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Family of bacteria
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Mycoplasmataceae is a family of
bacteria
[1] in the order Mycoplasmatales. This family consists of the genera
Mycoplasma and
Ureaplasma .
In 1967, the order Mycoplasmatales was incorporated into the class Mollicutes.
[2] Many species are sexually transmitted and cause
pelvic inflammatory disease .
[3]
Taxonomy
Mycoplasma
Mycoplasma refers to a
genus of
bacteria that lack a
cell wall and possess a three-layered cellular membrane.
[4] They can be
parasitic or
saprotrophic . Several species are sexually transmitted and
pathogenic in humans. Others are found on cats, dogs, and barnyard fowl.
Ureaplasma
Ureaplasma is the second of two genera of
bacteria belonging to the family Mycoplasmataceae. As the name implies, ureaplasma is
urease positive. This genera is distinct from other genera in
Mollicutes in that it hydrolyses urea for generation of ATP.
Ureaplasma spp. as human pathogens
Both
Ureaplasma urealyticum and
Ureaplasma parvum have been identified as important human pathogens, causing infection in the urogenital tract and, rarely, at distal sites.
[5]
[6]
[7] Their role in neonatal disease and adverse pregnancy outcomes has been well established, and semantic classifications are changing to reflect the nature of the detrimental outcomes these infections are associated with.
[8] In the 2010s,
Mycoplasma genitalium has been re-classified as an
STI , and it is likely that with more research, Ureaplasma spp . will follow this trend.
[9] Similar to other pathogens such as
Chlamydia trachomatis , infection with Ureaplasma spp. is associated with adverse fertility outcomes in both men and women.
[10]
[11]
[12]
[13]
[14] Both cause
non-gonococcal urethritis . Ureaplasma spp. were implicated in conditions such as
prostatitis and
chronic pelvic pain syndrome as early as the 1980s.
[15]
[16]
[17] Research in women has lagged several decades behind, but it is now becoming more clear how Ureaplasma spp. contribute to etiologies such as
interstitial cystitis /
painful bladder syndrome .
[18]
[19]
[20] Ureaplasma spp. are associated with alterations in host environment that increase susceptibility to other infections such as
bacterial vaginosis and
vaginal candidiasis .
[21]
[22] Ureaplasma spp. can cause
reactive arthritis as well as directly infect the
synovium .
[23]
[7] Some case studies have suggested a causative role in
complex regional pain syndrome /
reflex sympathetic dystrophy syndrome .
[24]
Phylogeny
The currently accepted taxonomy is based on the
List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN)
[25] and
National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI)
[26]
See also
References
^ E.A. Freundt
The classification of the pleuropneumonia group of organisms (Borrelomycetales)
Archived 22 December 2017 at the
Wayback Machine International Bulletin of Bacteriological Nomenclature and Taxonomy, 1955, 5, 67–78.] (See page 73)
^ Edward DG, Freundt EA (1967).
"Proposal for Mollicutes as name of the class established for the order Mycoplasmatales" (PDF) . Int J Syst Bacteriol . 17 (3): 269–272.
doi :
10.1099/00207713-17-3-267 . [
permanent dead link ]
^ Ljubin-Sternak S, Meštrović T (2014).
"Chlamydia trachomatis and Genital Mycoplasmas: Pathogens with an Impact on Human Reproductive Health" . Journal of Pathogens . 2014 (183167): 183167.
doi :
10.1155/2014/183167 .
PMC
4295611 .
PMID
25614838 .
^ Ryan KJ, Ray CG, eds. (2004). Sherris Medical Microbiology (4th ed.). McGraw Hill. pp. 409–12.
ISBN
978-0-8385-8529-0 .
^ Waites KB, Xiao L (1 January 2015).
"Mycoplasmas and Ureaplasmas of Humans" . Molecular Medical Microbiology : 1587–1609.
doi :
10.1016/B978-0-12-397169-2.00089-5 .
ISBN
9780123971692 .
Archived from the original on 20 February 2023. Retrieved 25 October 2023 .
^ Deetjen P, Maurer C, Rank A, Berlis A, Schubert S, Hoffmann R (February 2014).
"Brain abscess caused by Ureaplasma urealyticum in an adult patient" . Journal of Clinical Microbiology . 52 (2): 695–8.
doi :
10.1128/JCM.02990-13 .
PMC
3911303 .
PMID
24478517 .
^
a
b Vittecoq O, Schaeverbeke T, Favre S, Daragon A, Biga N, Cambon-Michot C, et al. (November 1997).
"Molecular diagnosis of Ureaplasma urealyticum in an immunocompetent patient with destructive reactive polyarthritis" . Arthritis and Rheumatism . 40 (11): 2084–9.
doi :
10.1002/art.1780401122 .
PMID
9365099 .
^ Viscardi RM (January 2014).
"Ureaplasma species: role in neonatal morbidities and outcomes" . Archives of Disease in Childhood. Fetal and Neonatal Edition . 99 (1): F87-92.
doi :
10.1136/archdischild-2012-303351 .
PMC
4239122 .
PMID
23960141 .
^ Horner P, Blee K, Adams E (February 2014). "Time to manage Mycoplasma genitalium as an STI: but not with azithromycin 1 g!". Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases . 27 (1): 68–74.
doi :
10.1097/QCO.0000000000000030 .
PMID
24322592 .
S2CID
10367939 .
^ Zeighami H, Peerayeh SN, Yazdi RS, Sorouri R (June 2009). "Prevalence of Ureaplasma urealyticum and Ureaplasma parvum in semen of infertile and healthy men". International Journal of STD & AIDS . 20 (6): 387–90.
doi :
10.1258/ijsa.2008.008334 .
PMID
19451322 .
S2CID
29253206 .
^ Zhou YH, Ma HX, Shi XX, Liu Y (December 2018).
"Ureaplasma spp. in male infertility and its relationship with semen quality and seminal plasma components" . Journal of Microbiology, Immunology, and Infection = Wei Mian Yu Gan Ran Za Zhi . 51 (6): 778–783.
doi :
10.1016/j.jmii.2016.09.004 .
PMID
28739435 .
^ Haggerty CL, Totten PA, Tang G, Astete SG, Ferris MJ, Norori J, et al. (September 2016).
"Identification of novel microbes associated with pelvic inflammatory disease and infertility" . Sexually Transmitted Infections . 92 (6): 441–6.
doi :
10.1136/sextrans-2015-052285 .
PMC
5013099 .
PMID
26825087 .
^ Abele-Horn M, Wolff C, Dressel P, Pfaff F, Zimmermann A (May 1997).
"Association of Ureaplasma urealyticum biovars with clinical outcome for neonates, obstetric patients, and gynecological patients with pelvic inflammatory disease" . Journal of Clinical Microbiology . 35 (5): 1199–202.
doi :
10.1128/JCM.35.5.1199-1202.1997 .
PMC
232729 .
PMID
9114407 .
^ Piscopo RC, Guimarães RV, Ueno J, Ikeda F, Bella ZI, Girão MJ, Samama M (May 2020).
"Increased prevalence of endocervical Mycoplasma and Ureaplasma colonization in infertile women with tubal factor" . JBRA Assisted Reproduction . 24 (2): 152–157.
doi :
10.5935/1518-0557.20190078 .
PMC
7169909 .
PMID
32031768 .
^ Weidner W, Brunner H, Krause W (1 November 1980).
"Quantitative Culture of Ureaplasma Urealyticum In Patients with Chronic Prostatitis Or Prostatosis" . Journal of Urology . 124 (5): 622–625.
doi :
10.1016/S0022-5347(17)55586-X .
PMID
7452788 .
Archived from the original on 12 April 2021. Retrieved 25 October 2023 .
^ Magri V, Perletti G, Stamatiou K, Montanari E, Trinchieri A (2021). "Lithogenic Potential of Ureaplasma in Chronic Prostatitis". Urologia Internationalis . 105 (3–4): 328–333.
doi :
10.1159/000511653 .
PMID
33264795 .
S2CID
227261093 .
^ Park H, Lee G (September 2019).
"Roles of Ureaplasma Species in Idiopathic Chronic Prostatitis: A Case-Control Study" . The World Journal of Men's Health . 37 (3): 355–363.
doi :
10.5534/wjmh.180081 .
PMC
6704302 .
PMID
30799562 .
^ Potts JM, Ward AM, Rackley RR (1 April 2000).
"Association of chronic urinary symptoms in women and Ureaplasma urealyticum" . Urology . 55 (4): 486–489.
doi :
10.1016/S0090-4295(99)00555-5 .
ISSN
0090-4295 .
PMID
10736488 .
Archived from the original on 25 October 2023. Retrieved 25 October 2023 .
^ Combaz-Söhnchen N, Kuhn A (December 2017).
"A Systematic Review of Mycoplasma and Ureaplasma in Urogynaecology" . Geburtshilfe und Frauenheilkunde . 77 (12): 1299–1303.
doi :
10.1055/s-0043-119687 .
PMC
5734936 .
PMID
29269957 .
^ Kim MS, Lee DH, Kim TJ, Oh JJ, Rhee SR, Park DS, Yu YD (January 2021).
"The role of Ureaplasma parvum serovar-3 or serovar-14 infection in female patients with chronic micturition urethral pain and recurrent microscopic hematuria" . Translational Andrology and Urology . 10 (1): 96–108.
doi :
10.21037/tau-20-920 .
PMC
7844479 .
PMID
33532300 .
^ Rumyantseva T, Khayrullina G, Guschin A, Donders G (March 2019). "Prevalence of Ureaplasma spp. and Mycoplasma hominis in healthy women and patients with flora alterations". Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease . 93 (3): 227–231.
doi :
10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2018.10.001 .
hdl :
10067/1585870151162165141 .
PMID
30344067 .
S2CID
53041181 .
^ Payne MS, Ireland DJ, Watts R, Nathan EA, Furfaro LL, Kemp MW, et al. (October 2016).
"Ureaplasma parvum genotype, combined vaginal colonisation with Candida albicans, and spontaneous preterm birth in an Australian cohort of pregnant women" . BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth . 16 (1): 312.
doi :
10.1186/s12884-016-1110-x .
PMC
5070304 .
PMID
27756249 .
^ Hannu T (June 2011). "Reactive arthritis". Best Practice & Research. Clinical Rheumatology . 25 (3): 347–57.
doi :
10.1016/j.berh.2011.01.018 .
PMID
22100285 .
^ Palazzi C, D'Amico E, Izzo F, Pace-Palitti V, Petricca A (1 January 2002). "Ureaplasma urealyticum as a possible cause of reflex sympathetic dystrophy syndrome". Scandinavian Journal of Rheumatology . 31 (2): 97–9.
doi :
10.1080/03009740252937621 .
PMID
12109655 .
S2CID
35964460 .
^ J.P. Euzéby.
"Mycoplasmataceae" .
List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN).
Archived from the original on 25 October 2023. Retrieved 20 March 2022 .
^ Sayers, et al.
"Mycoplasmatales" .
National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) taxonomy database.
Archived from the original on 3 September 2022. Retrieved 20 March 2022 .
^
"The LTP" . Retrieved 20 November 2023 .
^
"LTP_all tree in newick format" . Retrieved 20 November 2023 .
^
"LTP_08_2023 Release Notes" (PDF) . Retrieved 20 November 2023 .
^
"GTDB release 08-RS214" .
Genome Taxonomy Database . Retrieved 10 May 2023 .
^
"bac120_r214.sp_label" .
Genome Taxonomy Database . Retrieved 10 May 2023 .
^
"Taxon History" .
Genome Taxonomy Database . Retrieved 10 May 2023 .
External links
Terrabacteria
BV1, BV3, BV5
others Cyanoprokaryota
Cyanobacteriota
"
Margulisiibacteriota "
"Marinamargulisbacteria"
"Riflemargulisbacteria"
"Saganbacteria"
"Termititenacia"
Firmicutes
BV3 Low GC
Bacillota
Bacillota A
"
Clostridiia "
"Thermoanaerobacteria"
"Thermosediminibacteria"
Bacillota D
Bacillota E
"Sulfobacillia"
"Symbiobacteriia"
"Thermaerobacteria"
Bacillota G
"Hydrogenisporia"
Limnochordia
"
Desulfotomaculota "
"Carboxydocellia"
"Carboxydothermia"
"Dehalobacteriia"
"Desulfitobacteriia"
"Desulfotomaculia"
"Moorellia"
"Peptococcia"
"Syntrophomonadia"
"Thermincolia"
"Halanaerobiaeota"
"Selenobacteria"
CPR group Thermotogida
Fusobacterida
Hydrobacteria
BV2, BV4
others