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Posthumous painting of Genghis Khan

The Baljuna Covenant was an oath sworn in mid-1203 by Temüjin—the future Genghis Khan (depicted)—and the Baljunatu, a small group of companions. Temüjin, khan of the Mongols, had steadily risen in power through the late 12th century in the service of Toghrul, the khan of the Kereit tribe. However, Temüjin was betrayed by Toghrul in early 1203 and subsequently suffered a decisive defeat. He retreated to Baljuna, an unidentified body of water in south-eastern Mongolia, and amidst deprivations swore an oath of mutual fidelity with his companions. Not only did the Covenant promote Temüjin's ideals of social equality, but the oath-takers were themselves ethnically and culturally diverse—among their number were Tengrists like Temüjin, Christians, Muslims, and Buddhists. Three years later in 1206, Temüjin entitled himself Genghis Khan at a kurultai and honoured the Baljunatu with the highest distinctions of his new Mongol Empire. ( Full article...)

Sundial destroyed by the Merry Gang

• ... that members of the aristocratic Merry Gang during the Stuart Restoration fought watchmen and destroyed a valuable royal sundial (pictured)?
• ... that across her first three albums, Alessia Cara co-wrote 43 songs ranging in themes from teenage life, to her insecurities about writing music alone, to the five stages of grief?
• ... that Carson Spiers and four of his relatives have played for the Clemson Tigers?
• ... that the historical lands and fishing grounds of the Skinpah were buried underwater by the construction of The Dalles Dam?
• ... that one year after Private Harris Turner was blinded in battle, his fellow soldiers elected him to the Legislative Assembly of Saskatchewan?
• ... that Saints Peter and Paul Seminary, the last Catholic high school seminary in Ohio before its closure in 1990, was designed with influences from Chinese architecture?
• ... that John Byrne retold the origin of Superman in the 1986 comic book limited series The Man of Steel, 48 years after the character was created?
• ... that the Canadian rock band Rainbow Butt Monkeys changed their name to " Finger Eleven" before releasing their second album Tip?

Katalin Karikó

• Katalin Karikó (pictured) and Drew Weissman are awarded the Nobel Prize in Medicine for discoveries that led to the mRNA vaccines against COVID-19.
• In Australian rules football, Collingwood defeat the Brisbane Lions to win the AFL Grand Final.
• A suicide bombing kills more than 50 people in Mastung, Pakistan.
• Waheeda Rehman receives the Dadasaheb Phalke Award for her work in Hindi cinema.

October 2: International Day of Non-Violence; Gandhi Jayanti in India

Thurgood Marshall

• 1470 – With King Edward IV of England forced to flee to the Burgundian Netherlands after a rebellion organised by Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick, Henry VI was restored to the throne of England.
• 1766 – As part of wider food riots, citizens in Nottingham, England, looted large quantities of cheese; one man was killed during attempts to restore order.
• 1879 – Qing China signed the Treaty of Livadia with the Russian Empire, but the terms were so unfavorable that the Chinese government refused to ratify the treaty.
• 1913 – The Shubert Theatre opened on Broadway with a production of Hamlet.
• 1967 – Thurgood Marshall (pictured) was sworn in as the first African-American justice of the Supreme Court of the United States.