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Genus of birds
Cyanoramphus is a genus of
parakeets native to
New Zealand and islands of the southern
Pacific Ocean . The New Zealand species are often called
kākāriki . They are small to medium-sized parakeets with long tails and predominantly green
plumage . Most species are forest dwellers, although several of the subantarctic species live in open grassland. The genus formerly had a widely disjunct distribution: while most of the genus ranged from
New Caledonia to
Macquarie Island , two species were found in the
Society Islands , 4,100 km (2,500 mi) away from the rest. Although the islands between these two areas have yielded many bird
fossils , undescribed extinct Cyanoramphus have not yet been found on any of them.
[1]
Like many other species of birds, the Cyanoramphus parakeets have suffered from changes brought about by humans. The two species from the Society Islands, the
black-fronted parakeet and the
Society parakeet , are now extinct, as are the taxa from
Lord Howe Island and
Macquarie Island , and an undescribed
Campbell Island form. One species, the
Malherbe's parakeet (C. malherbi ), is
critically endangered , while most other species are endangered or vulnerable. Habitat loss and
introduced species are considered responsible for the declines and extinctions.
[2]
The genus Cyanoramphus was introduced in 1854 by the French ornithologist
Charles Lucien Bonaparte .
[3] The genus name combines the
Ancient Greek kuanos meaning "dark-blue" and rhamphos meaning "bill".
[4] The
type species was designated by English zoologist
George Robert Gray in 1855 as what is now the extinct black-fronted parakeet (Cyanoramphus zealandicus ).
[5]
[6]
Species
There are 12 recognised species, of which 4 are extinct:
[7]
†
Black-fronted parakeet (C. zealandicus ) –
Tahiti ,
French Polynesia
†
Raiatea parakeet (C. ulietanus ) –
Raiatea , French Polynesia
New Caledonian parakeet (C. saisseti ) –
New Caledonia
Chatham parakeet (C. forbesi ), formerly considered a subspecies of C. auriceps
[8]
[9] –
Chatham Islands , New Zealand
Norfolk parakeet (C. cookii ) –
Norfolk Island , Australia
†
Lord Howe parakeet (C. subflavescens ) –
Lord Howe Island , Australia
Antipodes parakeet (C. unicolor ) –
Antipodes Islands , New Zealand
Yellow-crowned parakeet (C. auriceps ) – New Zealand
Malherbe's parakeet or orange-fronted parakeet (
C. malherbi ), formerly considered a subspecies of C. auriceps
[8]
[9] – New Zealand
Red-crowned parakeet (C. novaezelandiae ) – New Zealand
Reischek's parakeet (C. hochstetteri ), formerly considered a subspecies of C. novaezelandiae
[9]
[10] – Antipodes Islands, New Zealand
†
Macquarie parakeet (C. erythrotis )
[11] –
Macquarie Island , Australia
There are also subfossil remains from a yet undescribed extinct species from
Campbell Island .
[12]
Phylogeny of Cyanoramphus
References
^ Steadman, D. (2006). Extinction and Biogeography in Tropical Pacific Birds . University of Chicago Press.
ISBN
978-0-226-77142-7 .
^ Taylor, R. (1979).
"How the Macquarie Island Parakeet became extinct" (PDF) . New Zealand Journal of Ecology . 2 : 42–45.
^
Bonaparte, Charles Lucien (1854).
"Tableau des perroquets" . Revue et Magasin de Zoologie Pure et Appliquée . 2nd series. 6 : 145–158 [153].
^ Jobling, James A. (2010).
The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names . London: Christopher Helm. p.
128 .
ISBN
978-1-4081-2501-4 .
^
Gray, George Robert (1855).
Catalogue of the Genera and Subgenera of Birds Contained in the British Museum . London: British Museum. p. 86.
^
Peters, James Lee , ed. (1937).
Check-list of Birds of the World . Vol. 3. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. p. 269.
^
Gill, Frank ; Donsker, David;
Rasmussen, Pamela , eds. (2020).
"Parrots, cockatoos" . IOC World Bird List Version 10.1 . International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 24 February 2020 .
^
a
b Triggs, S.J.; Daugherty, C.H. (1996).
"Conservation and genetics of New Zealand parakeets" . Conservation International . 6 : 89–101.
doi :
10.1017/S0959270900001337 .
^
a
b
c Boon, W.M.; Kearvell, J.; Daugherty, C.H.; Chambers, G.K. (2001).
"Molecular systematics and conservation of kakariki (Cyanoramphus spp.)" (PDF) . Science for Conservation . 176 .
^ Christidis, L.; Boles, W.E. (2008). Systematics and Taxonomy of Australian Birds . Collingwood, Victoria, Australia: CSIRO Publishing.
ISBN
978-064309602-8 .
^ Chambers, Geoffrey K.; Boon, Wee Ming (2005).
"Molecular systematics of Macquarie Island and Reischek's parakeets" (PDF) . Notornis . 52 (4): 249–250.
^ Holdaway, R.N.; Thorneycroft, J.M.; McClelland, P.; Bunce, M. (2010).
"Former presence of a parakeet (Cyanoramphus sp.) on Campbell Island, New Zealand subantarctic, with notes on the island's fossil sites and fossil record" (PDF) . Notornis . 57 : 8–18.
Genera of
parrots and their extinct allies