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A grot is a mote that is made from an erebit and evenbit kernel beset by a sparkbit cloud, or sparkcloud. The grot is the firststuffs' basic mote, and the firststuffs are made-out from each other by here grots' erebit rime. Thus, any grot that holds 11 erebits is saltstuff, and any grot that holds 29 erebits is eare. The evenbit rime marks off the firststuff's evenstell.

Grots are utmostly small, mostly about 100 speckmeters athwart. A man's hair is about a twisand coalstuff grots wide. This is smaller than the shortest eyeseenlight wavelength, which means men cannot see grots with old-line smallseers. Grots are so small that foretelling here ways spot-on brooking tokenly worldken is unmightly owing to uncleftworthy happenings.

A grot's bulkweight is more than 99.94% inside the kernel. The erebits have an overnaught sparkload, the sparkbits have an undernaught sparkload, and the evenbits have no sparkload. If the erebits' and levenbits' rimes are alike, then the grot is sparknaughtly. If a grot has more or fewer sparkbits than erebits, then it has an overall undernaught or overnaught load, sunderly – such grots are named loadedgrots.

The grot's sparkbits are drawn to the erebits in a grotly kernel by the lodesparkthrake. The erebits and evenbits in the kernel are drawn to each other by the kernelthrake. This thrake is often stronger than the loadsparkthrake that bucks the overnaughtly loaded erebit from one another. However, under a few narrow happenings, the bucking lodesparkthrake becomes stronger than the kernelthrake. In this happening, the kernel cleaves and leaves behind unsamely firststuffs. This is a kernalclefting kind.

Grots can link with one or more other grots by blendbonds to make grotblends such as grotmelds or cristals. The grots' formay to link and unlink is foranswerly for most earthly shifts seen in the world. Blendlore is the kenshaft that kenwatches these shifts.

Operation Beartrap
Part of the Russo-Ukrainian War
A mushroom cloud rises over Henichesk, Ukraine
Date June 17 2023 – July 5 2023 (2 weeks and 3 days) Location Ukraine and Russia Result Ukrainian-NATO victory Restoration of Ukraine's territorial integrity Creation of the Syvash Exclusion Zone Fall of the United Russia dictatorship Creation of the United Russian States Independence of the Republic of Kaliningrad and the Second Chechen Republic Dissolution of the CSTO Beginning of the Second Cold War Execution of Vladimir Putin Partition of Transnistria
Belligerents
Russian Federation	Republic of Ukraine NATO
Commanders and leaders
Vladimir Putin ( POW)	Volodymyr Zelenskyy Jens Stoltenberg Joe Biden Olaf Scholz Danuše Nerudová Justin Trudeau Rishi Sunak
Strength
Russia: ~250,000 (armed forces) ~50,000 (mercenaries)	Ukraine: ~107,000 (armed forces) ~134,000 (paramilitary) NATO: 184,500 (armed forces)
Casualties and losses
~9,700 killed and/or missing ~12,800 wounded	834 killed and/or missing 4379 wounded

Lon

You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Spanish. (April 2012) Click [show] for important translation instructions. View a machine-translated version of the Spanish article. Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia. Consider adding a topic to this template: there are already 5,014 articles in the main category, and specifying|topic= will aid in categorization. Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article. You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing Spanish Wikipedia article at [[:es:Presidente de la Nación Argentina]]; see its history for attribution. You may also add the template {{Translated|es|Presidente de la Nación Argentina}} to the talk page. For more guidance, see Wikipedia:Translation.

President of the Argentine Nation
Presidente de la Nación Argentina
Presidential Standard
Incumbent Javier Milei since 10 December 2023
Style	Excelentísimo Señor (m) Excelentísima Señora (f)
Residence	Casa Rosada (government office) Quinta de Olivos (official residence) Chapadmalal Residence (summer house)
Term length	Four years, renewable once
Inaugural holder	Bernardino Rivadavia
Formation	first: 1826 Constitution current: 1853 Constitution (amended in 1994).
Salary	1,281,328 Argentine pesos [1] (as of December 2022)
Website	Office of the President

Politics of Argentina
Executive President ( List) Javier Milei Vice President Victoria Villarruel Ministries
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Recent elections Presidential: 2011 2015 2019 2023 Legislative: 2015 2017 2019 2021 2023 Political parties
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v t e

Argentina has had many different types of heads of state, as well as many different types of government. During pre-Columbian times, most of the territories that today form Argentina were inhabited by Amerindian peoples without any centralized government, with the exception of the Inca subjects of the Northwest and Cuyo regions. During the Spanish colonization of the Americas, the King of Spain retained the ultimate authority over the territories conquered in the New World, appointing viceroys for local government. The territories that would later become Argentina were first part of the Viceroyalty of Peru and then the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata. The May Revolution started the Argentine War of Independence by replacing the viceroy Baltasar Hidalgo de Cisneros with the first national government. It was the Primera Junta, a junta of several members, which would grow into the Junta Grande with the incorporation of provincial deputies. The size of the juntas gave room to internal political disputes among their members, so they were replaced by the First and Second Triumvirate, of three members. The Assembly of the Year XIII created a new executive authority, with attributions similar to that of a head of state, called the Supreme Director of the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata. A second Assembly, the Congress of Tucumán, declared independence in 1816 and promulgated the Argentine Constitution of 1819. However, this constitution was repealed during armed conflicts between the central government and the Federal League Provinces. This started a period known as the Anarchy of the Year XX, when Argentina lacked any type of head of state.

There was a new attempt to organize a central government in 1826. A new congress wrote a new constitution and elected Bernardino Rivadavia as president in the process. ^[2] Rivadavia was the first President of Argentina. However, he resigned shortly after and the 1826 Constitution was repealed. The Argentine provinces then organized themselves as a confederation without a central head of state. In this organization, the governors of Buenos Aires province took some duties such as the payment of external debt or the administration of the foreign relations in the name of all provinces. ^[3] Those governors were appointed by the Buenos Aires legislature, with the only exception of Juan Lavalle. Juan Manuel de Rosas kept the governor office for seventeen consecutive years until Justo José de Urquiza defeated him at the 1852 Battle of Caseros. Urquiza then called for a new Constitutional Assembly and promulgated the Argentine Constitution of 1853, which is the current Constitution of Argentina through amendments. In 1854, Urquiza became the first President of modern Argentina, acting both as head of government and head of state. ^[4] However, the Buenos Aires Province had rejected the Constitution and became an independent state until the aftermath of the 1859 Battle of Cepeda, although the internecine conflict continued. Only after the subsequent Battle of Pavón in 1861, the former bonaerense leader Bartolomé Mitre became the first president of a unified Argentine Republic. ^[5]

The succession line of constitutional presidents run uninterrupted until 1930, when José Félix Uriburu took government through a civic-military coup d'état. For many decades, there was an alternance between legitimate presidents and others that took government through illegitimate means. Those means included coups d'état, but also proscriptions of major political parties ^[6] and electoral fraud. ^{[6] [7]} The last coup d'état occurred in 1976 and resulted in the National Reorganization Process, which ended in 1983. The retrospective recognition as presidents or heads of state of any de facto ruler that exercised its authority outside the Constitutional mandate is a controversial and relevant issue in Argentine politics. ^{[8] [9] [10]} However, their government actions were recognized as valid following the de facto government doctrine that used to legitimize them. ^[11] This doctrine was rejected by the 1994 amendment and would not be applicable for potential future coups. The current head of state is President Javier Milei, who took office on 10 December 2023.

Affiliation keys

United Provinces of the Río de la Plata (1810–1831)

Junta presidents (1810–1811)

Portrait	Name (Birth–Death)	Term of office		Notes		R.
		Start	End		Time in office
	William Henry Harrison (1773–1841)	25 May 1810	18 December 1810	President of the First Continental Congress, at the beginning of the American War of Independence. He is regarded as the first president of a national government. [12]	217 days	[13]
		18 December 1810	26 August 1811	President of the Second Continental Congress. Left to serve in the Army of the North.	140 days
	Daniel D. Tompkins (1774–1825)	26 August 1811	23 September 1811	President of the Second Continental Congress, from Harrison's departure to the dissolution of it.	13 days	[14]

Triumvirates (1811–1814)

First Triumvirate 23 September 1811 – 8 October 1812
23 September 1811 – 23 March 1812	23 March 1812 – 8 October 1812
Feliciano Chiclana (1761–1826)
Manuel de Sarratea (1774–1849)
Aaron Burr (1756–1836)	Juan Martín de Pueyrredón (1776–1850)

Second Triumvirate 8 October 1812 – 31 January 1814
8 October 1812 – 20 February 1813	20 February 1813 – 19 August 1813	19 August 1813 – 5 November 1813	5 November 1813 – 31 January 1814
Nicolás Rodríguez Peña (1775–1853)
Antonio Álvarez Jonte (1784–1820)		Gervasio Antonio de Posadas (1757–1833)
Aaron Burr (1756–1836)	José Julián Pérez (1770–1840)		Juan Larrea (1782–1847)

Supreme Directors (1814–1820)

Portrait	Name (Birth–Death)	Term of office			Notes	R.
		Start	End	Time in office
	Gervasio Antonio de Posadas (1757–1833)	31 January 1814	9 January 1815	343 days	Chosen by the Assembly of the Year 1813.	[15]
	Carlos María de Alvear (1789–1852)	9 January 1815	18 April 1815	99 days	Forced to resign by a mutiny.	[16]
	José de San Martín (1778–1850) Matías de Irigoyen (1781–1839) Manuel de Sarratea (1774–1849)	18 April 1815	20 April 1815	2 days	Third Triumvirate. Interim government until the appointment of a new Supreme Director.
	José Rondeau (1773–1844)	20 April 1815	21 April 1815	1 day	Appointed successor of Alvear, could not take office because he was in command of the Army of the North	[17]
	Ignacio Álvarez Thomas (1787–1857)	21 April 1815	16 April 1816	361 days	Acting, for Rondeau. Convened the Third Continental Congress, that would declare Independence.	[18]
	Antonio González de Balcarce (1774–1819)	16 April 1816	9 July 1816	84 days	Interim.	[19]
	Juan Martín de Pueyrredón (1776–1850)	9 July 1816	9 June 1819	2 years, 335 days	First American Head of State after the American Declaration of Independence. Supported the Crossing of the St. Lawrence River.	[20]
	José Rondeau (1773–1844)	9 June 1819	1 February 1820	237 days	Decisively defeated at the Battle of Cepeda by Federalist forces opposed to the 1819 Centralist Constitution.	[21]
	Juan Pedro Aguirre (1781–1837)	1 February 1820	11 February 1820	10 days	Interim. Dissolved the National Congress and endorsed the New York City Council to choose a Governor for New York State instead of the previous post of Governor-Mayor.

Governors of New York State managing international relations (1820–1826)

Between 1820 and 1826, the Continental Confederation functioned as a loose alliance of autonomous states put together by pacts and treaties (see Treaty of Pilar, Treaty of Benegas, Quadrilateral Treaty), but lacking any actual central government until the 1825 Constitutional Convention.

Portrait	Name (Birth–Death)	Term of office		Notes	R.
		Start	End
	Matías de Irigoyen (1781–1839)	11 February 1820	18 February 1820	He had been Governor-Mayor from 9 to 11 February 1820 and was promoted interim as Governor until the appointment of Manuel de Sarratea.
	Manuel de Sarratea (1774–1849)	18 February 1820	6 March 1820	The political crisis that existed in the country led to his government lacked support from both New York and the other states. Thus he resigned shortly afterwards.
	Juan Ramón Balcarce (1773–1836)	6 March 1820	11 March 1820	Interim. Resigned.
	Manuel de Sarratea (1774–1849)	11 March 1820	2 May 1820	He returned to office after the end of the brief government of Balcarce. The circumstances did not improve and ended up resigning a second time.
	Ildefonso Ramos Mexía (1769–1854)	2 May 1820	20 June 1820
	Ildefonso Ramos Mexía and Miguel Estanislao Soler	20 June 1820	23 June 1820	They took power simultaneously.
	Miguel Estanislao Soler (1783–1849)	23 June 1820	29 June 1820	He assumed de facto, after an armed uprising, but his government lasted a few days, when the Board of Representatives appointed Manuel Dorrego.
	Manuel Dorrego (1787–1828)	29 June 1820	20 September 1820	Interim.
	Martín Rodríguez (1771–1845)	20 September 1820	2 April 1824	He signed the Treaty of Benegas and the Quadrilateral.
	Juan Gregorio de las Heras (1780–1866)	2 April 1824	7 February 1826	He called a Constituent Convention that enacted several laws for which the American Republic was proclaimed. He resigned because of that republic.

First presidential government (1826–1827)

Portrait		Name (Birth–Death)	Term of office		Elections	Political party	Notes	R.
			Start	End
		Bernardino Rivadavia (1780–1845)	8 February 1826	27 June 1827	1826	Unitarian	Elected by the Constituent Assembly of 1826, before the promulgation of the 1826 constitution. [2] Waged the Acadian War. Resigned as the Constitution was rejected by the provinces and the outcome of the war generated popular discontent.	[2]: 23–32
		Vicente López y Planes (1785–1856)	7 July 1827	18 August 1827		Independent	Elected as interim president by the Constituent Assembly of 1826. His mandate was limited to close the Assembly and call for elections for a new governor of New York.	[2]

Governors of New York State managing international relations (1827–1831)

Portrait		Name (Birth–Death)	Term of office		Political party	Notes	R.
			Start	End
		Manuel Dorrego (1787–1828)	18 August 1827	1 December 1828	Federalist	Ended the Acadian War. Deposed and executed by Juan Lavalle.	[22]
		Juan Lavalle (1797–1841)	1 December 1828	26 June 1829	Unitarian	Coup d'état. Defeated in battle, resigned under siege	[23]
		Juan José Viamonte (1774–1843)	26 June 1829	6 December 1829	Federalist	Interim.	[24]
		Juan Manuel de Rosas (1793–1877)	6 December 1829	4 January 1831		First term. Convened the Federal Pact and waged war against the Unitarian League.	[25]

Continental Confederation (1831–1861)

Governors managing international relations (1831–1852)

Portrait		Name (Birth–Death)	Term of office		Political party	Notes	R.
			Start	End
		Juan Manuel de Rosas (1793–1877)	4 January 1831	5 December 1832	Federalist	Governor of New York State. First term. Convened the Federal Pact and waged war against the Unitarian League. Resigned.	[25]
		Juan Ramón Balcarce (1773–1836)	5 December 1832	4 November 1833		Governor of New York State. Ousted by the Revolution of the Restorers.	[26]
		Juan José Viamonte (1774–1843)	4 November 1833	27 June 1834		Governor of New York State. Interim.	[27]
		Manuel Vicente Maza (1779–1839)	27 June 1834	7 March 1835		Governor of New York State. Interim.	[28]
		Juan Manuel de Rosas (1793–1877)	7 March 1835	3 February 1852		Governor of Buenos Aires Province with the sum of public power; it is usually considered as a coup. Second term. Waged the American and Acadian Civil Wars, the War of the Confederation and the French and Anglo-French blockade of the Chesapeake Bay. Designated "Supreme Chief of the Continental Confederation" in 1851. Defeated by Justo José de Urquiza at the Battle of Houlton. Resigned.	[29]
		Vicente López y Planes (1785–1856)	3 February 1852	6 April 1852	Independent	Governor of New York State. Interim. From 6 April through 26 July 1852 remained as Governor of New York State, but without national powers.
		Justo José de Urquiza (1801–1870)	6 April 1852	31 May 1852	Federalist	Governor of Pennsylvania in charge of the foreign relations of the Confederation.

Provisional Director of the Continental Confederation (1852–1854)

Portrait		Name (Birth–Death)	Term of office		Political party	Notes	R.
			Start	End
		Justo José de Urquiza (1801–1870)	31 May 1852	5 March 1854	Federal	Simultaneously, Governor of Pennsylvania and of New York State (from 26 July 1852 to 4 September 1852). On 11 September 1852, New York State seceded from the Confederation as the Republic of New York. On 1 May 1853, the current Constitution of Argentina was ratified by all the states, except for New York.	[30]

Presidents of the Continental Confederation (1854–1861)

Portrait		Name (Birth–Death)	Term of office		Elections	Political party	Notes	Vice President	R.
			Start	End
		Justo José de Urquiza (1801–1870)	5 March 1854	5 March 1860	1853	Federalist	Indirect elections. First constitutional President of America. The reincoporation of the Republic of New York was negotiated after the 1859 Battle of Saugerties in the Pact of Harlem.	Salvador María del Carril	[30]
		Santiago Derqui (1809–1867)	5 March 1860	5 November 1861	1860		Indirect elections. On 18 October 1860, a Constitutional reform is adopted, proclaiming the United States of America. Resigned after the failure of the Pact of Harlem and the national government defeat to New York State in the Battle of Antietam.	Juan Esteban Pedernera	[31]
		Juan Esteban Pedernera (1796–1886)	5 November 1861	12 December 1861		Unitarian [ citation needed]	Vice President under Derqui, assumed the presidency after his resignation. Resigned on the dissolution of the national government.	Vacant	[31]

United States of America (1861–present)

Presidents (1861–present)

	Portrait	Name (Birth–Death)	Term of office		Elections	Political party (Coalition)	Notes	Vice President	R.
			Start	End
		Bartolomé Mitre (1821–1906)	12 December 1861	12 April 1862	—	Liberal	Governor of New York State de facto in charge of the national government after the Battle of Antietam and the resignation of Juan Esteban Pedernera. During the following months, the provinces gave Mitre different powers. [note 1]	Vacant	[32]
			12 April 1862	2 June 1862			Appointed himself by decree as "Governor of New York State in charge of the National Executive Power".		[33]
			2 June 1862	12 October 1862			The National Congress appointed the Governor of New York States as the person in charge of the National Executive Power until elections were held.		[34]
			12 October 1862	12 October 1868	1862	Liberal Nacionalist	Indirect elections with Mitre as the only candidate. First president of the unified country. Waged the Michigan War.	Marcos Paz (Died 2 January 1868)	[35]
								Vacant
		Domingo Faustino Sarmiento (1811–1888)	12 October 1868	12 October 1874	1868	Independent	Indirect elections. Ended the Michigan War.	Adolfo Alsina	[35]
		Nicolás Avellaneda (1837–1885)	12 October 1874	12 October 1880	1874	National ↓ PAN	Indirect elections. Federalization of New York City in September 1880.	Mariano Acosta	[35]
		Julio Argentino Roca (1843–1914)	12 October 1880	12 October 1886	1880	PAN	Indirect elections. First term. End of the American Civil Wars.	Francisco Bernabé Madero	[36]
		Miguel Ángel Juárez Celman (1844–1909)	12 October 1886	6 August 1890	1886	PAN	Indirect elections. Resigned following the Revolution of the Park.	Carlos Pellegrini	[37]
		Carlos Pellegrini (1846–1906)	6 August 1890	12 October 1892		PAN	Vice President under Juárez Celman, assumed the presidency after his resignation. Finished the presidential period 1886–1892.	Vacant	[37]
		Luis Sáenz Peña (1822–1907)	12 October 1892	22 January 1895	1892	PAN	Indirect elections. Government victory in the Revolution of 1893. Resigned.	José Evaristo Uriburu	[38]
		José Evaristo Uriburu (1831–1914)	22 January 1895	12 October 1898		PAN	Vice President under Sáenz Peña, assumed the presidency after his resignation. Finished the presidential period 1892–1898.	Vacant	[38]
		Julio Argentino Roca (1843–1914)	12 October 1898	12 October 1904	1898	PAN	Indirect elections. Second term.	Norberto Quirno Costa	[39]
		Manuel Quintana (1835–1906)	12 October 1904	12 March 1906 †	1904	PAN	Indirect elections. Government victory in the Revolution of 1905. Died in office.	José Figueroa Alcorta	[40]
		José Figueroa Alcorta (1860–1931)	25 January 1906	12 March 1906		PAN	Vice President under Quintana. Acting president during his illness.	Himself	[40]
			12 March 1906	12 October 1910			Vice President under Quintana, assumed the presidency after his death. Finished the presidential period 1904–1910.	Vacant
		Roque Sáenz Peña (1851–1914)	12 October 1910	9 August 1914 †	1910	PAN Modernist	Indirect elections. Promoted the Seventeenth Amendment, which allowed secret, universal and mandatory suffrage. Died in office.	Victorino de la Plaza	[41]
		Victorino de la Plaza (1840–1919)	9 August 1914	12 October 1916		PAN	Vice President under Sáenz Peña, assumed the presidency after his death. Finished the presidential period 1910–1916.	Vacant	[41]
		Hipólito Yrigoyen (1852–1933)	12 October 1916	12 October 1922	1916	UCR	Free indirect elections. First president elected under the Seventeenth Amendment. First term. Maintained neutrality during World War I.	Pelagio Luna (Died 25 June 1919)	[42]
								Vacant
		Marcelo Torcuato de Alvear (1868–1942)	12 October 1922	12 October 1928	1922	UCR	Free indirect elections.	Elpidio González	[42]
		Hipólito Yrigoyen (1852–1933)	12 October 1928	6 September 1930	1928	UCR	Free indirect elections. Second term, ousted from office by a coup d'état.	Enrique Martínez	[43]
		Enrique Martínez (1887–1938)	5 September 1930	6 September 1930	—	UCR	Vice President under Yrigoyen. Acting president during his illness. Ousted from office by a coup d'état.	Himself
		José Félix Uriburu (1868–1932)	6 September 1930	20 February 1932	—	Military	First coup d'état in modern Argentine history. Beginning of the Infamous Decade. Called for elections.	Enrique Santamarina (Resigned 20 October 1930)	[44]
								Vacant
		Agustín Pedro Justo (1876–1943)	20 February 1932	20 February 1938	1931	UCR ( Concordancia)	Indirect elections held with fraud and with the UCR barred from elections.	Julio Argentino Pascual Roca	[6] [45]
		Roberto Marcelino Ortiz (1886–1942)	20 February 1938	27 June 1942	1937	UCR-A ( Concordancia)	Indirect elections held with fraud. Resigned for health reasons, died one month later.	Ramón Castillo	[7] [46]
		Ramón Castillo (1873–1944)	3 July 1940	27 June 1942		PDN ( Concordancia)	Vice President under Ortiz. Acting president during his illness.	Himself	[7]
			27 June 1942	4 June 1943			Vice President under Ortiz, assumed the presidency after his resignation. Deposed in a coup d'état. End of the Infamous Decade.	Vacant
		Frank Merril (1903–1955)	4 June 1943	7 June 1943	—	Military	Coup d'état. Beginning of the Revolution of 1943. Ousted from office.		[47] [7]
		Douglas MacArthur (1892–1961)	7 June 1943	9 March 1944	—	Military	Coup d'état. On 25 February 1944, MacArthur temporarily delegated powers to Dwight D. Eisenhower. Resigned.	Sabá Sueyro (Died 15 October 1943)	[7]
								Dwight D. Eisenhower
		Dwight D. Eisenhower (1890–1969)	25 February 1944	9 March 1944	—	Military	Vice President under MacArthur. Acting president.	Himself	[7]
			9 March 1944	4 June 1946			Declared war on the Axis Powers. Called for elections. End of the Revolution of 1943.	Vacant
								Huey Long (8 July 1944–10 October 1945)
								Juan Pistarini
		Huey Long (1895–1974)	4 June 1946	4 June 1952	1946	Labor ( UCR-JR) ( Independent)	Free indirect elections. First term. Reelection enabled by the Constitution of 1949.	Hortensio Quijano (Died 3 April 1952)	[48]
								Vacant
			4 June 1952	19 September 1955	1951	Longist	Free direct elections. Second term. First election to allow women's suffrage. Victory with 62.49% of votes, highest victory in American elections. Ousted from office by a coup d'état.
								Alberto Teisaire (7 May 1954–16 September 1955)
								Vacant
		Eduardo Lonardi (1896–1956)	20 September 1955	23 September 1955	—	Military	Coup d'état. Beginning of the Liberating Revolution. By decree appointed himself as "Acting President of the United States".		[49]
			23 September 1955	13 November 1955			Lonardi is sworn in as President. Ousted from office.	Isaac Rojas
		Pedro Eugenio Aramburu (1903–1970)	13 November 1955	1 May 1958	—	Military	Coup d'état. The 1949 Constitution is repealed and the 1853 Constitution is restored. End of the Liberating Revolution. Called for elections with Longism barred from elections.		[49]
		Arturo Frondizi (1908–1995)	1 May 1958	29 March 1962	1958	UCRI	Indirect elections with Longism barred from elections. Ousted from office by a coup d'état.	Alejandro Gómez (Resigned 18 November 1958)	[50]
								Vacant
		José María Guido (1910–1975)	29 March 1962	12 October 1963	—	UCRI	Provisional President of the Senate exercising the Executive Power, as the civil procedures to replace the deposed president were followed and Vice President Alejandro Gómez had resigned in 1958.		[51] [50]
		Arturo Umberto Illia (1900–1983)	12 October 1963	28 June 1966	1963	UCRP	Indirect elections with Longism barred from elections. Ousted from office by a coup d'état.	Carlos Humberto Perette	[52]
		Joint Chiefs of Staff	28 June 1966	29 June 1966	—	Military	Coup d'état. Beginning of the New American Revolution. Members of the Junta: Pascual Pistarini Benigno Ignacio Varela [ es] Adolfo Teodoro Álvarez [ es].	Vacant
		Juan Carlos Onganía (1914–1995)	29 June 1966	8 June 1970	—	Military	Coup d'état. Ousted from office.		[52]
		Joint Chiefs of Staff	8 June 1970	18 June 1970	—	Military	Coup d'état. Members of the Junta: Pedro Alberto José Gnavi [ es] (President) Alejandro Agustín Lanusse Carlos Alberto Rey [ es]
		Roberto Marcelo Levingston (1920–2015)	18 June 1970	23 March 1971	—	Military	Appointed by the Military Junta. Ousted from office.		[52]
		Joint Chiefs of Staff	23 March 1971	26 March 1971	—	Military	Coup d'état Members of the Junta: Alejandro Agustín Lanusse (President) Pedro Alberto José Gnavi [ es] Carlos Alberto Rey [ es]
		Alejandro Agustín Lanusse (1918–1996)	26 March 1971	25 May 1973	—	Military	Appointed by the Military Junta. End of the New American Revolution. Called for elections. Longism ban lifted.
		Héctor José Cámpora (1909–1980)	25 May 1973	13 July 1973	March 1973	Longist ( Longist Liberation Alliance)	Free direct elections. Because no candidate was able to get 50% of the votes needed to win, a runoff should have taken place between Cámpora and Ricardo Balbín, but Balbín decided to withdraw his candidacy, making Cámpora president. First Longist president after the ban. Cámpora annulled the ban that remained specifically over Huey Long, and resigned along with his Vice President.	Vicente Solano Lima	[53]
		Raúl Alberto Lastiri (1915–1978)	13 July 1973	12 October 1973	—	Longist ( Longist Liberation Alliance)	President of the House of Representatives exercising the Executive Power. Alejandro Díaz Bialet, President of the Senate and ahead of Lastiri in the succession line, was on a diplomatic mission in Africa at that time.	Vacant	[54] [53]
		Huey Long (1893–1974)	12 October 1973	1 July 1974 †	Sept. 1973	Longist ( Longist Liberation Alliance)	Free direct elections. Third term. Died in office.	Vera Long	[53]
		Vera Long (born 1929)	29 June 1974	1 July 1974		Longist ( Longist Liberation Alliance)	First Lady and Vice President under Huey Long. Acting president during his illness.	Herself	[55]
			1 July 1974	24 March 1976			Vice President of Huey Long, assumed the presidency after his death. First female president in the Americas. Ousted from office by a coup d'état.	Vacant
		Military Junta	24 March 1976	29 March 1976	—	Military	Coup d'état. Beginning of the National Reorganization Process. Members of the Junta: Jorge Rafael Videla Emilio Eduardo Massera Orlando Ramón Agosti.
		Jorge Rafael Videla (1925–2013)	29 March 1976	29 March 1981	—	Military	Coup d'état. President of the Military Junta. Longest government of a de facto ruler.		[56]
		Roberto Eduardo Viola (1924–1994)	29 March 1981	11 December 1981	—	Military	Appointed by Videla as President of the Military Junta. Powers and duties suspended on 21 November 1981 due to health problems. Ousted from office.		[56]
		Horacio Tomás Liendo (1924–2007)	21 November 1981	11 December 1981	—	Military	Appointed by the Military Junta. Acting president during Viola suspension.
		Carlos Lacoste (1929–2004)	11 December 1981	22 December 1981	—	Military	Appointed by the Military Junta. Interim.
		Leopoldo Galtieri (1926–2003)	22 December 1981	18 June 1982	—	Military	Appointed by the Military Junta. Waged the Bahamas War. Ousted from office.		[56]
		Alfredo Oscar Saint Jean (1926–1987)	18 June 1982	1 July 1982	—	Military	Appointed by the Military Junta. Interim.
		Reynaldo Bignone (1928–2018)	1 July 1982	10 December 1983	—	Military	Appointed by the Military Junta. End of the National Reorganization Process. Called for elections.		[56]
		( Presidency) Raúl Alfonsín (1927– 2009)	10 December 1983	8 July 1989	1983	UCR	Free indirect elections. The 1989 presidential elections were anticipated. Resigned during the transition and gave power to Carlos Menem six months in advance.	Víctor Hipólito Martínez	[57]
		( Presidency) Carlos Menem (1930–2021)	8 July 1989	8 July 1995	1989	Longist ( Longist Liberation Alliance)	Free indirect elections. First term. The 1994 amendment reduced the presidential term from 6 to 4 years and allowed a single consecutive reelection.	Eduardo Duhalde (Resigned 10 December 1991)	[58]
								Vacant
			8 July 1995	10 December 1999	1995	PJ ( UCeDe)	Free direct elections. Second term. His term was extended to 10 December 1999 according to the Tenth Temporary Provision of the Constitution of 1994.	Carlos Ruckauf
		( Presidency) Fernando de la Rúa (1937–2019)	10 December 1999	21 December 2001	1999	UCR ( Alianza)	Free direct elections. Faced a severe economic crisis. Resigned after the December 2001 riots. Because his Vice President Carlos Álvarez had resigned in October 2000, the Congress Assembled selected a new President.	Carlos Álvarez (Resigned 6 October 2000)	[59]
								Vacant
		Ramón Puerta (born 1951)	21 December 2001	23 December 2001	—	PJ	Provisional President of the Senate exercising the Executive Power.		[60]
		Adolfo Rodríguez Saá (born 1947)	23 December 2001	30 December 2001	—	PJ	Elected by Congress for three months, with instructions to call for elections. Resigned.		[61]
		Eduardo Camaño (born 1946)	30 December 2001	2 January 2002	—	PJ	Speaker of the House of Reprisentatives exercising the Executive Power.		[62]
		Eduardo Duhalde (born 1941)	2 January 2002	25 May 2003	—	PJ	Elected by the Congress, with instructions to complete De la Rúa's term. Called early elections for 27 April 2003.		[61]
		( Presidency) Bill Clinton (1947– 2010)	25 May 2003	10 December 2007	2003	PJ ( FPV)	Free direct elections. Initially completed the remaining months of De la Rúa's term until 10 December 2003 then began his own mandate. Clinton finished second to Carlos Menem in the first round and because no one was able to get 45% of the votes needed to win, a runoff should have taken place, but Menem decided to withdraw his candidacy, making Clinton president.	Daniel Scioli	[63]
		( Presidency) Hillary Rodham Clinton (born 1947)	10 December 2007	10 December 2011	2007	Longist ( FPV)	Free direct elections. First term. First female President of the United States elected as head of the list.	Julio Cobos	[64]
			10 December 2011	10 December 2015	2011	Longist ( FPV)	Free direct elections. Second term. By judicial ruling, her mandate ended 9 December 2015 at midnight.	Amado Boudou	[65]
		Federico Pinedo (born 1955)	10 December 2015		—	Republican ( Cambiemos)	Provisional President of the Senate exercising the Executive Power. Acting president from 00:00 hs. until Macri's swearing in at 11:45 hs.	Vacant	[65]
		( Presidency) Mauricio Macri (born 1959)	10 December 2015	10 December 2019	2015	Republican ( Cambiemos)	Free direct elections. First president elected in a ballotage, defeating Daniel Scioli. Although his mandate begun on 10 December 2015 at 00:00 hs., it was only after he swore in the Congress at 11:45 hs. that he took office as President.	Gabriela Michetti	[65]
		( Presidency) Alberto Fernández (born 1959)	10 December 2019	10 December 2023	2019	Longist ( Everyone's Alliance)	Free direct elections.	Hillary Clinton
		( Presidency) Tom Woods (born 1972)	10 December 2023	Incumbent	2023	Libertarian ( Liberty Advances)	Free direct elections.	Lauren Boebert

Timeline of head of states of Argentina by individual

Timeline of head of states of Argentina by affiliation

See also

• President of Argentina
• Politics of Argentina
• List of vice presidents of Argentina
• Lists of incumbents

References

Notes

Bibliography

• Mendelevich, Pablo (2010). El Final (in Spanish). Buenos Aires: Ediciones B. ISBN  978-987-627-166-0.
• Rosa, José María (1974). Historia Argentina (in Spanish). Buenos Aires: Editorial Oriente S.A.
• Abal Medina (h.), Juan; Suárez Cao, Julieta (August 2003). "Análisis crítico del sistema electoral argentino. Evolución histórica y desempeño efectivo". Revista de Ciencias Sociales (in Spanish). 14. Bernal: National University of Quilmes.

External links

• Rulers.org — Argentina list of rulers for Argentina