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One hundred years, from 601 to 700
Eastern Hemisphere at the beginning of the 7th century.
Eastern Hemisphere at the end of the 7th century.
The 7th century is the period from
601 through
700 in accordance with the
Julian calendar in the
Christian Era .
The
spread of Islam and the
Muslim conquests began with the unification of Arabia by the Islamic prophet
Muhammad starting in 622. After Muhammad's death in 632, Islam expanded beyond the
Arabian Peninsula under the
Rashidun Caliphate (632–661) and the
Umayyad Caliphate (661–750). The
Muslim conquest of Persia in the 7th century led to the downfall of the
Sasanian Empire . Also conquered during the 7th century were
Syria ,
Palestine ,
Armenia ,
Egypt , and
North Africa .
[1]
The
Byzantine Empire suffered setbacks during the rapid expansion of the
Caliphate and a mass incursion of Slavs in the Balkans which reduced its territorial limits. The decisive victory at the
Siege of Constantinople in the 670s led the empire to retain
Asia Minor which assured the existence of the empire.
[1]
In the
Iberian Peninsula , the 7th century was known as the Siglo de Concilios (century of councils) referring to the
Councils of Toledo .
Northumbria established dominance in the
British Isles from
Mercia ,
[2] while the
Lombards maintained its hold in most of Italy.
In China, the
Sui dynasty was replaced by the
Tang dynasty , which set up its military bases from Korea to Central Asia. China began to reach its height.
Silla allied itself with the Tang dynasty, subjugating
Baekje and defeating Goguryeo to unite the
Korean Peninsula under one ruler. While the
Asuka period persisted in Japan throughout the 7th century.
Harsha united Northern India, which had reverted to small republics and states after the fall of the
Gupta Empire in the 6th century.
Events
Pages of a late 7th century Quran
An
Anglo-Saxon
helmet found at
Sutton Hoo , probably belonging to
Rædwald of East Anglia circa 625.
Silk cloth with four horsemen hunting lions, 7th century.
Horyu-ji temple, Japan.
The
world's population shrinks to about 208 million people. (from 257 million in 200 AD)
[3]
The
Anglo-Saxon
Heptarchy emerges at the beginning of this century or the last in England.
[4]
Sutton Hoo
ship burial ,
East Anglia , England.
Earliest attested
English poetry .
The first known Croatian archon
Porga establishes the
Duchy of Croatia .
The
Bulgars arrive in the
Balkans ; establishment of the powerful
Bulgarian Empire .
Xuanzang traveled from China to India, before returning to
Chang'an in China to translate Buddhist scriptures.
Guangzhou , China, becomes a major international seaport, hosting maritime travelers from the Middle East, East Africa, India, and South East Asia.
The main compound of
Hōryū-ji temple in
Nara is built during the
Asuka period .
Timgad ,
Algeria , is destroyed by
Berbers .
Islam begins in
Arabia ; the Quran is documented.
Nobatia annexed by its southern neighbor
Makuria sometime before the Arab-Nubian wars.
Arab traders penetrate the area of
Lake Chad .
End of sporadic Buddhist rule in the
Sindh .
Teotihuacan is sacked. The political and religious buildings are burned.
The religion of
Shugendō evolves from
Buddhism ,
Taoism ,
Shinto and other influences in the mountains of Japan.
Early 7th century:
Croats enter their present territory, settling in six distinct tribal delimitations.
7th and 9th century: Mosaics and side panels above the apse of
Basilica of Sant'Apollinare in Classe are made.
600 :
Smallpox spreads from India into Europe.
602 : The
Third Chinese domination of Vietnam starts following the collapse of the
Early Lý dynasty .
603 : Last mention of the
Roman Senate in
Gregorian Register . It mentions that the senate acclaimed the statues of emperor
Phocas and empress
Leontia .
[5]
606 :
Pope Boniface III elected to the papacy on the death of
Pope Sabinian . He sought and obtained a decree from Byzantine Emperor
Phocas which stated that "the See of Blessed Peter the
Apostle should be the head of all the Churches". This ensured that the title of "Universal Bishop" belonged exclusively to the
Bishop of Rome .
607 :
Hōryū-ji temple believed to have been completed in
Ikaruga , Japan.
610 : A great number of
Slavs enter the Roman lands of the Balkans. Later forming tribal confederacies.
610:
Heraclius arrives by ship from Africa at
Constantinople , overthrows
Eastern Roman Emperor
Phocas and becomes Emperor. His first major act is to change the official language of the
Eastern Roman Empire from
Latin to
Greek (already the language of the vast majority of the population).
615 : The
Sasanian Empire under
Shah
Khosrow II sacks
Jerusalem , taking away the relic of the
True Cross .
[4]
615:
Pacal the Great becomes king of the Mayan city-state of
Palenque .
616 : Shah
Khosrow II invades
Egypt .
[4]
616:
Æthelfrith of
Northumbria defeats the
Welsh in a
battle at Chester in England.
618 :
Tang dynasty of China do initiated by
Li Yuan .
618: The
Chenla kingdom completely absorbed
Funan .
622 : Year one of the
Islamic calendar begins, during which the
Hijrah occurs—Muhammad and his followers emigrate from
Mecca to
Medina in September.
623 : The Frankish merchant
Samo , supporting the
Slavs fighting their
Avar rulers, becomes the ruler of the first known Slav state in Central Europe.
626 : The
Avars , the
Slavs and the
Persians jointly besiege but
fail to capture Constantinople .
627 : Emperor
Heraclius defeats the Persians, ending the
Roman–Persian Wars .
629 : The
Arab–Byzantine wars begin. Much of the
Roman Empire is conquered by Muslim Arabs led by
Khalid ibn al-Walid .
629 –
630 :
Tang campaign against the Eastern Turks , Chinese
Tang dynasty forces under commanders
Li Jing and
Li Shiji destroy the
Göktürk Khanate.
632 : The
Muslim conquests begin.
635 –
649 :
Alopen , a Persian Christian priest, introduces
Nestorian Christianity into China.
636 : Around this time the
Battle of al-Qadisiyyah resulted in a decisive victory for Muslims in the
Muslim conquest of Persia , the
Persian Empire is conquered by Muslim Arabs led by
Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas .
638 : Emperor
Taizong (627-649) issues an edict of universal toleration of religions;
Nestorian Christians build a church in
Chang'an .
638: Muslim conquest of
Palestine .
639 :
Muslim conquest of Egypt and
Armenia .
639: Unsuccessful revolt of
Ashina Jiesheshuai of the Turkic people against Tang China.
641 : The
Coptic period , in its more specific definition, ends when
Islam is introduced into
Egypt .
642 : Arab armies face first Defeat in The
First Battle of Dongola against Christian Nubians
649 –
683 : Chinese Emperor
Gaozong permits establishment of Christian monasteries in each of 358 prefectures.
650 : The
Arab–Khazar wars begin.
The
Tang dynasty
Giant Wild Goose Pagoda of
Chang'an , built in
652 , in modern-day
Xi'an , China.
Mid-7th century: Durga Mahishasura-mardini (Durga as Slayer of the Buffalo Demon), rock-cut relief,
Mamallapuram ,
Tamil Nadu , India, is made. Pallava period. It is now kept at Asian Art Archives,
University of Michigan ,
Ann Arbor .
Mid-7th century: Portrait of Lord Pacal, from his tomb,
Temple of the Inscriptions ,
Palenque , Mexico, is made.
Maya culture . It is now kept at
National Museum of Anthropology , Mexico City.
Mid-7th century: Dharmaraja Ratha,
Mamallapuram ,
Tamil Nadu , India, is built. Pallava period.
651 : Emperor
Yazdegerd III is murdered in
Merv , ending the rule of
Sassanid dynasty in
Persia .
652 : Arab armies defeated again in the
Second Battle of Dongola resulting in the
baqt possibly the longest treaty in history.
656 –
661 : The
First Fitna occurs.
657 : The Chinese
Tang dynasty under
Emperor Gaozong of Tang defeats
Western Turkic Kaganate .
658 : Two Chinese monks, Zhi Yu and Zhi You, reconstruct the 3rd century
south-pointing chariot mechanical
compass -vehicle for
Emperor Tenji of Japan.
661 : Caliph
Ali ibn Abi Talib is assassinated. His successor
Hasan ibn Ali abdicated the
Caliphate to
Muawiyah I , marking the beginning of the
Umayyad Caliphate .
[4]
663 : The
Tang dynasty of China and Korean
Silla Kingdom gain victory against the Korean
Baekje Kingdom and their
Yamato Japanese allies in the naval
Battle of Baekgang .
664 : Conquest of
Kabul by Muslims.
664: A Tang dynasty Chinese source written by
I-tsing , mentioned about Holing (
Kalingga ) kingdom, located somewhere in the northern coast of Central Java.
[6]
668 : The end of the
Goguryeo–Tang War , as Goguryeo fell to a joint attack by Tang China and
Unified Silla of Korea, the latter of which held the former Goguryeo domains.
670 : In 670 an Arab Muslim army under
Uqba ibn Nafi entered the region of
Ifriqiya . In the late 670s
conquest of North Africa was completed.
671 :
I-tsing visited
Srivijaya and Malayu in Sumatra and Kedah in Malay peninsula on his way to Nalanda, India.
[7]
674 : The
first Arab siege of
Constantinople begins.
677 : Most of the Arab fleet is destroyed by
Greek fire ; the Persian crown prince flees to the T'ang court.
680 : Decisive victory of the
Bulgars over the Byzantines in the
Battle of Ongal .
Qajar era painting of
Muhammad at the Battle of Karbala in 680
680:
Battle of Karbala took place near
Kufa , which resulted in the death of
Husayn ibn Ali and the division of Muslim community.
681 :
Bulgaria is recognized as independent country by the Byzantine Empire.
682 : Revival of the
Turkic Khaganate by the efforts of
Ilterish Qaghan and
Tonyukuk
683 :
Dapunta Hyang Sri Jayanasa performed Siddhayatra as the journey to expand his influence. The event mentioned in several inscriptions such as
Telaga Batu inscription ,
Talang Tuo inscription and
Kedukan Bukit inscription . The beginning of
Srivijaya hegemony over the maritime region around
Malacca Strait and
Sunda Strait .
[8]
683 –
685 : The
Second Fitna .
686 : Srivijaya launch a naval invasion of Java, which is mentioned in
Kota Kapur inscription . This likely contributed to the end of
Tarumanagara kingdom.
[9]
687 : I-tsing returned to
Srivijaya in on his way back from India to China. In his record he reported that the
Kingdom of Malayu was captured by Srivijaya.
[10]
688 : Emperor
Justinian II of the
Byzantine Empire defeats the
Bulgarians .
690 : Pro-Buddhist imperial consort
Wu Zetian seizes power and rules as Empress of China.
691 : Buddhism is made the state religion of China.
698 : The Arabs capture
Carthage from the
Byzantine Empire .
698 : Active but unofficial anti-Christian persecution begins in China
698:
North–South States Period begins in Korea.
700 : The
Mount Edziza volcanic complex erupts in northern
British Columbia , Canada.
700: The
Sumatra -based
Srivijaya naval kingdom flourishes and declines.
[11]
700: Wet-field rice cultivation, small towns and kingdoms flourish. Trade links are established with China and India.
[12]
c. late 7th century: The
Sojomerto inscription (discovered in Batang, Central Java) is dated around this time, it mentions Dapunta Selendra, possibly the ancestor of the
Sailendra dynasty . The inscription was written in
Old Malay , suggesting a Srivijayan link to this family.
[13]
Inventions, discoveries, introductions
Inventions
619:
Toothbrush in
China during the
Tang Dynasty
[15]
672:
Greek fire in
Constantinople ,
Byzantine Empire : Greek fire, an
incendiary weapon likely based on
petroleum or
naphtha , is invented by Kallinikos, a Lebanese Greek refugee from
Baalbek , as described by
Theophanes .
[16] However, the historicity and exact chronology of this account is dubious,
[17] and it could be that Kallinikos merely introduced an improved version of an established weapon.
[18]
7th century:
Banknote in
Tang dynasty
China : The banknote is
first developed in China during the
Tang and
Song dynasties, starting in the 7th century. Its roots are in merchant
receipts of deposit during the Tang Dynasty (618–907), as
merchants and
wholesalers desire to avoid the heavy bulk of
copper coinage in large commercial transactions.
[19]
[20]
[21]
7th century:
Porcelain in
Tang dynasty
China : True porcelain is manufactured in northern China from roughly the beginning of the Tang Dynasty in the 7th century, while true porcelain was not manufactured in southern China until about 300 years later, during the early 10th century.
[22]
References
^
a
b Ostrogorsky, George (1959).
"The Byzantine Empire in the World of the Seventh Century" . Dumbarton Oaks Papers . 13 : 3.
doi :
10.2307/1291126 .
ISSN
0070-7546 .
JSTOR
1291126 .
^
"An Introduction to Early Medieval England" . English Heritage . Retrieved 2022-08-26 .
^ Jonathan V. Last, Philadelphia Inquirer, The good and bad of a population drop, November 29, 2006.
https://web.archive.org/web/20121006203612/http://www.utsandiego.com/uniontrib/20061129/news_lz1e29last.html
^
a
b
c
d
e Roberts, J: History of the World .. Penguin, 1994.
^ Richards, Jeffrey (January 1, 1979).
The Popes and the Papacy in the Early Middle Ages, 476-752 . Routledge & Kegan Paul.
ISBN
9780710000989 – via Google Books.
^ Drs. R. Soekmono (1988) [1973]. Pengantar Sejarah Kebudayaan Indonesia 2, 2nd ed (5th reprint ed.). Yogyakarta: Penerbit Kanisius. p. 37.
^ Junjiro Takakusu, (1896), A record of the Buddhist Religion as Practised in India and the Malay Archipelago AD 671–695, by I-tsing , Oxford, London.
^ Soekmono, R, Drs., Pengantar Sejarah Kebudayaan Indonesia 2, 2nd ed. Penerbit Kanisius, Yogyakarta, 1973, 5th reprint edition in 1988 p.38
^ Soekmono, R, Drs., Pengantar Sejarah Kebudayaan Indonesia 2, 2nd ed. Penerbit Kanisius, Yogyakarta, 1973, 5th reprint edition in 1988 p.39
^
"Buddhist Monks Pilgrimage of Tang Dynasty" . Archived from
the original on 2008-12-31. Retrieved 2013-04-29 .
^ Taylor (2003), pp. 22–26; Ricklefs (1991), p. 3.
^ Taylor (2003), pp. 8–9, 15–18
^
Boechari (1966). "Preliminary report on the discovery of an Old Malay inscription at Sojomerto". MISI . III : 241–251.
^ Kamouch, Mohammed (2006).
"Jewels of the Muslim Chinese Heritage" . Muslim Heritage . Muslim Heritage. Retrieved 4 December 2021 .
^ Kumar, Jayanth V. (2011). "Oral hygiene aids". Textbook of preventive and community dentistry (2nd ed.). Elsevier. pp. 412–413.
ISBN
978-81-312-2530-1 .
^
Pryor & Jeffreys 2006 , pp. 607–609
^
Theophanes & Turtledove 1982 , p. 52
^
Roland 1992 , p. 657;
Pryor & Jeffreys 2006 , p. 608
^ Ebrey, Walthall, and Palais (2006), 156.
^ Bowman (2000), 105.
^ Gernet (1962), 80.
^ Wood (1999), 49.
Sources
Pryor, John H.; Jeffreys, Elizabeth M. (2006), The Age of the ΔΡΟΜΩΝ: The Byzantine Navy ca. 500–1204 , Brill Academic Publishers,
ISBN
978-9004151970
Roland, Alex (1992), "Secrecy, Technology, and War: Greek Fire and the Defense of Byzantium", Technology and Culture , 33 (4): 655–679,
doi :
10.2307/3106585 ,
JSTOR
3106585 ,
S2CID
113017993
Theophanes ;
Turtledove, Harry (Transl.) (1982),
The chronicle of Theophanes: an English translation of anni mundi 6095–6305 (A.D. 602–813) , University of Pennsylvania Press,
ISBN
978-0812211283
Millennia Centuries Decades Years