Thelypteridaceae is a family of about 900[2] species of
ferns in the order
Polypodiales.[3][4][5] In the
Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I), it is placed in the suborder
Aspleniineae.[3] Alternatively, the family may be submerged in a very broadly defined family Aspleniaceae as the subfamily Thelypteridoideae.[6]
The ferns are
terrestrial, with the exception of a few which are
lithophytes (grow on rocks).[5] The bulk of the species are tropical, although there are a number of temperate species.[5]
These ferns typically have creeping
rhizomes. The
fronds are simply
pinnate to pinnate-
pinnatifid. There is either no frond
dimorphism or only mild dimorphism, either open
venation or very simple
anastomosing. The
sori are mostly reniform in shape and have indusia, except for the Phegopteris group.
Classification
During the early and mid 1900's[7] all thelypterioid ferns were included in the genus Dryopteris because of the sorus shape. However, there are a great many differences between the groups, and these plants are now segregated in their own family.[2][3]Genetic evidence shows that the family is clearly
monophyletic.[3]
Phylogenetic relationships
The following cladogram for the suborder
Aspleniineae (as eupolypods II), based on Lehtonen (2011),[8] and Rothfels & al. (2012),[9] shows a likely
phylogenetic relationship between the Thelypteridaceae and the other families of the clade.
The family can be divided into two major clades, which the
Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I) recognizes as two subfamilies, Phegopteridoideae and Thelypteroideae.[3] Their division into genera has been described as "highly controversial and fluctuating".[10] The family includes several complexes of species that are difficult to distinguish, and seem to represent a remarkable evolutionary radiation. Some researchers include the entire family Thelypteridaceae in the genus Thelypteris;[citation needed] others divide the family into as many as 30 genera.[10] An intermediate position is to place the bulk in Thelypteris (which can then be divided into subgenera and sections corresponding to the genera of other authors) but to separate out Phegopteris and Macrothelypteris.[2] Another choice is to divide the family into a half a dozen or so genera.[5]
The extinct genus Holttumopteris from the
Cenomanian aged
Burmese amber has been suggested to have affinities with the family, but several important diagnostic characters are not preserved.[17]
^
abcdefPPG I (2016). "A community-derived classification for extant lycophytes and ferns". Journal of Systematics and Evolution. 54 (6): 563–603.
doi:10.1111/jse.12229.
S2CID39980610.
^Fawcett, S. & Smith, A.R. (2021), A Generic Classification of the Thelypteridaceae, Sida, Botanical Miscellany 59, Fort Worth: Botanical Research Institute of Texas Press