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Classification of spine-possessing animals according to some authorities
The taxonomy of the vertebrates presented by
John Zachary Young in
The Life of Vertebrates (1962)
[1] is a system of classification with emphasis on this group of animals.
Phylum Chordata
Subphylum Vertebrata (= Craniata)
Superclass Agnatha
Superclass Gnathostomata
Class Elasmobranchii
- Superclass 2.
Gnathostomata
- Class
Elasmobranchii (=
Chondrichthyes) [p. 175]
- Subclass 1.
Selachii
- Order 1. †
Cladoselachii (e.g., †
Cladoselache, †
Goodrichia)
- Order 2. †
Pleuracanthodii (e.g., †
Pleuracanthus)
- Order 3.
Protoselachii (e.g., †
Hybodiis,
Heterodontus)
- Order 4.
Euselachii
- Suborder 1.
Pleurotremata
- Division 1.
Notidanoidea (e.g.,
Hexanchus,
Chlamydoselache)
- Division 2.
Galeoidea (e.g.,
Scyliorhinus,
Mustelus,
Cetorhinus,
Carcharodon)
- Division 3.
Squaloidea (e.g.,
Squalus,
Squatina,
Pristiophorus,
Alopias)
- Suborder 2.
Hypotremata (e.g.,
Raja,
Rhinobatis,
Pristis,
Torpedo,
Trygon)
- Subclass 2.
Bradyodonti
Class Actinopterygii
- Class
Actinopterygii [p. 228]
- Superorder 1.
Chondrostei
- Order 1.
Palaeoniscoidei (e.g., †
Cheirolepis, †
Palaeoniscus, †
Amphicentrum, †
Platysomus, †
Dorypterus, †
Cleithrolepis, †
Tarrasius,
Polypterus [bichir])
- Order 2.
Acipenseroidei (e.g., †
Chondrosteus,
Acipenser [sturgeon],
Polyodon [paddle-fish])
- Order 3.
Subholostei (e.g., †
Ptycholepis)
- Superorder 2.
Holostei (e.g., †
Acentrophorus, †
Lepidotes, †
Dapedius, †
Microdon,
Amia [bowfin],
Lepisosteus [gar-pike])
- Superorder 3.
Teleostei
- Order 1.
Isospondyli (e.g., †
Leptolepis, †
Portheus,
Clupea [herring],
Salmo [trout])
- Order 2.
Ostariophysi (e.g.,
Cyprinus [carp],
Tinea[
clarification needed] [tench],
Silurus [catfish])
- Order 3.
Apodes (e.g.,
Anguilla [eel],
Conger [conger eel])
- Order 4.
Mesichthyes (e.g.,
Esox [pike],
Belone,
Exocoetus [flying fish],
Gasterosteus [stickle-back],
Syngnathus [pipe-fish],
Hippocampus [seahorse])
- Order 5.
Acanthopterygii (e.g., †
Hoplopteryx,
Zens [John Dory],
Perca [perch],
Labrus [wrasse],
Uranoscopus [star gazer],
Blennius [blenny],
Gadus [whiting],
Pleuronectes [plaice],
Solea [sole],
Lophius [angler-fish])
Class Crossopterygii
Class Amphibia
- Class
Amphibia [p. 296]
- Subclass 1. †
Stegocephalia
- Subclass 2.
Urodela (=
Caudata) (e.g.,
Molge,
Salamandra,
Ambystoma,
Necturus)
- Subclass 3.
Anura (=
Salientia) (e.g., †
Miobatrachus, †
Protobatrachiis,
Rana,
Bufo,
Hyla,
Pipa)
- Subclass 4.
Apoda (=
Gymnophiona =
Caecilia) (e.g.,
Ichthyophis,
Typhlonectes)
Class Reptilia
- Class
Reptilia [p. 369]
- Subclass 1.
Anapsida
- Subclass 2. †
Synaptosauria
- Subclass 3. †
Ichthyopterygia
- Subclass 4.
Lepidosauria
- Order 1. †
Eosuchia (e.g., †
Youngina, †
Prolacerta)
- Order 2.
Rhynchocephalia (e.g., †
Homoesaurus, †
Rhynchosaurus,
Sphenodon [=
Hatteria])
- Order 3.
Squamata
- Suborder 1.
Lacertilia (=
Sauria)
- Infraorder 1.
Gekkota (e.g.,
Gecko)
- Infraorder 2.
Iguania (e.g.,
Iguana,
Anolis,
Phrynosoma,
Draco,
Lyriocephalus,
Agama,
Chamaeleo)
- Infraorder 3.
Scincomorpha (e.g.,
Lacerta,
Scincus,
Amphisbaena)
- Infraorder 4.
Anguimorpha (e.g., †
Dolichosaurus, †
Aigialosaurus, †
Tylosaurus,
Varanus,
Lanthanotus,
Anguis)
- Suborder 2.
Ophidia (=
Serpentes) (e.g., †
Palaeophis,
Python,
Natrix,
Naja,
Vipera)
- Subclass 5.
Archosauria
- Order 1. †
Pseudosuchia (= †
Thecodontia) (e.g., †
Euparkeria, †
Saltoposuchus)
- Order 2. †
Phytosauria (e.g., †
Phytosaurus, †
Mystriosuchus)
- Order 3.
Crocodilia (e.g., †
Protosuchus,
Crocodilus,
Alligator,
Caiman,
Gavialis)
- Order 4. †
Saurischia
- Suborder 1. †
Theropoda (e.g., †
Compsognathus, †
Ornitholestes, †
Allosaurus, †
Tyrannosaurus, †
Struthiomimus)
- Suborder 2. †
Sauropoda (e.g., †
Apatosaurus [= †
Brontosaurus], †
Diplodocus, †
Yaleosaurus, †
Plateosaurus,
Brachiosaurus)
- Order 5. †
Ornithischia
- Order 6. †
Pterosauria (e.g., †
Rhamphorhynchus, †
Pteranodon)
- Subclass 6. †
Synapsida [pp. 370, 533]
- Order 1. †
Pelycosauria (= †
Theromorpha) (e.g., †
Varanosaurus, †
Edaphosaurus, †
Dimetrodon)
- Order 2. †
Therapsida
- Suborder 1. †
Dicynodontia (e.g., †
Galepus, †
Moschops, †
Dicynodon, †
Kannemeyeria)
- Suborder 2. †
Theriodontia (e.g., †
Cynognathus, †
Scymnognathus, †
Bauria, †
Dromatherium, †
Tritylodon, †
Oligokyphus)
- Order 3. †
Mesosauria (= †
Proganosauria) (e.g., †
Mesosaurus)
Class Aves
- Class
Aves [p. 509]
- Subclass 1. †
Archaeornithes (e.g., †
Archaeopteryx)
- Subclass 2.
Neornithes
- Superorder 1. †
Odontognathae (e.g., †
Hesperornis, †
Ichthyornis)
- Superorder 2.
Palaeognathae [ratites] (e.g.,
Struthio,
Rhea,
Dromiceius,
Casuarius, †
Dinornis, †
Aepyornis,
Apteryx,
Tinamus)
- Superorder 3.
Impennae [penguins] (e.g.,
Spheniscus,
Aptenodytes)
- Superorder 4.
Neognathae
- Order 1.
Gaviiformes [loons] (e.g.,
Gavia [loon])
- Order 2.
Colymbiformes [grebes] (e.g.,
Colymbus [=
Podiceps] [grebe])
- Order 3.
Procellariiformes [petrels] (e.g.,
Fulmarus [petrel],
Puffinus [shearwater],
Diomedea [albatross])
- Order 4.
Pelecaniformes (e.g.,
Phalacrocorax [cormorant],
Pelecanus [pelican],
Sida [gannet])
- Order 5.
Ciconiiformes (e.g.,
Ciconia [stork],
Ardea [heron],
Phoenicopterus [flamingo])
- Order 6.
Anseriformes [ducks] (e.g.,
Anas [duck],
Cygnus [swan])
- Order 7.
Falconiformes [hawks] (e.g.,
Falco [kestrel],
Aquila [eagle],
Buteo [buzzard],
Neophron [vulture],
Milvus [kite])
- Order 8.
Galliformes [game birds] (e.g.,
Gallus [fowl],
Phasianus [pheasant],
Perdix [partridge],
Lagopus [grouse],
Meleagris [turkey],
Numida [guinea fowl],
Pavo [peacock],
Opisthocomus [hoatzin])
- Order 9.
Gruiformes [rails] (e.g.,
Fulica [coot],
Gallinula [moorhen],
Crex [corn-crake],
Grus [crane], †
Phororhacos, †
Diatryma)
- Order 10.
Charadriiformes [waders and gulls] (e.g.,
Numenius [curlew],
Capella [snipe],
Calidris [sandpiper],
Vanellus [lapwing],
Scolopax [woodcock],
Larus [gull],
Uria [guillemot],
Plautus [little auk])
- Order 11.
Columbiformes [pigeons] (e.g.,
Columba [pigeon], †
Raphus [dodo])
- Order 12.
Cuculiformes [cuckoos] (e.g.,
Cuculus [cuckoo])
- Order 13.
Psittaciformes [parrots]
- Order 14.
Strigiformes [owls] (e.g.,
Athene [little owl],
Tyto [farm owl],
Strix [tawny owl])
- Order 15.
Caprimulgiformes [nightjars] (e.g.,
Caprimulgus [nightjar])
- Order 16.
Micropodiformes (e.g.,
Apus [swift],
Trochilus [humming-bird])
- Order 17.
Coraciiformes (e.g.,
Merops [bee-eater],
Alcedo [kingfisher])
- Order 18.
Piciformes [woodpeckers] (e.g.,
Picus [woodpecker])
- Order 19.
Passeriformes [perching birds] (e.g.,
Corvus [rook],
Sturnus [starling],
Fringilla [finch],
Passer [house-sparrow],
Alauda [lark],
Anthus [pipit],
Motacilla [wagtail],
Certhia [tree-creeper],
Parus [tit],
Lanius [shrike],
Sylvia [warbler],
Turdus [thrush],
Erithacus [British robin],
Luscinia [nightingale],
Prunella [hedge-sparrow],
Troglodytes [wren],
Hirundo [swallow])
Class Mammalia
Infraclass Metatheria
- Infraclass 2.
Metatheria [p. 563]
- Order
Marsupialia
- Superfamily 1.
Didelphoidea (e.g., †
Eodelphis,
Didelphis [opossum],
Chironectes [water opossum])
- Superfamily 2. †
Borhyaenoidea (e.g., †
Thylacosmilus, †
Borhyaena)
- Superfamily 3.
Dasyuroidea (e.g.,
Dasyurus [native cat],
Sarcophilus [Tasmanian devil],
Thylacinus [Tasmanian wolf],
Myrmecobius [banded ant-eater],
Notoryctes [marsupial mole],
Sminthopsis [pouched mouse])
- Superfamily 4.
Perameloidea (e.g.,
Perameles [bandicoot])
- Superfamily 5.
Caenolestoidea (e.g., †
Palaeothentes [= †
Epanorthus],
Caenolestes [opossum-rat])
- Superfamily 6.
Phalangeroidea (e.g.,
Trichosurus [Australian opossum],
Petaurus [flying opossum],
Phascolarctos [koala bear],
Vombatus [wombat],
Macropus [kangaroo],
Bettongia [rat kangaroo], †
Diprotodon, †
Thylacoleo)
Infraclass Eutheria
Order Primates
- Order 8.
Primates [p. 602]
- Suborder 1.
Prosimii
- Suborder 2.
Anthropoidea
- Superfamily 1.
Ceboidea [New World monkeys]
- Superfamily 2.
Cercopithecoidea
- Family 1. †
Parapithecidae (e.g., †
Parapithecus)
- Family 2.
Cercopithecidae [Old World monkeys] (e.g., †
Mesopithecus,
Macaca [rhesus monkey, macaque],
Papio [baboon],
Mandrillus [mandrill],
Cercopithecus [guenon],
Presbytis [langur],
Colobus, [guereza])
- Superfamily 3.
Hominoidea
- Family 1.
Pongidae
apes (e.g., †
Propliopithecus, †
Pliopithecus, †
Dryopithecus, †
Oreopithecus †
Australopithecus, †
Proconsul,
Hylobates
gibbon,
Pongo
orangutan,
Pan
chimpanzee,
Gorilla
gorilla)
- Family 2.
Hominidae
human (e.g., †
Pithecanthropus [= †
Sinanthropus] [Java and Pekin man],
Homo [human (“all living races”)])
References