This is a timeline of the presence of
Eastern Orthodoxy in Greece from 33 to 717 AD. The history of Greece traditionally encompasses the study of the
Greek people, the areas they ruled historically, as well as the territory now composing the modern state of
Greece.
Overview
Christianity was first brought to the geographical area corresponding to modern Greece by the
Apostle Paul, although the church's apostolicity also rests upon
St. Andrew who preached the gospel in Greece and suffered martyrdom in Patras,
Titus, Paul's companion who preached the gospel in Crete where he became bishop,
Philip who, according to the tradition, visited and preached in Athens,
Luke the Evangelist who was martyred in Thebes,
Lazarus of Bethany, Bishop of
Kition in Cyprus, and
John the Theologian who was exiled on the island of Patmos where he received the
Revelation recorded in the last book of the
New Testament. In addition, the
Theotokos is regarded as having visited the
Holy Mountain in 49 AD according to
tradition.[note 1] Thus Greece became the first European area to accept the
gospel of
Christ. Towards the end of the 2nd century the early apostolic bishoprics had developed into metropolitan sees in the most important cities. Such were the sees of
Thessaloniki,
Corinth,
Nicopolis,
Philippi and
Athens.[1]
By the 4th century almost the entire Balkan peninsula constituted the
Exarchate of Illyricum which was under the jurisdiction of the
Bishop of Rome. Illyricum was assigned to the jurisdiction of the
Patriarch of Constantinople by the emperor in 732. From then on the Church in Greece remained under Constantinople till the fall of the
Byzantine empire to the
Ottoman Empire in 1453. As an integral part of the
Ecumenical Patriarchate, the church remained under its jurisdiction until Greek independence.[1] Under Ottoman rule, up to "6,000 Greek clergymen, ca. 100 Bishops, and 11 Patriarchs knew the Ottoman sword".[2][3][note 2]
The
Greek War of Independence of 1821–28 created an independent southern Greece, but created anomalies in ecclesiastical relations since the Ecumenical Patriarch remained under Ottoman tutelage, and in 1850 the
Endemousa Synod in Constantinople declared the
Church of Greeceautocephalous.
The cultural roots of both Byzantine and modern Greece cannot be separated from Orthodoxy. Therefore, it was natural that in all
Greek Constitutions the Orthodox Church was accorded the status of the
prevailing religion.[9][note 3]
In the 20th century, during much of the period of communism, the Church of Greece saw itself as a guardian of Orthodoxy. It cherishes its place as the cradle of the primitive church and the Greek clergy are still present in the historic places of
Istanbul and
Jerusalem, and
Cyprus.[10] The autocephalous Church of Greece is organised into 81 dioceses, however 35 of these – known as the
Metropolises of the New Lands – are nominally under the jurisdiction of the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople but are administered as part of the Church of Greece; although the dioceses of Crete, the Dodecanese, and
Mount Athos are under the direct jurisdiction of the Patriarchate of Constantinople.[11][note 4]
The
Archbishop of Athens and All Greece presides over both a standing synod of twelve metropolitans (six from the new territories and six from southern Greece), who participate in the synod in rotation and on an annual basis, and a synod of the hierarchy (in which all ruling metropolitans participate), which meets once a year.[1]
c. 61
Barnabas, founder of
Church of Cyprus, traditionally thought to have been martyred in
Salamis;[27] Paul's ship lands at
Kaloi Limenes (Fair Havens) on the southern coast of Crete, as he was traveling as a prisoner to Rome.[33]
325 First Ecumenical Council held in Nicea, condemning
Arianism, setting the
Paschalion, and issuing the first version of the
Nicene Creed, also establishing the supremacy of honor of the Apostolic Sees as Rome, followed by Alexandria, Antioch, and Jerusalem.[105]
346 Apparition of the Sign of the
Cross over Jerusalem, in time of Patriarch Cyril, when a luminous Cross appeared over Jerusalem, stretching from Golgotha to the Mount of Olives.[118][note 22]
c. 354 Emperor Constantius II sent the
Arian bishop
Theophilos the Indian on mission to south Asia via Arabia where he is said to have converted the
Himyarites and built three churches in southwest Arabia; he is also said to have found Christians in India.[122]
c.368 Basil the Great codifies the ethical precepts of monastic life in his Asketika (sometimes mistranslated as Rules of St. Basil), thus remembered as a father of
communal monasticism in Eastern Christianity.[126][note 23]
377
Epiphanius of Salamis (Cyprus) writes Panarion (Πανάριον, "Medicine Chest"), also known as Adversus Haereses ("Against Heresies"), listing 80 heresies, some of which are not described in any other surviving documents from the time .
378 Visigoths defeat Emperor Valens at the
Battle of Adrianople, permanently weakening northern borders of the empire.
379 Death of Basil the Great; the Cappadocian FathersBasil the Great,
Gregory of Nazianzus the Theologian, and
Gregory of Nyssa set their mark on all subsequent history of the Greek churches, through Basil's On the Holy Spirit, and Rules; Gregory of Nazianzus' Five Theological Orations; and Gregory of Nyssa's polemical works against various heretical teachings.[127]
380 Christianity established as the official faith of the Roman Empire by Emperor
Theodosius the Great.
395 Re-division of Empire with death of Emperor Theodosius the Great, by which time Christianity was definitely the
state religion;[131] Theodosius I divided the prefecture of Macedonia into the provinces of Creta, Achaea, Thessalia, Epirus Vetus, Epirus Nova, and Macedonia; the Aegean islands formed the province of Insulae in the prefecture of Asiana; the placing of the cincture (sash) of the Most Holy
Theotokos in the Church of the Virgin in Halkoprateia-Constantinople (395–408).[135][136]
407 Death of John Chrysostom in exile;[138] erection of the Eudoxiana in Gaza, a large beautiful church with thirty-two large marble columns,[note 25] erected at the expense of Empress
Eudoxia during the tenure of Bp.
Porphyrios of Gaza, and
dedicated on
Pascha (14 April), 407 AD.[139][note 26]
447 Earthquake in Constantinople, when a boy was lifted up to heaven and heard the Trisagion;[147] Pope
Leo I wrote to the bishops of Sicily, rebuking them for permitting
baptism at
Epiphany, as the Greeks did, and ordering them to observe the Roman custom of baptizing on
Easter and
Whitsunday.[148]
476 Fall of the
Western Roman Empire as
Romulus Augustulus, the last Western Roman emperor, is deposed by the German
Odoacer,[158] leaving the emperor in the Greek East as the sole imperial authority, and an unstable political environment in the West where the Church of Rome slowly developed a centralized structure, concentrating religious as well as secular authority in the office of the Pope, the
Bishop of Rome.[note 30]
493 Death of
Daniel the Stylite an ascetic who lived for 33 years on a pillar near the city of Constantinople.
c. 500
Zosimus, pagan Greek historian writes Historia Nova ("New History"), a history of the Roman Empire to 410 AD, with an anti-Christian view offering a different interpretation to church affairs than from Christian sources;[159]Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite's writing corpus including the Divine Names, Mystical Theology, Celestial Hierarchy, and Ecclesiastical Hierarchy influences the development of Byzantine mystical spirituality and hesychasm through
Maximus the Confessor,
Symeon the New Theologian, and
Gregory Palamas.[159]
518 Patriarch
John II of Constantinople is addressed as "Oikoumenikos Patriarches" (Ecumenical Patriarch); the Byzantine government begins persecution of non-Chalcedonians in the east, especially in Mesopotamia.
519 Eastern and Western churches reconciled with end of
Acacian Schism.
529–534 Justinian's Corpus Juris Civilis issued, first comprehensive legal code in history of Roman Empire; Justinian's Novella 131 formulated the proposed government of universal Christendom by five patriarchal sees under the auspices of a single universal empire (
Pentarchy).
532 Justinian the Great orders building of Hagia Sophia.
533 Malta becomes part of the Byzantine Empire, being incorporated into the Byzantine province of Sicily for 337 years (533-870).[163]
537 Construction of Hagia Sophia in Constantinople completed; Justinian decrees that all dates must include the
Indiction.
649 Arabs invade and conquer Cyprus; the
Lateran Council of 649 in Rome definitively condemned
Monothelitism, being attended by 105 bishops, of which all but one were from the western portion of the Byzantine Empire.[210][note 37]
650 The Patriarchate of Constantinople counted 32 metropoles, or capitals of ecclesiastical provinces, 1 autocephalous metropolis, 34 autocephalous archbishoprics, and 352 bishoprics–a grand total of 419 dioceses.[213]
654 Invasion of Rhodes by Arabs.
662
Parthenon in Athens rededicated in honour of the
Mother of God as "
Panagia Atheniotissa" (Panagia of Athens), becoming the fourth most important pilgrimage site in the Eastern Roman Empire after Constantinople, Ephesus and Thessalonica;[214] death of
Maximus the Confessor.
663-668
Syracuse became the imperial seat of Emperor
Constans II, and passed to the
Greek Rite becoming the Metropolis of the whole Sicilian Orthodox Church.[215]
685 First monastics come to Mount Athos; emperor Justinian II is the first emperor to have the figure of the Lord
Jesus Christ stamped on a
coin.[note 39]
692 The "Pentarchy" form of government of universal Christendom by five patriarchal sees received formal ecclesiastical sanction at the Council in Trullo, held in Constantinople, which ranked the five sees as Rome, Constantinople, Alexandria, Antioch, and Jerusalem;
705 Long period of fighting begins between Trebizond in eastern Asia Minor and the Arabs.
706 Greek replaced by Arabic as administrative language in Egypt.[217]
707 Byzantines lose Balearic Islands to Moors;
710
Pope Constantine makes last papal visit to Constantinople before 1967.
^The
Theotokos is the Patron of Mount Athos, which is known as: The Garden of the Mother of God, and The Holy Mountain of Our Lady. The arrival of the
Theotokos at the Mountain is mentioned by codices L' 66 and I' 31 of the Library of
Great Lavra Monastery.
^"According to several accounts, from the
Conquest of Constantinople to the last phase of the Greek War of Independence, the Ottoman Turks condemned to death 11
Ecumenical Patriarchs of Constantinople, nearly 100 bishops, and several thousands of priests, deacons and monks (Bompolines, 1952;[4] Paparounis, no date;[5] Perantones, 1972;[6]Pouqueville, 1824;[7] Vaporis, 2000.[8])."[3]
^The provisions of the 1844 Constitution, where the Bavarian regency bequeathed the Hellenic State with a kind of
caesaropapism, were repeated in articles 1 and 2 of the 1864 Constitution; article 1 and 2 of the 1911 Constitution; article 1 of the 1927 Constitution; articles 1 and 2 of the 1952 Constitution; article 1 of the 1968 constitutional text of the
military dictatorship; and article 3 of the 1975 Constitution; (as well as article 9 of the 1925 and 1926 Constitutions, which were never enforced).
[9]
^"Codified in the 1928 Patriarchal and Synodical Act, the "
New Lands" were entrusted to the temporary stewardship of the Church of Greece, provided that the Church respected the terms of the Act. The Act subsequently has been incorporated into several pieces of Greek legislation (Laws 3615/1928, 5438/1932, 599/1977, and Article 3, paragraph 1 of the current
Greek Constitution), thereby recognizing the ecclesiastical agreement between the two sides."
^The
World Bank gives a figure of 11.30 million (2011),[14] while according to the
2011 Greek Census, the total enumerated population was 10,787,690.[15]
^According to a December 2011 nationwide survey conducted by
Metron Analysis (one of the biggest independent market research and public opinion survey companies in Greece), 95% of those polled reported that they were Orthodox Christians, while 1.5% said that they belong to some other religion, and 2.8% of the population said that they were irreligious or atheist, which is among the lowest figures in Europe.[16]
^"In 27 BC
Augustus divided the area into three provinces – Achaea, Epirus and Macedonia, the latter becoming a senatorial province. In 15
Tiberius joined the provinces of Macedonia, Achaea and Moesia under the command of a single legate, a move reversed by
Claudius in 44, who restored Macedonia and Achaea as senatorial provinces.
Nero proclaimed "freedom" for Greece in 67, which included exemption from taxes, but this proclamation was reversed by
Vespasian. By the reign of
Antoninus Pius at the very latest, Epirus was detached from Macedonia as a separate province. In
Diocletian's reorganization the area was divided into five provinces within the
Diocese of Moesia."[40]
^The Christians generally disliked it, alleging that it rendered the Messianic passages incorrectly, but
Jerome and Origen speak in its praise.
Origen incorporated it in his Hexapla.[45]
^"He was by birth a Gentile from Pontus, and is said by
Epiphanius to have been a connection by marriage of the emperor Hadrian and to have been appointed by him about the year 128 to an office concerned with the rebuilding of Jerusalem as "
Ælia Capitolina"...According to Jerome he was a disciple of Rabbi Akiba (d. A.D. 132). The Talmud states that he finished his translations under the influence of R. Akiba...It is certain, however, that Aquila's translation had appeared before the publication of
Irenæus' "Adversus Hæreses"; i.e., before 177."[46]
^"If, indeed, we could rely on
Epiphanius, the doubt would be solved, for he confidently asserts that Theodotion issued his version in 'the reign of the second Commodus' (i.e. 180–192)...On his authority the
Paschal Chronicle sets in down as 184."[51]
^"
EUSEBIUS speaks of
Pinitus, Bishop of
Gnossus, in Crete, who lived at the time of
Dionysius of Corinth. Dionysius wrote to Pinitus, "not to impose on the brethren, without necessity, too severe a burden in regard to purity, but to pay regard to the infirmity of the great bulk of the people." To which Pinitus, writing in reply, said that he admired and applauded Dionysius, but exhorted him, at the same time, to impart some time or other food which was stronger to his flock, and to feed them with writings abounding in more perfect doctrine, so that they might not remain constantly imbibing the mere milk of doctrine, and grow old under a discipline calculated for children. "In this epistle also, the correct views which Pinitus cherished, and his solicitude for those committed to his care, also his learning and intelligence in divine matters, appear evidently.""[54]
^The earliest known prayer to the
Theotokos (Greek, Θεοτόκος, meaning "Bearer of God") is a prayer found on a fragment of
papyrus dating back to approximately AD 250. In 1917, the
John Rylands Library in Manchester, England, acquired a large panel of Egyptian papyrus. The prayer is located on the fragment recorded as reference number Greek Papyrus 470. The prayer appears to be from a Coptic Christmas liturgy or vespers written in
Koine Greek although the fragment in question may be a private copy of the prayer. The prayer is still chanted in the Orthodox Church to this day at the end of nearly every
Vespers service during Lent. It is also found in the worship services of the Roman Catholic and Oriental Churches. The early date of this prayer is important for a number of reasons, one of which is that it supports our understanding that the term
Theotokos was not just a theological concept defended at the
Third Ecumenical Council in AD 431, but was already in popular use and well-known several centuries before the
Nestorian heresy. As St.
Gregory of Nazianzus stated in AD 379, "If someone does not uphold that the holy Mary is
Theotokos, he is separated from divinity" (Letter 101, PG 37, 177C). Early Christians recognized the
Theotokos as a powerful intercessor for those who are suffering and in need of protection. Christians have been seeking her intercessions from the time of the ancient Church and well over a thousand years up to this very day. The prayer reads:
Beneath thy compassion, We take refuge, O Mother of God: do not despise our petitions in time of trouble, but rescue us from dangers, only pure one, only blessed one.[67]
^"The invasions of the
Goths into the Greek-inhabited districts of the Balkan peninsula and the north and west coasts of
Anatolia began in the middle of the 3rd century. Although these plundering raids were at first restricted to Greek outposts on the northern shores of the Black Sea and along the Lower Danube, after the serious defeat of the Romans and the death of emperor Decius in the
battle of Abrittus in the
Dobrudja (251 A.D.) the situation changed fundamentally. From then on no place was safe from the daring incursions of the northern tribes. In 253 A.D. the ships of the
Goths, the
Burgundians,
Carpi, and Borani (the last probably a Sarmatian tribe) appeared for the first time in the waters of
Asia Minor. Similar expeditions repeated themselves year after year."[69]
^"
Herennius Dexippus went out against them with a small force of 2000 Athenians – that was all the city could throw into the field – and defeated one of their armies."[69]
^The Great Synaxaristes records her birth in the year 270AD, and her martyrdom at the age of 15.[73] The
Vatican suppressed her cult in 1969.[74]
^"Originally the
Rotonda formed part of a larger complex of buildings including a
triumphal arch over the
Via Egnatia, a hippodrome, an octagonal building and several palaces built by
Galerius. The Rotonda, as it is called in Greek (with an 'o'), is one of the largest, covered, round Roman buildings still standing today and it is a valuable historical monument on architectural grounds alone. The
Pantheon in Rome is a comparable structure... ...Between the 10th and the 12th centuries,
and again between 1525 and 1591, the Rotonda served as the main cathedral of Thessaloniki... ...In 1962 the Greek government declared the Rotonda a 'historical conservation monument (istoriko diatiriteo mnimeio) and an archaeological space'. And in 1986 UNESCO included it in its catalogue of international heritage monuments."[91]
^"In the history of the Roman Empire and late
Greek culture, the reign of
Constantine I forms a break. The
agreements reached at Milan in 313 A.D. between Constantine and Licinius to place Christianity on an equal footing with the other religions, and besides this to build Constantinople on the Bosporus, mark the beginning of a new era. Constantine laid the foundations of the later
Byzantine Empire, which was based on Roman political ideas, on the
Greek people and on
Greek culture. Once more, thanks to Constantine, the political and cultural primacy shifted from the West to the East."[92]
^"This law went further than
Galerius' edict of toleration in 311, "by the raising, in a formal juristic manner, of each individual church, and therefore the whole, the universal Church, to the level of a full juristic personality: this was the acknowledgement of the Church as a corpus in a juristic sense." "[97]
^He decreed that all work should cease on Sunday, except that farmers could work if necessary. This law, aimed at providing time for worship, was followed later in the same century and in subsequent centuries by further restrictions on Sunday activities.[103]
^"According to the 4th-century historian
Eusebius, in his Life of Constantine, before the victory over Maxentius (312), Constantine saw a sign of the cross in the sky and the words "
in this sign thou shalt conquer" and used it as a talisman in battle. Dating of the labarum is attested by coins issued at Constantinople (now Istanbul) after Constantine's victory over Licinius in 324."[104]
^"The
East Roman Empire was a fascinating blend of
Hellenic Culture, Christian faith, and Roman principles of administration and law. Precisely when this blend passed into the style called Byzantine is a much argued point. The inception certainly was the building of Constantinople early in the 4th century. Yet as late as the reign of
Justinian the language of the court was still officially
Latin; Justinian himself directed the great compilation in Latin of the Corpis iuris civilis, the form in which later ages knew Roman law. Justnian, however, closed the pagan philosophical schools of Athens and abolished the consulate in 541 as a meaningless survival; from this period on, arts and letters entered ever more into the distinctive Byzantine world."[110]
The First Appearance of the Cross occurred on October12, 312: Emperor Constantine the Great had a vision of the cross in broad daylight, with the inscription "
En Touto Nika" ("In this sign you will conquer").
The Second Appearance of the Cross occurred on 7 May 346: View in Jerusalem in the time of Patriarch Cyril. All the people saw the Cross of divine light spreading from Golgotha to the Mount of Olives.[118]
The Third Appearance of the Cross occurred on 14 September 1925: Appearance of the Sign of the Cross over the church of St. John the Theologian at Mount Hymettus in suburban Athens, on the eve of the feast of the Exaltation of the All-Honourable and Life-giving Cross.[119]
^Basil established guidelines for monastic life which focus on community life, liturgical prayer, and manual labour. Together with
Pachomius he is remembered as a father of
communal monasticism in Eastern Christianity.
^"Their secrecy notwithstanding, the
mysteries of Eleusis are more extensively documented than any other single Greek cult...From the earliest testimony, the Eleusinian section of the
Homeric Hymn to Demeter, to the proscription of the cult by
Theodosius and the destruction of the sanctuary by the Goths about 400 AD [396 AD], we survey a period of a thousand years. During this time the cult drew men and women from all of Greece and later from the whole of the Roman Empire."[132]
^The church was constructed directly upon the ruins of The Marneion, the temple sacred to
Zeus Marnas, who was the local Hellenistic incarnation of
Dagon. It was the last surviving great cult center of paganism, and was burned by order of the Roman emperor in 402 AD. After the Muslim conquest in the 7th century, the Church of St. Porphyrios (Eudoxiana) in Gaza City, founded as a Byzantine Church in 407 AD, was transformed into the
Great Mosque of Gaza.
^"Mobs in Alexandria lynch
Proterius, a Byzantine Chalcedonian, who had been imposed upon them. They elect
Timothy Aelurus. Rejecting the christological definitions of Chalcedon, the
Egyptian, or Coptic, church, goes its own way, becoming one of the
Oriental Orthodox churches. Small groups of Christians in Egypt and Syria, known as
Melkites, do accept the
Definition of Chalcedon. The division is generally linguistic. From this time also, the Syrian church begins the hardening of lines between the Monophysitism of
West Syrians and the sympathizers of
Nestorius among
East Syrians."[154]
^"PATAPIUS, solitary of Constantinople, native of Thebes, the subject of three homilies written upon him by
ANDREAS CRETENSIS. He lived before the 8th century: his feast is 8 Dec.."[157]
^After the fall of the Western Empire, the terms "
Greek East" and "
Latin West" are applied to areas that were formerly part of the Eastern or Western Empires, and also to areas that fell under the Greek or Latin cultural sphere but which had never been part of the Roman Empire. In this sense, particular attention is given to differences in Christianity in the two parts, specifically between
Western Christianity and
Eastern Christianity.
^"In Greece the Justinian era forms the decisive break. In 529 A.D. Justinian prohibited instruction under heathen teachers, deprived the professors of the old religion of their income, and confiscated the endowed wealth belonging to the University of Athens. With this gesture he drew the line under the history of education for an entire millennium."[162]
^"From 678 to 752, or until after Ravenna had fallen before the Lombards, out of thirteen popes, eleven were orientals... ...in the later seventh and early eighth centuries the Orientals actually formed a majority of the Roman clergy and presumably of the more influential laity as well - a thesis which seems amply substantiated by the remains of the Rome of that period."[166]
^Thessalonica, the most important city in the Balkans except for the imperial capital,
Constantinople, was besieged by the Avars and their Slavic auxiliaries for seven days, as described in the Miracles of Saint Demetrius, a collection of miracles attributed to the city's patron saint in two books, one written c. 610 and the other around 680.[186][187]
"Like
Sophronius and other writers from this period, John (Archbishop John of Thessaloniki, who composed his collection of Miracula in the 7th century) underscored the effectiveness of the
saint's intercession by demonstrating the primacy of
Demetrius' prayers over the activities of the angels. When, for example, during the Avar-Slav siege of September 586, the city was about to fall, John related that a high-ranking civilian dreamt that he saw two angels dressed as imperial guardsmen enter Demetrius' shrine and demand that he quit the city because God had ordered Thessalonica's destruction. But the saint resisted, telling the angels that the city's fate would be his: either God would relent when he heard the Saint's prayers, or he would 'perish' with the city. Shortly thereafter the city was saved and the efficacy of Demetrius' intercessions manifested. Indeed, the man who had the dream was certain that it was Demetrius who had saved the city because the figure he saw in the vision matched exactly 'the form in which he is represented in his ancient images'."[188]
^"Some modern writers maintain that the Parthenon was converted into a Christian sanctuary during the reign of
Justinian (527–65)...But there is no evidence to support this in the ancient sources. The existing evidence suggests that the Parthenon was converted into a Christian basilica in the last decade of the sixth century."[189]
^According to various scholars, the Hymn is the product of other sieges of Constantinople that took place on later dates: at 860 by the Russians, 820 by the Slovaks, or at 671 and 717–718 by the Moslems. Still others relate it to the "
Revolt of Nicas" in 539. Most scholars, however, place the Hymn on the victory of August 626 against the Persians. And since Patriarch
Sergios’ name is closely associated with it, many researchers believe that he was the author of the Hymn.[195] The Akathist Hymn (which in its present form was added to by many Ecclesiastical Hymnographers), existed for the most part even before it was formally accepted by the Church in 626 AD.
^One-fourth of the bishops were (as indicated by their names) likely of Eastern ethnicity or origin and thus probably Greek-speaking.[210][211]
^"From 614 onward the Levant suffered a series of fearful convulsions any one of which would have forced thousands of refugees across the sea. The first disaster was the Persian invasion under
Khusrau II... ...the migration to the Occident in the seventh century seems to have included almost no Coptic or Syriac speaking refugees; it was a purely Hellenic movement... ...Mohammedan histories show that a large proportion of the Greeks left the conquered regions, but it is difficult to distinguish the refugees in the Occident who retreated before the armies of Islam, from those who had previously sought safety from the Persians, and the persecution of Heraclius."[212]
^(in Greek) Bompolines, Κ. Α. (1952). The church in the struggle for freedom. Athens: no publisher given.
^(in Greek) Paparounis, Ρ.Ν. (no date). Under Turkish rule. Athens: Ekdoseis Gregoris, pp. 329–348.
^(in Greek) Perantones, Ι.Ρ. (1972). Lexicon of the neοmartyrs. Athens: no publisher is given.
^(in French)Pouqueville. (1824). Histoire de la regeneration de la Grèce. Paris: F. Didot père et fils.
^Vaporis, Ν.M. (2000). Orthodox Christian neomartyrs of the ottoman period 1437–1860. Witnesses for Christ. Crestwood, ΝΥ: St. Vladimir's Seminary Press.
^
abCharalambos K. Papastathis and Nikos Maghioros. "
Greece: A Faithful Orthodox Christian State. THE ORTHODOX CHURCH IN THE HELLENIC REPUBLIC." In: Javier Martínez-Torrón and W. Cole Durham, Jr.. Religion and the Secular State: National Reports (Issued for the occasion of the XVIIIth International Congress of Comparative Law, Washington, D.C., July 2010). Published by: Complutense Universidad de Madrid, in cooperation with The International Center for Law and Religion Studies, Brigham Young University. July 2014. pp. 339-340.
^The Globe and Mail (Canada's National Newspaper). "Orthodox Church at Crossroads." 10 November 1995. p. A14.
^Victor Roudometof. Greek Orthodoxy, Territoriality, and Globality: Religious Responses and Institutional Disputes. Report.Sociology of Religion. Vol. 69 No. 1. 22 March 2008. Pg. 67(25).
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^"
Europe: Greece."CIA – The World Factbook. Page last updated on 7 May 2013. Retrieved: 21 May 2013.
^Dr. Kathryn Tsai. A Timeline of Eastern Church History. Divine Ascent Press, Point Reyes Station, CA, 2004. p.14.
^
abDr. Kathryn Tsai. A Timeline of Eastern Church History. Divine Ascent Press, Point Reyes Station, CA, 2004. p.15.
^Neil Asher Silberman. "The World of Paul: Regional Surveys in Greece and Asia Minor Point to the Impact of Roman Rule on the Spread of Christianity."Archaeology. 49.6 (November–December 1996): p30.
^Gregory of Tours. In: Monumenta Germaniae Historica II, cols. 821–847. Transl. in M.R. James: The Apocryphal New Testament (Oxford) Reprinted 1963:369.
^F. Dvornik. "The Idea of Apostolicity in Byzantium and the Legend of the Apostle Andrew." Dumbarton Oaks Studies. IV (Cambridge) 1958.
^
abWilliam Smith, Henry Wace."
Theodotion." In: A Dictionary of Christian Biography, Literature, Sects and Doctrines: Being a Continuation of 'The Dictionary of the Bible', Volume 4: N-Z. London: Little, Brown & Company, 1887. pp. 971.
^23 October/ 10 October. HOLY TRINITY RUSSIAN ORTHODOX CHURCH (A parish of the Patriarchate of Moscow).
^Rev.
Sabine Baring-Gould (M.A.). "S. PINITUS B. (ABOUT A.D. 180.)" In: The Lives of the Saints. Volume the Eleventh: October – Part I. London: John C. Nimmo, 1898. p. 223.
^Bacchus, Francis Joseph. "
Symmachus the Ebionite."The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 14. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1912. Retrieved: 15 May 2013.
^Dr. Kathryn Tsai. A Timeline of Eastern Church History. Divine Ascent Press, Point Reyes Station, CA, 2004. p.37.
^David Bentley Hart. The Story of Christianity: An Illustrated History of 2000 Years of the Christian Faith. London: Quercus Editions Ltd. 2011 edition. p. 44.
^
abcdHermann Bengtson. History of Greece: From the Beginnings to the Byzantine Era. Translated and Updated by Edmund F. Bloedow. University of Ottawa Press, 1988. pp. 343–344.
^Charles Stewart. Who Owns the Rotonda?: Church vs. State in Greece.ANTHROPOLOGY TODAY Vol 14 No 5, October 1998. pp. 3-4.
^
abHermann Bengtson. History of Greece: From the Beginnings to the Byzantine Era. Translated and Updated by Edmund F. Bloedow. University of Ottawa Press, 1988. pp. 345–346.
^Dr. Kathryn Tsai. A Timeline of Eastern Church History. Divine Ascent Press, Point Reyes Station, CA, 2004. pp.66–67.
^Dr. Kathryn Tsai. A Timeline of Eastern Church History. Divine Ascent Press, Point Reyes Station, CA, 2004. p.67.
^
abDavid Bentley Hart. The Story of Christianity: An Illustrated History of 2000 Years of the Christian Faith. London: Quercus Editions Ltd. 2011 edition. p. 57.
^Dr. Kathryn Tsai. A Timeline of Eastern Church History. Divine Ascent Press, Point Reyes Station, CA, 2004. p.71.
^Dr. Kathryn Tsai. A Timeline of Eastern Church History. Divine Ascent Press, Point Reyes Station, CA, 2004. p.73.
^White, Lynn, Jr.. "The Byzantinization of Sicily."The American Historical Review. Vol. 42, No. 1 (Oct., 1936). p.5.
^(in French)Janin, Raymond (1953). La Géographie ecclésiastique de l'Empire byzantin. 1. Part: Le Siège de Constantinople et le Patriarcat Oecuménique. 3rd Vol. : Les Églises et les Monastères. Paris: Institut Français d'Etudes Byzantines. p.232.
^Rev. James Gammack, (M.A., LL.D., Aberdeen). "PATAPIUS." In:
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Henry Wace. A Dictionary of Christian Biography, Literature, Sects and Doctrines. Volume IV: Naamanes—Zuntfredus. London: John Murray, 1887. p. 198.
^Hermann Bengtson. History of Greece: From the Beginnings to the Byzantine Era. Translated and Updated by Edmund F. Bloedow. University of Ottawa Press, 1988. pp. 349.
^Marshall Cavendish Corporation. World and Its Peoples. Volume 6 of Italy, Malta, and San Marino. Marshall Cavendish, 2010. p. 843.
^
abcDr. Kathryn Tsai. A Timeline of Eastern Church History. Divine Ascent Press, Point Reyes Station, CA, 2004. p.113.
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abDr. Kathryn Tsai. A Timeline of Eastern Church History. Divine Ascent Press, Point Reyes Station, CA, 2004. p. 128.
^
abEkonomou, Andrew J. Byzantine Rome and the Greek Popes: Eastern influences on Rome and the papacy from Gregory the Great to Zacharias, A.D. 590-752. Lexington Books, 2007. p. 113.
^White, Lynn, Jr.. "The Byzantinization of Sicily."The American Historical Review. Vol. 42, No. 1 (Oct. 1936). p.9.
^
abWhite, Lynn, Jr.. "The Byzantinization of Sicily."The American Historical Review. Vol. 42, No. 1 (Oct., 1936). pp. 7-11.
^Vailhé, Siméon. "
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^Edward Banning, (Special to The Globe and Mail). Byzantine Coins Led Way In Using Christ's Image.The Globe and Mail. Saturday 18 April 1987, Page C20.
^Macquarie University: Faculty of Arts, Department of Ancient History. AHPG898 Coptic Dialects. Unit Guide Semester 1, 2012. p.15.
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"Timeline of Orthodoxy in Greece"
Timothy S. Miller. Medieval Byzantine Christianity. Ed. by Derek Krueger. A People's History of Christianity, Vol. 3. Minneapolis, Fortress Press. 2006. pp. 252.
Donald Nicol. Church and Society in Byzantium. Cambridge University Press, 2008.
Fr.
Robert F. Taft (S.J.), Patriarch Athenagoras Orthodox Institute. Through Their Own Eyes: Liturgy as the Byzantines Saw It. InterOrthodox Press, 2006. 172pp.
^The ROC
severed full communion with the Ecumenical Patriarchate in 2018, and later severed full communion with the
primates of the Church of Greece, the Patriarchate of Alexandria, and the Church of Cyprus in 2020.
^
abcdefghAutocephaly or autonomy is not universally recognized.
^UOC-MP was moved to formally cut ties with the ROC as of May 27th 2022.
^
abSemi-autonomous part of the
Russian Orthodox Church whose autonomy is not universally recognized.