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Extinct order of cartilaginous fishes
Ctenacanthiformes is an
extinct
order of
cartilaginous fish . They possessed ornamented fin spines at the front of their dorsal fins and
cladodont -type dentition,
[1] that is typically of a grasping morphology, though some taxa developed cutting and gouging tooth morphologies.
[2] Some ctenacanths are thought to have reached sizes comparable to the
great white shark , with body lengths of up to 7 metres (23 ft) and weights of 1,500–2,500 kilograms (3,300–5,500 lb).
[3] The earliest ctenacanths appeared during the
Frasnian stage of the
Late Devonian (~383-372 million years ago), with the group reaching their greatest diversity during the Early
Carboniferous (
Mississippian ), and continued to exist into at least the Middle
Permian (
Guadalupian ).
[4] Some authors have suggested members of the family Ctenacanthidae may have survived into the
Cretaceous based on teeth found in deep water deposits of
Valanginian age in France
[5] and Austria,
[6] however, other authors contend that the similarity of these teeth to Paleozoic ctenacanths is only superficial, and they likely belong to
neoselachians instead.
[7]
Taxonomy
Ctenacanthiformes are suggested to be more closely related to living
elasmobranchs (modern sharks and rays) than to
Holocephali (which includes living
chimaeras ).
[8] The
monophyly of the Ctenacanthiformes has been questioned, with some studies recovering the group as a whole as
paraphyletic or
polyphyletic with respect to other groups of
total group elasmobranchs like
Xenacanthiformes .
[9]
Following Hodnett et al. 2024
[4]
Ctenacanthidae Dean 1909
Heslerodidae Maisey 2010
"Saivodus group"
References
^ Duffin, Christopher J.; Ginter, Michal (2006).
"Comments on the selachian genus Cladodus Agassiz, 1843" . Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology . 26 (2): 253–266.
doi :
10.1671/0272-4634(2006)26[253:COTSGC]2.0.CO;2 .
S2CID
86094427 .
^ Hodnett, John-Paul M.; Elliott, David K.; Olson, Tom J.; Wittke, James H. (August 2012).
"Ctenacanthiform sharks from the Permian Kaibab Formation, northern Arizona" . Historical Biology . 24 (4): 381–395.
doi :
10.1080/08912963.2012.683193 .
ISSN
0891-2963 .
^ Maisey, John G.; Bronson, Allison W.; Williams, Robert R.; McKinzie, Mark (2017-05-04).
"A Pennsylvanian 'supershark' from Texas" . Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology . 37 (3): e1325369.
doi :
10.1080/02724634.2017.1325369 .
ISSN
0272-4634 .
^
a
b Hodnett, John-Paul M.; Toomey, Rickard; Egli, H. Chase; Ward, Gabe; Wood, John R.; Olson, Rickard; Tolleson, Kelli; Tweet, Justin S.; Santucci, Vincent L. (February 2024).
"New ctenacanth sharks (Chondrichthyes; Elasmobranchii; Ctenacanthiformes) from the Middle to Late Mississippian of Kentucky and Alabama" . Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology .
doi :
10.1080/02724634.2023.2292599 .
ISSN
0272-4634 .
^ Guinot, Guillaume; Adnet, Sylvain; Cavin, Lionel; Cappetta, Henri (2013-10-29).
"Cretaceous stem chondrichthyans survived the end-Permian mass extinction" . Nature Communications . 4 (1): 2669.
doi :
10.1038/ncomms3669 .
ISSN
2041-1723 .
PMID
24169620 .
^ Feichtinger, Iris; Engelbrecht, Andrea; Lukeneder, Alexander; Kriwet, Jürgen (2020-07-02).
"New chondrichthyans characterised by cladodont-like tooth morphologies from the Early Cretaceous of Austria, with remarks on the microstructural diversity of enameloid" . Historical Biology . 32 (6): 823–836.
doi :
10.1080/08912963.2018.1539971 .
ISSN
0891-2963 .
S2CID
92392461 .
^ Ivanov, A.O. (2022-06-05).
"New late Carboniferous chondrichthyans from the European Russia" . Bulletin of Geosciences : 219–234.
doi :
10.3140/bull.geosci.1845 .
ISSN
1802-8225 .
^ Frey, Linda; Coates, Michael; Ginter, Michał; Hairapetian, Vachik; Rücklin, Martin; Jerjen, Iwan; Klug, Christian (2019-10-09).
"The early elasmobranch Phoebodus : phylogenetic relationships, ecomorphology and a new time-scale for shark evolution" . Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences . 286 (1912): 20191336.
doi :
10.1098/rspb.2019.1336 .
ISSN
0962-8452 .
PMC
6790773 .
PMID
31575362 .
^ Luccisano, Vincent; Rambert-Natsuaki, Mizuki; Cuny, Gilles; Amiot, Romain; Pouillon, Jean-Marc; Pradel, Alan (2021-12-02).
"Phylogenetic implications of the systematic reassessment of Xenacanthiformes and 'Ctenacanthiformes' (Chondrichthyes) neurocrania from the Carboniferous–Permian Autun Basin (France)" . Journal of Systematic Palaeontology . 19 (23): 1623–1642.
doi :
10.1080/14772019.2022.2073279 .
ISSN
1477-2019 .
S2CID
239328598 .