Carolyn Ruth Bertozzi (born October 10, 1966) is an American
chemist and
Nobel laureate, known for her wide-ranging work spanning both chemistry and biology. She coined the term "
bioorthogonal chemistry"[2] for chemical reactions compatible with living systems. Her recent efforts include synthesis of chemical tools to study cell surface sugars called glycans and how they affect diseases such as cancer, inflammation, and viral infections like
COVID-19.[3] At
Stanford University, she holds the Anne T. and Robert M. Bass Professorship in the School of Humanities and Sciences.[4] Bertozzi is also an Investigator at the
Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI)[5] and is the former director of the
Molecular Foundry, a
nanoscience research center at
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory.[6]
Carolyn Bertozzi received her B.A., summa cum laude, in
chemistry from
Harvard University, where she worked with Professor Joe Grabowski on the design and construction of a photoacoustic calorimeter.[13] Grabowski was impressed with her work and required Bertozzi to write a thesis on this project, which was submitted and Bertozzi won the
Thomas T. Hoopes Undergraduate Thesis Prize with a large prize money.[14] While an undergraduate, she played in several bands, notably Bored of Education with future
Rage Against the Machine guitarist
Tom Morello.[15][16] After graduating from Harvard in 1988, she worked at
Bell Labs with Chris Chidsey.[17]
Bertozzi completed her Ph.D. in chemistry at
University of California, Berkeley in 1993 with Mark Bednarski, working on the
chemical synthesis of
oligosaccharide analogs.[18][19] While at Berkeley, she discovered that viruses can bind to sugars in the body.[20] The discovery led to her field of research,
glycobiology. During Bertozzi's third year of graduate school, Bednarski was diagnosed with colon cancer, which resulted in him taking a leave of absence and changing his career path by enrolling in medical school. This left Bertozzi and the rest of the lab to complete their Ph.D. work with no direct supervision.[21][22]
Career and research
After graduating from Berkeley with a Ph.D., Bertozzi was a
postdoctoralfellow at
University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) with Steven Rosen, where she studied the activity of
endothelial oligosaccharides in promoting cell adhesion at
inflammation sites.[23][24] While working with Rosen at UCSF, Bertozzi was able to modify the protein and sugar molecules in the walls of living cells so that the cells accept foreign materials such as implants.[25]
In 1996 Bertozzi became a faculty member in the
UC Berkeley College of Chemistry[26] and a faculty scientist at
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, where she served as the director of the
Molecular Foundry.[23][27] She has been an investigator with
HHMI since 2000.[6] In 1999, while working with HHMI and at Berkeley, she founded the field of
bioorthogonal chemistry and coined the term in 2003.[28][29][30] This new field and technique allows researchers to chemically modify molecules in living organisms and not interrupt the processes of the cell.[31] In 2015, Bertozzi moved to Stanford University to join the ChEM-H Institute.[32]
Bertozzi studies the
glycobiology of underlying diseases such as
cancer, inflammatory disorders such as
arthritis, and
infectious diseases such as
tuberculosis. In particular, Bertozzi has advanced the understanding of cell surface
oligosaccharides involved in cell recognition and inter-cellular communication. Bertozzi has applied the techniques of
bioorthogonal chemistry to study
glycocalyx, the sugars that surround the cell membrane. Her discoveries have advanced the field of biotherapeutics.[33] Her lab has also developed tools for research. One such development is creating chemical tools for studying
glycans in living systems.[6] Her lab's development of
nanotechnologies which probe biological systems lead to the development of a fast point-of-care tuberculosis test in 2018.[34][35] In 2017, due to her lab's discovery of linking the sugars on the surface of cancer cells and their ability to avoid the immune system defenses, she was invited to speak at Stanford's
TED talk, giving a talk entitled "What the sugar coating on your cells is trying to tell you".[36]
Biotechnology startups
In 2001, Bertozzi and Steve Rosen co-founded Thios Pharmaceuticals in
Emeryville, California, the first company to target
sulfation pathways.[37] Thios Pharmaceuticals dissolved in 2005.[38]
In 2008, Bertozzi founded a startup of her own: Redwood Bioscience also in Emeryville, California.[39] Redwood Bioscience is a biotechnology company that uses SMARTag, a site-specific protein modification technology that allows small drugs to attach to sites on the proteins and can be used to help fight cancers.[20][40] Redwood Bioscience was acquired by Catalent Pharma Solutions in 2014. Bertozzi remains a part of the advisory board for the biologics sector of the company.[40]
Bertozzi became a co-founder of Palleon Pharma of
Waltham, Massachusetts, in 2015.[43] Palleon Pharma focuses on investigating glycoimmune checkpoint inhibitors as a potential treatment for cancer.[44]
She co-founded Grace Science Foundation in 2018. The foundation focuses on curing NGLY1 deficiency through developing therapeutics that are efficient and inexpensive.[46]
In 2019, she co-founded both OliLux Biosciences and Lycia Therapeutics. OliLux Biosciences develops new methods for tuberculosis detection.[28][47] The founding of Lycia Therapeutics occurred when Bertozzi's group discovered lysosome-targeting chimeras (LYTACs). The new molecule class may be able to degrade some cardiovascular disease and cancer targets.[48] Lycia Therapeutics focuses on developing technology which utilizes lysosome-targeting chimeras (LYTACs).[28]
Bertozzi also previously served on the research advisory board of several pharmaceutical companies including
GlaxoSmithKline, and until 2021
Eli Lilly.[49]
Publications
Bertozzi has over 600 publications on
Web of Science; the most cited are:
Agard, Nicholas J.; Prescher, Jennifer A.; Bertozzi, Carolyn R. (2005). "A Strain-Promoted [3 + 2] Azide−Alkyne Cycloaddition for Covalent Modification of Biomolecules in Living Systems". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 126 (46): 15046–15047.
doi:
10.1021/ja044996f.
PMID15547999.
Dube, DH; Bertozzi, CR (2005). "Glycans in cancer and inflammation—potential for therapeutics and diagnostics". Nature Reviews Drug Discovery. 4 (6): 477–88.
doi:
10.1038/nrd1751.
PMID15931257.
S2CID22525932.
Bertozzi and her two sisters grew up around science. Because their father was a physics professor, when asked what she and her sisters wanted to be when they grew up, the answer was unanimous: a nuclear physicist. The three girls would attend MIT camps, as their father dreamt that they would attend MIT due to a "mixture of pride and the promise of free tuition." To William's dismay, Carolyn attended Harvard instead because the school offered strengths outside of just science.[23]
Bertozzi briefly considered a career in music. In high school, she won several awards for music compositions and musical accomplishments. Her talent on the keyboard earned her offers as a music major from several university rock bands, but she felt that she was "always centered on the sciences".[23] Bertozzi is a
lesbian and has been out since the late 1980s.[95]
^Grabowski, Joseph J.; Bertozzi, Carolyn R.; Jacobsen, John R.; Jain, Ahamindra; Marzluff, Elaine M.; Suh, Annie Y. (1992). "Fluorescence probes in biochemistry: An examination of the non-fluorescent behavior of dansylamide by photoacoustic calorimetry". Analytical Biochemistry. 207 (2): 214–26.
doi:
10.1016/0003-2697(92)90003-P.
PMID1481973.