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African mitochondrial DNA grouping indicating common ancestry
Haplogroup L4 is a
human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup. It is a somewhat uncommon maternal clade primarily found in
East Africa , and
West Asia .
[2]
Projected spatial frequency distribution for haplogroup L4.
Schematic tree of mtDNA haplogroup L4. Ages (in
ka ) indicated are maximum likelihood estimates obtained for the whole-mtDNA genome.
L4 is important in
East Africa . The highest frequencies are in
Tanzania among the
Hadza at 60-83% and
Sandawe at 48%.
[3]
It has two branches, L4a and L4b. Subgroup L4a was formerly called L7 and considered a separate subclade of
L3'4'7 . It has been recognized as a subclade of L4, with
L3 as its outgroup by Behar et al. (2008).
[4]
The parent clade L3'4 is to have emerged at 106–66 kya.
[5]
L4 is not much later than this, estimated at 87 kya by Fernandes et al. (2015).
[6]
Phylogeny
The following phylogeny is based on van Oven and Kayser (2008).
[1]
L3'4
L4
L4a (formerly known as L7), mutations: 195C, 3357, 5460, 10373, 11253, 11344, 11485, 12414, 13174, 14302, 16260.
L4b, mutations: 709, 3918.
L4b1
L4b2 (formerly known as L3g or L4g)
References
^
a
b van Oven, Mannis; Manfred Kayser (13 Oct 2008).
"Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation" . Human Mutation . 30 (2): E386–E394.
doi :
10.1002/humu.20921 .
PMID
18853457 .
S2CID
27566749 .
^
Haplogroups L4.
^ Tishkoff, S. et al. 2007,
History of Click-Speaking Populations of Africa Inferred from mtDNA and Y Chromosome Genetic Variation. Molecular Biology and Evolution 2007 24(10):2180-2195
^ Behar, M.; Villems, R.; Soodyall, H.; Blue-Smith, J.; Pereira, L.; Metspalu, E.; Scozzari, R.; Makkan, H.; Tzur, S.; Comas, D.; Bertranpetit, J.; Quintana-Murci, L.; Tyler-Smith, C.; Wells, R. S.; Rosset, S.; Genographic, C. (May 2008).
"The Dawn of Human Matrilineal Diversity" . American Journal of Human Genetics . 82 (5): 1130–1140.
doi :
10.1016/j.ajhg.2008.04.002 .
ISSN
0002-9297 .
PMC
2427203 .
PMID
18439549 .
^
"Correcting for Purifying Selection: An Improved Human Mitochondrial Molecular Clock Supplementary material (p. 83)" (PDF) . 2009: 89. Archived from
the original (PDF) on 2009-12-29.
^ Fernandes V, Triska P, Pereira JB, Alshamali F, Rito T, Machado A, et al. (2015) Genetic Stratigraphy of Key Demographic Events in Arabia. PLoS ONE 10(3): e0118625.
doi :
10.1371/journal.pone.0118625
External links