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Clade of ray-finned fishes
Cladistia is a
clade of
bony fishes whose only living members are the
bichirs of tropical Africa.
[1] Their major
synapomorphies are a heterocercal tail in which the
dorsal fin has independent rays, and a posteriorly elongated
parasphenoid .
Cladistia are the earliest diverging branch of living
Actinopterygii , and are thought to have diverged from the
Actinopteri , the group which includes all other living ray finned fish, by the
Devonian . However, the fossil range for the only extant order (
Polypteriformes ) is comparatively young, only reaching as far back as the mid-
Cretaceous of South America and Africa, and the two extant genera of bichir only diverged around the
Miocene .
[2]
Aside from bichirs, other extinct fish groups thought to be members of the group include the
Scanilepiformes , known from the
Middle Permian to the
Late Triassic of the Northern Hemisphere.
[3]
[4]
[5]
[6] The
Guildayichthyiformes of
Carboniferous North America are also sometimes considered cladistians, but this is thought to be dubious, with other authorities placing them as
neopterygians .
[6]
[7]
Taxonomy
Based on work done by
Near et al (2017) and Lund (2000):
[8]
Order
Polypteriformes Bleeker 1859
Genus †
Latinopollia Meunier and Gayet 1998
Genus †
Dagetella Gayet & Meunier 1991
Genus †
Bartschichthys Gayet & Meunier 1996 [Bartschia Gayet & Meunier 1996 non Rehder 1943 ]
Genus †
Sudania Werner & Gayet 1997
Genus †
Saharichthys Werner & Gayet 1997
Genus †
Sainthilairia Gayet & Meunier 1996
Species †S. beccussiformis Gayet & Meunier 1996
Species †S. elongata Werner & Gayet 1997
Species †S. falciformis Gayet & Meunier 1996
Species †S. grandis Gayet & Meunier 1996
Species †S. intermedia Werner & Gayet 1997
Genus †
Inbecetemia Werner & Gayet 1997
Genus †
Nagaia Werner & Gayet 1997
Family
Polypteridae Lacépède 1803 sensu stricto
Genus †
Bawitius Grandstaff et al. 2012
Genus †
Serenoichthys Dutheil 1999
Genus
Erpetoichthys Smith 1865 [
Calamoichthys Smith 1866 ]
Genus
Polypterus Lacepède 1803
Species
Polypterus ansorgii
Boulenger , 1910
Species
Polypterus bichir
Lacépède , 1803
Species
Polypterus congicus
Boulenger , 1898
Species
Polypterus delhezi
Boulenger , 1899
Species
Polypterus endlicheri
Heckel , 1847
Species
Polypterus mokelembembe
Schliewen &
Schäfer , 2006
Species
Polypterus ornatipinnis
Boulenger , 1902
Species
Polypterus palmas
Ayres , 1850
Species
Polypterus polli
J. P. Gosse , 1988
Species
Polypterus retropinnis
Vaillant , 1899
Species
Polypterus senegalus
Cuvier , 1829
Species
Polypterus teugelsi
Britz , 2004
Species
Polypterus weeksii
Boulenger , 1898
Order †
Scanilepiformes Sytchevskaya, 1999
[4]
[9]
[10]
Disputed members
References
^ Lecointre G, Le Guyader H (2007). The Tree of Life: A Phylogenetic Classification . Harvard University Press Reference Library.
ISBN
978-0-674-02183-9 .
^ Near, Thomas J.; Dornburg, Alex; Tokita, Masayoshi; Suzuki, Dai; Brandley, Matthew C.; Friedman, Matt (2014-01-02).
"BOOM AND BUST: ANCIENT AND RECENT DIVERSIFICATION IN BICHIRS (POLYPTERIDAE: ACTINOPTERYGII), A RELICTUAL LINEAGE OF RAY-FINNED FISHES" . Evolution . 68 (4): 1014–1026.
doi :
10.1111/evo.12323 .
ISSN
0014-3820 .
^ Argyriou T, Giles S, Friedman M, Romano C, Kogan I, Sánchez-Villagra MR (November 2018).
"Internal cranial anatomy of Early Triassic species of †Saurichthys (Actinopterygii: †Saurichthyiformes): implications for the phylogenetic placement of †saurichthyiforms" . BMC Evolutionary Biology . 18 (1): 161.
doi :
10.1186/s12862-018-1264-4 .
PMC
6211452 .
PMID
30382811 .
^
a
b Giles, Sam; Xu, Guang-Hui; Near, Thomas J.; Friedman, Matt (2017).
"Early members of 'living fossil' lineage imply later origin of modern ray-finned fishes" . Nature . 549 (7671): 265–268.
doi :
10.1038/nature23654 .
ISSN
1476-4687 .
^ Bakaev, A. S.; Kogan, I. (2022).
"Squamation of the Permian actinopterygian Toyemia Minich, 1990: evenkiid (Scanilepiformes) affinities and implications for the origin of polypteroid scales" . www.geology.cz . Retrieved 2024-02-28 .
^
a
b Near, Thomas J; Thacker, Christine E (18 April 2024).
"Phylogenetic classification of living and fossil ray-finned fishes (Actinopterygii)" . Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History . 65 .
doi :
10.3374/014.065.0101 .
^
"The new Actinopterygian order Guildayichthyiformes from the Lower Carboniferous of Montana (USA)" . Geodiversitas . 22 (2): 171–206. 2000.
^ Mikko Haaramo.
"Cladistia – bichirs and relatives" . Mikko's Phylogeny Archive . Retrieved 2013-10-26 .
^
"PBDB" . paleobiodb.org . Retrieved 2024-02-28 .
^ Xu, Guang-Hui; Gao, Ke-Qin (2011).
"A new scanilepiform from the Lower Triassic of northern Gansu Province, China, and phylogenetic relationships of non-teleostean Actinopterygii: EARLY TRIASSIC SCANILEPIFORM FROM CHINA" . Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society . 161 (3): 595–612.
doi :
10.1111/j.1096-3642.2010.00645.x .