In 1926 population census, different subgroups of now Volga Tatars identified themselves by their own names rather. After this, they were grouped together as "Tatars".[18] During the period of the
Russian Empire, they were also generally known as Tatars, and eventually, the name was extended to most of the other Turkic peoples of Russia as well (Azerbaijanis – Transcaucasian Tatars).
The history of the ethnonym traces back to the times of
Golden Horde, when its feudal nobility used it to denote its citizens. Russian feudals and the Tsar government started using it also. These different tribes usually identified themselves by their group name, or, generally as Muslims. Bolgar-name also was referenced. It is suggested, that they avoided using the term also, because it connected them negatively to the Mongol-Tatars of the past.[19][20][21]
Nowadays, many of the ethnic differences between Tatar groups of Volga have disappeared. Some, especially unique dialectical features remain, and they are still separated into their own Tatar-groups within Volga Tatars.[22]
The majority of Volga Tatars (
Kazan Tatars and
Mishars) are usually thought to be descendants of either the
Kipchaks of Golden Horde, or
Bulgars, that survived the Mongol conquest of 1236–1237. Some say that these two theories should not be in opposition to each other. Their history is connected to other tribes as well.[20]
G. R. Yenikeev thinks, that modern Tatars are the direct descendants of the Tatars of Genghis Khan. He criticizes the phenomenon of identifying with Bulgars and states, that this happened due to the "pro-western rulers of the
Romanov government", with the help of Bulgarist-
Mullahs and European historians, that created a negative and distorted image of the Tatars, which ended up causing them to reject the term and lose national consciousness.[23] Finnish historian
Antero Leitzinger states: "They [Bulgarists] emphasize the contribution of the Bulgars mainly due to the feeling of inferiority created by the Russians, which is often attached to the Orda population".[24]
During the 14th century,
Sunni Islam was adopted by many of the Tatars.[25] They became subjects of Russia after the
Siege of Kazan in 1552.[26]
Tatar is a
Turkic language which belongs to the sub-branch of
Kipchak languages called Kipchak–Bulgar.[34] According to 2002 census, there were 5,3 million Tatar speakers in Russia, and in 2010, 4,3 million. (Tatar should not be confused with
Crimean Tatar, which is a separate language within the same Kipchak family.[34]).[35][36]
Tatar can be divided into two main dialects (some think
Siberian Tatar is a third[37])
Central (Kazan - most common and also the literary language)
Western (Mishar)
In 2021 there were approximately 53% Tatars in Tatarstan and 40% Russians.[38] In 2015 enquiry, most young people in the state preferred to learn Russian or English and thought that Tatar was not useful in work life.[39][40]
Tatars and Russians
After Russians, Volga Tatars are the second biggest ethnic group in Russia.[41]
The long and multifaceted history between these two ethnic groups can be traced back to the times of
Volga Bulgaria and the
Golden Horde. Tatars have been a part of Russia since the 1500s. Later, among Tatars, there is both people, who are against Russia, and those that believe they are an integral part of it. Among Tatar separatists is the ethnic nationalist, founder of independence party İttifaq,
Fauziya Bayramova. In 2018 Rafis Kashapov, a Tatar activist founded in Kyiv a separatist movement called "Free Idel-Ural".[42] Famous pro-Russian examples include the
Grand Mufti of Russia, supporter of
Eurasianism,
Talgat Tadzhuddin. He and another Tatar Mufti Kamil Samigullin have supported the
Russian invasion of Ukraine.[43][44][45][46][47] Head of Tatarstan,
Rustam Minnikhanov stated in June 2023 that "Tatarstan fully supports the Supreme Commander-in-Chief, President of the country Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin; the most correct thing now is to stand together against those who pose a threat to Russia and its multinational people".[48]
Importance of the independence for Tatarstan comes up usually when discussing the Russification of Tatars, but it has also been noted, that it wouldn't necessarily solve the problem at least entirely. "Increasingly, minority peoples themselves decide to teach their children Russian to ensure economic integration". (K. Zubacheva, 2019[49]). Researcher in
Bremen University, Daria Dergacheva thinks independence could happen in time, but also, that it would be very difficult and might not achieve the decolonization desired. She also states, that the ethnic nationalism required for it could fuel inter-ethnic conflicts, since Tatars are only 53% of the population in Tatarstan. Challenges include also the fact that Tatarstan is deeply embedded in Russia’s economy, trade, and infrastructure.[50]
The national poet
Ğabdulla Tuqay wrote in response to the Tatar emigration to Turkey that was happening in late 1800s and early 1900s: "Here we were born, here we grew up, and here the moment of our death will come. Fate itself has bound us to this Russian land".[51] Tuqay called Russians their "brother people".[52]
G. R. Yenikeev states, that "Medieval Tatars played a significant role also in the formation of Russians". He cites the Eurasianist historian
Lev Gumilev: "Tatars are in our blood, our history, our language, our worldview. Whatever the real differences with the Russians, the Tatars are not a people outside us, but within us".[23] In Kazan (Tatarstan) there is a statue of Gumilev.[53] Tatar author
Galimdzhan Ibragimov: "We Tatars are a nation that joined Russia before others. Despite the dark politics of the autocracy and the differences between the two communities, this created many common features of life among them".[54]
Tatar mufti Ravil Gainutdin has stated, that in his opinion "Russia was created by Turks as much as it was by Slavs".[55] The foundation for such ideas were laid out by Crimean Tatar Jadidist thinker
Ismail Gasprinsky, who believed in unity of the two peoples and thought Russia was "a continuation of the Golden Horde".[56][57]
In his 2016 book, "Moscow and the Tatar World" (Москва и татарский мир), the Tatar historian from Kazan, Bulat Rakhimzyanov makes a claim that "there was no large-scale confrontation between Moscow and the Tatars in the Middle Ages".[58][59]
Tatar and Russian peasants joined their forces multiple times in the past. For example, the 1606–1609 "mountaineer rebellion", in which the
Chuvash and
Mordvins also took part. The most famous of these, however, is the
Pugachev rebellion, in which a large number of Tatars participated. According to Alfred Khalikov, "the tsarist government and both the Russian and Tatar feudal lords were afraid of friendship between peoples and constantly incited chauvinistic and nationalist fervor".[60]
The first mufti of Russia, Tatar-born Mukhamedzhan Khusainov (1756–1824) had a big impact on bringing Russian rule to the Kazakh steppes and also to Caucasus, especially among
Kabardians.[61]
Philologist-journalist Azat Akhunov: "Despite conflicts and national differences, Tatars are very close to Russians in mentality, even more so than Ukrainians and Belarusians. We have a common historical experience that cannot be denied. As long as our culture is respected and not disturbed, we are the best neighbors, friends and colleagues of the Russian people.[17]
Subgroups
Kazan Tatars
The majority of Volga Tatars are Kazan Tatars. (Qazan tatarları / qazanlılar[62][63]).They form the bulk of the Tatar population of Tatarstan. Traditionally, they inhabit the left bank of
Volga River.[64] They were finally formed during
Khanate of Kazan. (1438–1552).[65]
A. Rorlich sees the history as follows:
Khazar invasions forced the
Bulgars, Turkic people, to migrate from the
Azov steppes to the Middle Volga and lower
Kama region during the first half of the eighth century.[20] In the period of 10th–13th centuries, other Turkic peoples, including
Kipchaks, migrated from Southern
Siberia to Europe. They played a significant role in the
Mongol invasion of Rus' in the 13th century. Tatar ethnogenesis took place after migrated Turkic peoples, mixed with the local Bulgar population and other inhabitants of the Volga River area, kept Kipchak dialect and became Muslims. Several new Tatar states had emerged by the 1500s after the Golden Horde fell.[66] These states were
Khanate of Kazan,
Astrakhan Khanate,
Khanate of Sibir, and
Crimean Khanate.[25]
Controversy surrounds the origin of the Tatar people, whether they are descended either from Bulgars or Golden Horde.[67] According to one theory,
Kazan Tatar heritage can be traced back to Kipchaks of the Golden Horde, yet according to another theory, the Tatars emerged from the Bulgar culture that survived the Mongol conquest of 1236–1237. Ever since the mid 1970s, however, a viewpoint has risen, that these two theories should not be in contrary to each other, but rather, in symbiosis, stating that they cannot simply claim only Bulgars as their ancestors.[20] (See: Bulgarism).
The President of the Bulgar National Congress, Gusman Khalilov appealed to the
European Court of Human Rights on the issue of renaming the Tatars into Bulgars, but in 2010 he lost in court.[68]
Şihabetdin Märcani during late 1800s encouraged the Kazan Tatars to identify as Tatar, despite its possible negative connotations.[20]
Mishar Tatars
Mishar Tatars, or Mishars (mişär tatarları, mişärlär[70]) are an ethnographic group of Volga Tatars speaking
Mishar dialect of the
Tatar language. They comprise approximately one third of the Volga Tatar population. After migration waves from late 1500s to 1700s, they settled especially on the right bank of Volga and Urals. Increased contacts with Kazan Tatars made these two groups even closer, and thus, "Tatar nation" was born; eventually replacing previously used regional names. Due to this, the sub-group consciousness was also weakened.[71][72][70] G. Tagirdzhanov thought that the ancestors of both Kazan Tatars and Mishars were originally from
Volga Bulgaria. He proposed, that Mishars descended from the
Esegel tribe.[73]
The ethnogenesis of the Mishars is contested, but they are often thought of being the descendants of Kipchaks of the Golden Horde, one way or another. Their ethnic formation finally happened in
Qasim Khanate during 1400–1500s. In addition to Kipchaks, Mishars' ancestors are often linked to
Meshchera,
Burtas,
Bolgars and
Eastern Hungarian tribes.[72][74][75]
Even though the Mishars have been influenced by Russians, probably more so than the Kazan Tatars, the dialect in
Nizhny Novgorod Oblast has been said to resemble the ancient Kipchak dialect. According to
A. Leitzinger, Mishar dialect has more Kipchak, and Kazan dialect more Bolgar influence. A. Orlov states: "Nizhny Novogord Tatars (Mishars) are one of the original Tatar groups, who maintain the continuity of Kipchak-Turkic language, culture and tradition".[76][77] Orlov also thinks that Mishars are mostly the ancestors of
Don Cossacks.[78]
Traditionally, Mishars have populated the western side of the Volga River. Nowadays the majority presumably lives in
Moscow.
Finnish Tatars are originally Mishars also.[71]
In 1897 census, the number of Mishars was 622 600.[70] Their estimated number varies greatly.[79]
Kasimov Tatars
Kasimov Tatars (Qasıym tatarları[80]) have their capital in the town of
Kasimov,
Ryazan Oblast. They were formed during the
Qasim Khanate.[81] The number of Kasimov Tatars in 2002 was suspected to be less than 1000. In late 1800s and early 1900s, some Kasimov Tatars are known to have relocated to the regions of
Kazan,
Simbirsk,
Nizhny Novgorod,
Orenburg, and also
Central-Asia.[82]
According to S. Ishkhakov, the Kasimov Tatars were an "ethnically transitional group between Kazan Tatars and Mishar Tatars." Kasimov Tatars took part in the Conquest of Kazan and in wars against Sweden in troops of
Ivan the Terrible. In some sources, Mishars are called Kasimov Tatars. (They were also largely formed in Qasim Khanate.[72])[83]
Kasimov Tatars (Self name: Kaçim / Käçim tatarları / xalkı[80][84]) speak the central (Kazan) dialect of Tatar language. In their dialect there is Mishar and
Nogai influence.[82]
Nukrat Tatars (Noqrat tatarları) live mainly in
Udmurtia (
Yukamensky,
Glazovsky,
Balezinsky,
Yarsky districts) and
Kirov Oblast. They are divided into subgroups Nukrat and Chepetsky. They speak Tatar with characteristic of the southern
Udmurt. Their name comes from the village of Noqrat, which was first mentioned in 1542 along with the cities of the
Vyatka land. Their formation was influenced by Udmurts and the
Besermyan. They practice Islam.[85]
In 1920s the number of Nukrat Tatars was around 15,000 people.[85]
Perm Tatars
Perm Tatars (Perm' tatarları), also known as the
Ostyaks in Russian sources during 15th and early 17th century, live mainly in the
Perm Krai and
Sverdlovsk Oblast. The Ostyaks were in the sphere of influence of the
Kazan Khanate as a separate ethno-political entity (Ostyak, or Kostyak land). One significant ethnic component of the Perm Tatars was the Nogai-Kipchak population of the Perm region. Also, Kazan Tatars and partly Mishars who moved from the Middle Volga region to the Perm Territory in 16th - early 17th centuries had an influence. Perm Tatars are divided into 4 subgroups: Mullinskaya, Kungurskaya, Tanypovskaya and Krasnoufimskaya.[86]
In early 1900s their number was 52 700 thousand people. Like the Tatar majority, they practice Islam.[86]
A policy of Christianization of the Muslim Tatars was enacted by the Russian authorities, beginning in 1552, resulting in the emergence of Kryashens (keräşen / keräşennär), also known as "Christianized Tatars".[87]
Many Volga Tatars were forcibly Christianized by
Ivan the Terrible during the 16th century, and continued to face forced baptisms and conversions under subsequent Russian rulers and Orthodox clergy up to the mid-eighteenth century.[13]
Kryahsen Tatars live in much of the Volga-Ural area. Today, they tend to be assimilated among the Russians and other Tatar groups.[88]
Some of the Kryashens speak the Kazan dialect, others Mishar dialect.[89] In 2010 census, 34,882 identified as Kryashens.[90]
Other groups
Teptyars (tiptär),
Nagaibaks (nağaybäklär) and
Astrakhan Tatars (Ästerxan tatarları) can also be included as Volga Tatars according to some.
Teptyars live in
Perm Krai, the southeast part of
Tatarstan, and northwestern
Bashkortostan. Most of them speak the Kazan dialect of Tatar language, and some speak
Bashkir. According to one theory, originally Teptyars formed a special peasant group, which, in addition to the Tatars, included Bashkirs,
Chuvash,
Maris,
Udmurts and
Mordvins. In 1790, the Teptyars were transferred to the ranks of the military service class, and the Teptyar Regiment was formed. During the
Patriotic War of 1812, the 1st Teptyar Regiment under the command of Major Temirov took part in the fighting as part of a separate Cossack troops of
Matvei Platov. To this day, there is controversy on whether they should be classified as either Tatars or Bashkirs. In early 1900s, their number was estimated to be 382 000.[91][92][93][94]
The Nagaibaks live in
Chelyabinsk Oblast of Russia. They are Orthodox Christian and multiple researchers think they originated from Christianized Nogais of
Nogai Khanate. Other theories exist however. They speak
Nagaibak, a sub-dialect of the middle dialect of Tatar. A 2002 census recorded 9 600 Nagaibaks.[95][96][97][98]
Astarkhan Tatars are a regional ethnic group. In 1989, 71 700 Tatars lived in
Astrakhan Oblast. They are separated into three subgroups: Jurtov and Kundrov Tatars, and the
Karagash. One theory connects the Jurtov and Karagash to Nogai. Another proposes that Jurtov descend from
Astarkhan Khanate. A considerable part of the Astrakhan Tatars are descendants of the Volga Tatars who moved to the area in the 18th and 19th centuries. As early as 1702, local Tatar vomen married Kazan Tatars. At the end of the 18th century, Volga and Ural Tatars began to move to the countryside, where they founded new villages or settled in the same villages with local Tatars. By the beginning of the 20th century, the settlers who mainly mixed with the Jurtov Tatars already made up more than a third of the local Tatar population.[99][100]
Tatar literature has an ancient history. Before the introduction of printing, ancient Tatar books written in Arabic script were copied by hand. Manuscripts of the Koran, other spiritual literature, educational books were widely distributed. One of the earliest works of national Tatar literature known is considered to be written at the beginning of the 13th century by the famous poet
Qol Ğäli, the poetic work Qíssa-i Yosıf (قصه یوسف,Tale of
Yusuf). The first printed edition in the Tatar language was the Manifesto of
Peter I on the occasion of the
Persian campaign, published in 1722.[101][102]
As their literary language, Tatars used a local variant of
Türki until early 1900s.[103] Its norms began to move towards the spoken vernacular from the mid 1800s. The basis for a new literary language was created by migration and urbanization. The vocabulary and phonetics of it is based mostly on the Kazan Dialect and the morphology on Mishar Dialect.[104]
The first published Tatar play was by Ğabdraxman İlyas in 1887, called "Biçara qız" (Бичара кыз, "The Unhappy Girl"). It was partially met with negative reception by the conservative Tatar audiences of the time due to including "advanced ideas based on social equality". A professional Tatar theater group Säyär (Сәйяр) emerged in early 1907 in
Uralsk. This group is thought of being the basis for the
Galiaskar Kamal Tatar Academic theatre, located in
Kazan, Tatarstan. Today, the theater's repertoire mainly includes plays in the Tatar language, but also some plays written by Russians and others. For people who do not speak the language, an opportunity has been arranged to watch Tatar plays with translation. Among notable Tatar playwrights are
Mirxäydär Fäyzi,
Kärim Tinçurin,
Ğäliäsğar Kamal,
Ğayaz İsxaqıy, and more recently, Zölfät Xäkim.[111][112][113][114][115][116][117][118][119]
The Islamic roots of the Volga region trace back to
Volga Bulgaria (922). Since then, Islam also has a centuries old history in Russia. Volga Tatars played a significant role in the national and cultural movements of Muslims during Russian Empire and also in Soviet Union. Islam is currently the majority religion in Tatarstan.[120][67][121]
In September 2010,
Eid al-Fitr and May 21, the day the Volga Bulgars embraced Islam, were made public holidays. During those times the
president of Tatarstan negotiated for use of
Islamic banking and the first
halal food production facility opened with foreign companies expressing their interest to expand the project in Tatarstan.[122][123][124]
Radicalism
The term “Caucasization of Tatarstan” or Volga-Urals has been coined to describe some of the radical Islamic elements found in the region, that mainly come from the Caucasus. Muslim migration from Central-Asia has also played a part. In 2006,
Dokka Umarov stated: "We will never separate the lands of the Caucasus from the Volga region. . . . We will also liberate other lands occupied by Rusnya [a derogatory Chechen term for Russia]. These include Astrakhan and the lands along the Volga that are under the hoof of the Russian
kafirs.”[125]
Most notable example of radical Islam among Tatars is the formation
İttifaq, whose leader
Fauziya Bayramova sided with the
Salafists in the 2000s. Imam of the Al-Ikhlas mosque in Kazan, Rustem Safin, was under a suspended two-year sentence for his association with
HuT. There were a few dozen Tatars fighting with the separatists during the two Chechen Wars. In 2010, the Interior Ministry of Tatarstan closed down a short lived assembly in
Nurlatsky District, which had tried to emulate the Dagestani jamaat of the 1990s.[125]
The radical form of Islam has appeared among Tatars and Bashkir only occasionally. Also, many of the young are not active Muslims and are Russified. The former head of the Spiritual Board of the Muslims of the Nizhny Novgorod Region Umar Idrisov believes, that “Unlike their fellow Muslims abroad, Russian Muslims are Europeans, who grew up with traditional all-Russian values, including Christian ones.”[125]
Population figures
Tatars inhabiting the Republic of Tatarstan, a federal subject of Russia, constitute one third of all Tatars, while the other two thirds reside outside Tatarstan. Some of the communities residing outside Tatarstan developed before the
Russian Revolution of 1917, as Tatars were specialized in trading.[67]
In the 1910s, they numbered about half a million in the area of
Kazan.[21] Nearly 2 million Volga Tatars died in the
1921–22 famine in Tatarstan. Some 15,000 belonging to the same stem had either migrated to
Ryazan in the center of Russia (what is now European Russia) or had been settled as prisoners during the 16th and 17th centuries in
Lithuania[21] (
Vilnius,
Grodno, and
Podolia). Some 2,000 resided in
St. Petersburg.
Volga-Ural Tatars number nearly 7 million, mostly in Russia and the republics of the former
Soviet Union. While the bulk of the population is found in Tatarstan (around 2 million) and neighbouring regions, significant number of Volga-Ural Tatars live in
Siberia, Central Asia, and the Caucasus. Outside of Tatarstan, urban Tatars usually speak
Russian as their first language (in cities such as
Moscow,
Saint-Petersburg,
Nizhniy Novgorod,
Ufa, and cities of the
Ural and Siberia).
In 2021, there were 5,310,649 Tatars in Russia.[126]
Genetics
According to over 100 samples from the Tatarstan DNA project, the most common Y-DNA
haplogroup of the ethnic Volga Tatars is
Haplogroup R1a (over 20%), predominantly from the Asiatic R1a-Z93 subclade.[127][128]Haplogroup N is the other significant haplogroup. According to different data, J2a or J2b may be the more common subclade of
Haplogroup J2 in Volga Tatars. The haplogroups
Q, O and C are less frequently represented.
It was found that mtDNA of the Volga Tatars consists of two parts, but western Eurasian component prevails considerably (84% on average) over eastern Asian one (16%).
among 197 Kazan Tatars and
Mishars.[130]
The study of Suslova et al. found indications of two non-
Kipchak sources of admixture,
Finno-Ugric and Bulgar:
Together with Tatars, Russians have high frequencies of allele families and haplotypes characteristic of Finno-Ugric populations. This presupposes a Finno-Ugric impact on Russian and Tatar ethnogenesis... Some aspects of
HLA in Tatars appeared close to Chuvashes and
Bulgarians, thus supporting the view that Tatars may be descendants of ancient
Bulgars.[131]
Volga Tatars, along with
Maris,
Finns, and
Karelians, all cluster genetically with northern and eastern Russians, and are distinct from southern and western Russians. The scientists also found differences in relationships among some of the northern and eastern Russians.[132]
According to a genetic study on mitochondrial haplogroups, Volga Tatars reveal roughly 90% West-Eurasian and 10% East-Eurasian maternal haplogroups.[133]
According to a full genome study by Triska et al. 2017, the Volga Tatars are primarily descended from
Volga Bulgar tribes "who carried a large Finno-Ugric component",
Pechenegs,
Kumans,
Khazars, and
Iranian peoples such as
Alans. The Tatars IBD is shared with various Turkic and Uralic populations, primarily from the Volga-Ural region. The authors suggest that "when the original Finno-Ugric speaking people were conquered by Turkic tribes, both Tatar and Chuvash are likely to have experience language replacement, while retaining their genetic core". The Finno-Ugric groups themselves have previously be found to have formed from local Indo-Europeans and early Uralic-speaking groups.[135][136]
A 2019 study found that the autosomal admixture of the Volga Tatars can be modeled to be about 80%
Srubnaya-like and around 20%
Ulchi-like. The level of Ulchi-like ancestry was slightly higher in Kazan Tatars compared to Mishar Tatars.[137]
Connections to historical
Hungarians have been made also, being described to have formed from Western and Eastern Siberian sources.[138]
The three regional groups of Tatars (Volga, Crimean, Siberian) do not have common ancestors and thus, their formation occurred independently of each other.[139][140]
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1 Central Asian (i.e.
Turkmeni,
Afghani and
Iranian)
Turkmens, distinct from Levantine (i.e.
Iraqi and
Syrian) Turkmen/Turkoman minorities, who mostly adhere to an Ottoman-Turkish heritage and identity.
2 In traditional areas of Turkish settlement (i.e. former
Ottoman territories).