From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Science prizes established by Run Run Shaw
Award
Saul Perlmutter ,
Adam Riess and
Brian P. Schmidt (from left to right) jointly won the 2006 astronomy prize
The Shaw Prize refers to three annual awards presented by the Shaw Prize Foundation in the fields of
astronomy ,
medicine and
life sciences , and
mathematical sciences . Established in 2002 in
Hong Kong
[1] by Hong Kong entertainment mogul and
philanthropist
Run Run Shaw (邵逸夫),
[2] the awards honour "individuals who are currently active in their respective fields and who have recently achieved distinguished and significant advances, who have made outstanding contributions in academic and scientific research or applications, or who in other domains have achieved excellence."
[3] The prize has been described as the "Nobel of the East".
[4]
[5]
[6]
[7]
Award
The prize consists of three awards in the fields of
astronomy ,
life science and
medicine , and
mathematical sciences ; it is not awarded posthumously. Nominations are submitted by invited individuals beginning each year in September. Winners are announced in the summer and receive the award at a ceremony in early autumn. Each award consists of a gold medal, a certificate and
USD $1.2 million (USD$1 million before 2015). The front of the medal bears a portrait of
Shaw and the name of the prize in
English and
Traditional Chinese characters ; the back bears the year, category, laureate's name and a quotation from the
Chinese
philosopher
Xunzi "制天命而用之" (translated to English as "Grasp the law of nature and make use of it").
[8]
As of 2022, there have been 99 Shaw Laureates.
[9] 16
Nobel laureates -
Jules A. Hoffmann ,
Bruce Beutler ,
Saul Perlmutter ,
Adam Riess ,
Shinya Yamanaka ,
Robert Lefkowitz ,
Brian Schmidt ,
Jeffrey C. Hall ,
Michael Rosbash ,
Michael W. Young ,
Kip Thorne ,
Rainer Weiss ,
Jim Peebles ,
Michel Mayor ,
Reinhard Genzel , and
David Julius - are Shaw Laureates. The inaugural laureate of the Shaw Prize in Astronomy was
Jim Peebles , honored for his contributions to
cosmology . Two inaugural prizes were awarded for the Shaw Prize in Life Science and Medicine:
Stanley Norman Cohen ,
Herbert Boyer and
Yuet Wai Kan jointly won one of them for their research in
DNA while
physiologist
Richard Doll won the other for his contribution to
cancer epidemiology .
Shiing-Shen Chern was awarded the inaugural Shaw Prize in Mathematical Sciences for his work on
differential geometry .
Shaw Laureates
Astronomy
Year
Portrait
Laureate
[a]
Country
[b]
Rationale
[c]
2004
P. James E. Peebles
United States
For his groundbreaking contribution to
cosmology . He laid the foundations for almost all modern investigations in cosmology, both
theoretical and
observational , transforming a highly speculative field into a precision science.
[10]
[11]
2005
Geoffrey Marcy
United States
For finding and characterizing the
orbits and
masses of the first
planets around other
stars , thereby revolutionizing our understanding of the processes that form planets and
planetary systems .
[12]
[13]
Michel Mayor
Switzerland
2006
Saul Perlmutter
United States
For discovering that the
expansion rate of the
universe is
accelerating , implying in the simplest interpretation that the
energy density of space is non-vanishing even in the absence of any matter and radiation.
[14]
[15]
Adam Riess
United States
Brian Schmidt
Australia
2007
Peter Goldreich
United States
In recognition of his lifetime achievements in
theoretical astrophysics and
planetary sciences .
[16]
[17]
2008
Reinhard Genzel
Germany
In recognition of his outstanding contributions in demonstrating that the
Milky Way contains a
supermassive black hole at its
centre .
[18]
[19]
2009
Frank H. Shu (徐遐生)
United States
In recognition of his outstanding life-time contributions in
theoretical astronomy .
[20]
[21]
2010
Charles L. Bennett
United States
For their leadership of the
Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) experiment, which has enabled precise determinations of the fundamental cosmological parameters, including the
geometry ,
age and composition of the universe.
[22]
[23]
Lyman A. Page Jr.
United States
David N. Spergel
United States
2011
Enrico Costa
Italy
For their leadership of space missions that enabled the demonstration of the cosmological origin of
gamma ray bursts , the brightest sources known in the
universe .
[24]
[25]
Gerald J. Fishman
United States
2012
David Jewitt
United States
For their discovery and characterization of
trans-Neptunian bodies , an archeological treasure dating back to the formation of the
Solar System and the long-sought source of
short period comets .
[26]
[27]
Jane Luu
United States
2013
Steven A. Balbus
United Kingdom
For their discovery and study of the
magnetorotational instability , and for demonstrating that this instability leads to turbulence and is a viable mechanism for
angular momentum transport in astrophysical
accretion disks .
[28]
[29]
John F. Hawley
United States
2014
Daniel Eisenstein
United States
For their contributions to the measurements of features in the large-scale structure of galaxies used to constrain the cosmological model including baryon acoustic oscillations and redshift-space distortions.
[30]
[31]
Shaun Cole
United Kingdom
John A. Peacock
United Kingdom
2015
William J. Borucki
United States
For his conceiving and leading the
Kepler Mission , which greatly advanced knowledge of both extrasolar planetary systems and stellar interiors.
[32]
[33]
2016
Ronald W. P. Drever
United Kingdom
For conceiving and designing the
Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory (LIGO), whose recent direct detection of
gravitational waves opens a new window in astronomy, with the
first remarkable discovery being the merger of a pair of stellar mass
black holes .
[34]
[35]
Kip S. Thorne
United States
Rainer Weiss
United States
2017
Simon D. M. White
Germany
For his contributions to understanding structure formation in the
Universe . With powerful numerical simulations he has shown how small density fluctuations in the early Universe
develop into
galaxies and other nonlinear structures, strongly supporting a
cosmology with a flat geometry, and dominated by
dark matter and a
cosmological constant .
[36]
[37]
2018
Jean-Loup Puget
France
For his contributions to
astronomy in the
infrared to submillimetre spectral range. He detected the
cosmic far-infrared background from past star-forming
galaxies , and proposed
aromatic hydrocarbon
molecules as a constituent of
interstellar matter . With the
Planck space mission , he has dramatically advanced our knowledge of
cosmology in the presence of interstellar matter foregrounds.
[38]
[39]
2019
Edward C. Stone
United States
For his leadership in the
Voyager project , which has, over the past four decades, transformed our understanding of the four
giant planets and the
outer Solar System , and has now begun to explore
interstellar space .
[40]
[41]
2020
Roger D. Blandford
United States
For his foundational contributions to
theoretical astrophysics , especially concerning the fundamental understanding of
active galactic nuclei , the formation and collimation of
relativistic jets , the energy extraction mechanism from
black holes , and the acceleration of particles in shocks and their relevant radiation mechanisms.
[42]
[43]
2021
Victoria M. Kaspi
Canada
For their contributions to our understanding of
magnetars , a class of highly magnetized
neutron stars that are linked to a wide range of spectacular, transient astrophysical phenomena. Through the development of new and precise observational techniques, they confirmed the existence of neutron stars with ultra-strong magnetic fields and characterized their physical properties. Their work has established magnetars as a new and important class of astrophysical objects.
[44]
[45]
Chryssa Kouveliotou
United States
2022
Lennart Lindegren
Sweden
For their lifetime contributions to space
astrometry , and in particular for their role in the conception and design of the
European Space Agency ’s
Hipparcos and
Gaia missions.
[46]
[47]
Michael Perryman
Ireland
2023
Matthew Bailes
Australia
For the discovery of fast radio bursts (FRBs).
[48]
Duncan Lorimer
United States
Maura McLaughlin
United States
Life science and medicine
Year
Portrait
Laureate
[a]
Country
[b]
Rationale
[c]
2004
[d]
Stanley N. Cohen
United States
For their discoveries on
DNA cloning and
genetic engineering .
[11]
[49]
Herbert W. Boyer
United States
Yuet-Wai Kan
United States
For his discoveries on
DNA polymorphism and its influence on
human genetics .
[11]
[49]
2004
[d]
Richard Doll
United Kingdom
For his contribution to modern
cancer epidemiology .
[11]
[49]
2005
Michael Berridge
United Kingdom
For his discoveries on
calcium signalling in the regulation of
cellular activity.
[50]
[51]
2006
Xiaodong Wang
United States
For his discovery of the biochemical basis of
programmed cell death , a vital process that balances cell birth and defends against
cancer .
[52]
[53]
2007
Robert Lefkowitz
United States
For his relentless elucidation of the major
receptor system that mediates the
response of cells and organs to
drugs and
hormones .
[54]
[55]
2008
[e]
Keith H. S. Campbell
United Kingdom
For their recent pivotal innovations in reversing the process of
cell differentiation in
mammals , a phenomenon which advances our knowledge of
developmental biology and holds great promise for the treatment of human diseases and improvements in
agriculture practices.
[56]
[57]
Ian Wilmut
United Kingdom
Shinya Yamanaka
Japan
2009
Douglas L. Coleman
United States
For their work leading to the discovery of
leptin , a
hormone that regulates
food intake and
body weight .
[58]
[59]
Jeffrey M. Friedman
United States
2010
David Julius
United States
For his seminal discoveries of molecular mechanisms by which the
skin senses
painful stimuli and
temperature and produces
pain hypersensitivity .
[60]
[61]
2011
Jules A. Hoffmann
France
For their discovery of the molecular mechanism of
innate immunity , the first line of defense against
pathogens .
[62]
[63]
Ruslan M. Medzhitov
United States
Bruce A. Beutler
United States
2012
Franz-Ulrich Hartl
Germany
For their contributions to the understanding of the molecular mechanism of
protein folding . Proper protein folding is essential for many cellular functions.
[64]
[65]
Arthur L. Horwich
United States
2013
Jeffrey C. Hall
United States
For their discovery of molecular mechanisms underlying
circadian rhythms .
[66]
[67]
Michael Rosbash
United States
Michael W. Young
United States
2014
Kazutoshi Mori
Japan
For their discovery of the
Unfolded Protein Response of the
endoplasmic reticulum , a
cell signalling pathway that controls
organelle homeostasis and quality of
protein export in
eukaryotic cells .
[68]
[69]
Peter Walter
United States
2015
Bonnie L. Bassler
United States
For elucidating the molecular mechanism of
quorum sensing , a process whereby
bacteria communicate with each other and which offers innovative ways to interfere with
bacterial pathogens or to modulate the
microbiome for health applications.
[70]
[71]
E. Peter Greenberg
United States
2016
Adrian P. Bird
United Kingdom
For their discovery of the
genes and the
encoded proteins that recognize
one chemical modification of the
DNA of
chromosomes that influences gene control as the basis of the
developmental disorder
Rett syndrome .
[72]
[73]
Huda Y. Zoghbi
United States
2017
Ian R. Gibbons
United States
For their discovery of
microtubule-associated
motor proteins : engines that power cellular and intracellular movements essential to the growth, division, and survival of human
cells .
[74]
[75]
Ronald D. Vale
United States
2018
Mary-Claire King
United States
For her mapping the first
breast cancer
gene . Using mathematical modeling, King predicted and then demonstrated that breast cancer can be caused by a single gene. She mapped the gene which facilitated its cloning and has saved thousands of lives.
[76]
[77]
2019
Maria Jasin
United States
For her work showing that localized
double strand breaks in
DNA stimulate recombination in
mammalian
cells . This seminal work was essential for and led directly to the tools enabling editing at specific sites in mammalian
genomes .
[78]
[79]
2020
Gero Miesenböck
Austria
For the development of
optogenetics , a technology that has revolutionized
neuroscience .
[80]
[81]
Peter Hegemann
Germany
Georg Nagel
Germany
2021
Scott D. Emr
United States
For the landmark discovery of the
ESCRT (Endosomal Sorting Complex Required for Transport) pathway, which is essential in diverse processes involving
membrane biology, including
cell division ,
cell-surface receptor regulation,
viral dissemination , and
nerve axon pruning . These processes are central to life, health and disease.
[82]
[83]
2022
Paul A. Negulescu
United States
For landmark discoveries of the molecular, biochemical, and functional defects underlying
cystic fibrosis and the identification and development of medicines that reverse those defects and can treat most people affected by this disorder. Together, these discoveries and medicines are alleviating human suffering and saving lives.
[84]
[85]
Michael J. Welsh
United States
2023
Patrick Cramer
Germany
For pioneering structural biology that enabled visualisation, at the level of individual atoms, of the protein machines responsible for gene transcription, one of life’s fundamental processes. They revealed the mechanism underlying each step in gene transcription, how proper gene transcription promotes health, and how dysregulation causes disease.
[48]
Eva Nogales
Spain &
United States
Mathematical sciences
Year
Portrait
Laureate
[a]
Country
[b]
Rationale
[c]
2004
Shiing-Shen Chern (陳省身)
China
For his initiation of the field of global
differential geometry and his continued leadership of the field, resulting in beautiful developments that are at the centre of contemporary mathematics, with deep connections to
topology ,
algebra and analysis, in short, to all major branches of mathematics of the last sixty years.
[86]
[87]
2005
Andrew John Wiles
United Kingdom
For his
proof of
Fermat's Last Theorem .
[88]
[89]
2006
David Mumford
United States
For David Mumford's contributions to mathematics, and to the new interdisciplinary fields of
pattern theory and
vision research ; and for Wentsun Wu's contributions to the new interdisciplinary field of mathematics mechanization.
[90]
[91]
Wentsun Wu (吳文俊)
China
2007
Robert Langlands
United States
For initiating and developing a
grand unifying vision of mathematics that connects
prime numbers with symmetry.
[92]
[93]
Richard Taylor
United Kingdom
2008
Vladimir Arnold
Russia
For their widespread and influential contributions to
Mathematical Physics .
[94]
[95]
Ludwig Faddeev
Russia
2009
Simon K. Donaldson
United Kingdom
For their many brilliant contributions to
geometry in
3 and
4 dimensions .
[96]
[97]
Clifford H. Taubes
United States
2010
Jean Bourgain
United States
For his profound work in
mathematical analysis and its application to
partial differential equations ,
mathematical physics ,
combinatorics ,
number theory ,
ergodic theory and
theoretical computer science .
[98]
[99]
2011
Demetrios Christodoulou
Switzerland
For their highly innovative works on
nonlinear partial differential equations in
Lorentzian and
Riemannian geometry and their applications to
general relativity and
topology .
[100]
[101]
Richard S. Hamilton
United States
2012
Maxim Kontsevich
France
For his pioneering works in
algebra ,
geometry and
mathematical physics and in particular
deformation quantization ,
motivic integration and
mirror symmetry .
[102]
[103]
2013
David L. Donoho
United States
For his profound contributions to modern
mathematical statistics and in particular the development of optimal algorithms for statistical estimation in the presence of
noise and of efficient techniques for
sparse representation and recovery in large data-sets.
[104]
[105]
2014
George Lusztig
United States
For his fundamental contributions to
algebra ,
algebraic geometry , and
representation theory , and for weaving these subjects together to solve old problems and reveal beautiful new connections.
[106]
[107]
2015
Gerd Faltings
Germany
For their introduction and development of fundamental tools in
number theory , allowing them as well as others to resolve some longstanding classical problems.
[108]
[109]
Henryk Iwaniec
United States
2016
Nigel J. Hitchin
United Kingdom
For his far-reaching contributions to
geometry ,
representation theory and
theoretical physics . The fundamental and elegant concepts and techniques that he has introduced have had wide impact and are of lasting importance.
[110]
[111]
2017
János Kollár
Hungary
For their remarkable results in many central areas of
algebraic geometry , which have transformed the field and led to the solution of long-standing problems that had appeared out of reach.
[112]
[113]
Claire Voisin
France
2018
Luis A. Caffarelli
Argentina
For his groundbreaking work on
partial differential equations , including creating a theory of regularity for
nonlinear equations such as the
Monge-Ampère equation , and
free-boundary problems such as the
obstacle problem , work that has influenced a whole generation of researchers in the field.
[114]
[115]
2019
Michel Talagrand
France
For his work on
concentration inequalities , on
suprema of
stochastic processes and on rigorous results for
spin glasses .
[116]
[117]
2020
Alexander Beilinson
United States
For their huge influence on and profound contributions to
representation theory , as well as many other areas of mathematics.
[118]
[119]
David Kazhdan
Israel
2021
Jean-Michel Bismut
France
For their remarkable insights that have transformed, and continue to transform, modern
geometry .
[120]
[121]
Jeff Cheeger
United States
2022
Noga Alon
Israel
For their remarkable contributions to
discrete mathematics and
model theory with interaction notably with
algebraic geometry ,
topology and
computer sciences .
[122]
[123]
Ehud Hrushovski
Israel
2023
Vladimir Drinfeld
United States
For their contributions related to mathematical physics, to arithmetic geometry, to differential geometry and to Kähler geometry.
[48]
Shing-Tung Yau
United States
See also
Notes
References
^
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^
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^
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^
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^
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^
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