Before the
Protestant Reformation, the Order was divided into seven
langues or tongues. The langues were divided into great priories, some of which were further divided into priories or bailiwicks (ballei), and these were in turn divided into commanderies.
The largest of the langues by far was the "
German" one, which included not only all of the
Holy Roman Empire but also the non–German-speaking (Slavic and Hungarian) territories east of Germany. It was divided into five great-priories, the largest of which were Austria-Bohemia and Germany, in turn, divided into major priories or bailiwicks; one of the largest such became independent after the Protestant Reformation as the
Order of Saint John (Bailiwick of Brandenburg).
The division of
Latin Europe, on the other hand, was more fine-grained, into the
Hispanic (Iberian peninsula, at first known as the "Aragonese" langue, but in 1462 split into the Aragonese and the "Castilian" langue, the latter including Castille, Léon and Portugal),
Italian (Italian peninsula),
Provençal,
Auvergnat and
Frenchlangues.
Finally, the
Englishlangue included the order's possessions in the British Isles.
great priory Germany: The great priory of Germany was divided into eight bailiwicks (Balleien). From 1428, the seat of the great priory was at
Heitersheim in Upper Germany.
Ballei Brandenburg (since 1538 the independent
Order of Saint John (Bailiwick of Brandenburg)): commanderies Braunschweig (formerly Templars), Garlow, Goslar, Lage, Lagow, Lietzen, Mirow, Nemerow, Quartschen, Rörchen, Schlave, Schivelbein, Schwiebus, Sonnenburg, Stargard, Sülzdorf, Süpplingenburg (formerly Templars), Tempelhof (formerly Templars), Tempelburg (formerly Templars), Werben, Wietersheim, Wildenbruch, Zielenzig, Zachan
Ballei Franken (Franconia): commanderies Reichardsroth, Rothenburg ob der Tauber, Würzburg, Biebelried, Mergentheim, Schwäbisch Hall
Ballei Köln (Cologne)
Bergisches Land: commanderies Burg an der Wupper, Herkenrath, Herrenstrunden, Marienhagen
A "Russian Grand Priory" with no less than 118 commandries, dwarfing the rest of the Order, was established by
Paul I of Russia after the
French occupation of Malta in 1798, initiating the
Russian tradition of the Knights Hospitaller. Paul's election as Grand Master was, however, never ratified under Roman Catholic canon law, and he was the de facto rather than de jure Grand Master of the Order.
Following constitutional changes made in 1999, the
Priory of England and The Islands was established (including the
Commandery of Ards in
Northern Ireland) alongside the existing Priories of
Wales,
Scotland,
Canada,
Australia (including the Commandery of
Western Australia),
New Zealand,
South Africa, and the
United States.[2] In 2013, the Priory of
Kenya and in 2014 the Priory of
Singapore were formed. Each is governed by a Prior and a Priory Chapter. Commanderies, governed by a Knight or Dame Commander and a Commandery Chapter,[3] may exist within or wholly or partly without the territory of a priory, known as Dependent or Independent Commanderies, respectively.[4] Any country without a priory or commandery of its own is assumed into the "home priory" of England and The Islands, many of these being smaller
Commonwealth of Nations states in which the order has only a minor presence.[5]
^Verzeichnis der Mitglieder der Balley Brandenburg des Ritterlichen Ordens St. Johannis vom Spital zu Jerusalem; Berlin: Johanniterorden, October, 2011; pages 22-23.
Novoa Portela, Feliciano, and Carlos De Ayala Martínez, et al. (eds.): Ritterorden im Mittelalter. Theiss: Stuttgart 2006.
ISBN3-8062-1974-5.
Riley-Smith, Jonathan: "Provincial Government and the Estate in Europe", chapter 13 of The Knights Hospitaller in the Levant, c. 1070–1309, Palgrave Macmillan, 2012,
1185–204.
Rödel, Walter G.: Das Großpriorat Deutschland des Johanniter-Ordens im Übergang vom Mittelalter zur Reformation an Hand der Generalvisitationsberichte von 1494/95 und 1540/41. Köln 1966 (Phil. Diss. Mainz 1965). 2nd ed. 1972.