constitution" .
Time . 28 April 1923. Archived from
the original on 15 October 2007. Retrieved 24 August 2012 .
^
a
b Bostridge, Mark (2014). The Fateful Year: England 1914 . London: Penguin UK. pp. 354–5.
ISBN
978-0-14-196223-8 .
^
"Vorticism" . Msn Encarta . Archived from
the original on 22 May 2007. Retrieved 17 October 2009 .
^
Dod's Parliamentary Companion . Dod's Parliamentary Companion, Limited. 2002. p. 520.
ISBN
978-0-905702-36-0 .
^ Neil Schlager (2000).
Science and Its Times: 1950-present . Gale Group. p. 153.
ISBN
978-0-7876-3939-6 .
^
British Film and Television Yearbook . British and American Film Press. 1960. p. 8.
^
Screen International Film and TV Year Book . Screen International, King Publications Limited. 1992. p. 177.
ISBN
978-0-900925-21-4 .
^
Denis Greenhill (11 April 1992).
"Obituary: Sir Peter Hayman" . The Independent . Retrieved 2 July 2014 .
^
"Obituary - Mavis Pugh" .
The Independent . 13 December 2006.
Archived from the original on 1 May 2022.
^ "Lee, (Wilfred) Jack Raymond".
Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press.
doi :
10.1093/ref:odnb/77340 . (Subscription or
UK public library membership required.)
^
"Obituaries: Hubert Gregg" .
The Daily Telegraph . 31 March 2004. Retrieved 28 April 2012 .
^ Alan Symons (1997).
The Jewish Contribution to the 20th Century . Polo Pub. p. 3.
ISBN
978-0-9523751-1-1 .
^ Morton, James (13 December 2005).
"Obituary: Dame Rose Heilbron" . The Guardian . Retrieved 8 April 2020 .
^ Robert Murphy (25 July 2019).
Directors in British and Irish Cinema: A Reference Companion . Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 260.
ISBN
978-1-83871-532-8 .
^ Paul Donnelley (2000).
Fade to Black: A Book of Movie Obituaries . Omnibus. p. 117.
ISBN
978-0-7119-7984-0 .
^
American Church Almanac and Year Book . E.S. Gorham. 1916. p. 454.
^
"Rugby Union Footballers are Doing their Duty. Over 90% Have Enlisted. British Athletes! Will You Follow this Glorious Example?" .
World Digital Library . 1915. Retrieved 27 October 2013 .