Republic of China (Taiwan) [1] 中華民國 [a] Zhōnghuá Mínguó
Flag Emblem
Anthem:  “ National Anthem of the Republic of China” 《中華民國國歌》 “ National Flag Anthem” 《中華民國國旗歌》
Taiwanese territory is shown in red.
Capital	Taipei [2] 25°02′N 121°38′E / 25.033°N 121.633°E / 25.033; 121.633
Largest city	New Taipei
Official languages	Mandarin [3]
Recognised regional languages	Taiwanese Hokkien Hakka Chinese Formosan languages [4]
Official scripts	Traditional Chinese
Ethnic groups	98% Ethnic Chinese [5] [6]  70% Hoklo  14% Hakka  14% Mainlanders [7] 2% Taiwanese aborigines [8]
Demonym(s)	Taiwanese [9] [10] [11] or Chinese or both
Government	Presidential republic
•  President	Ma Ying-jeou
•  Vice President	Vincent Siew
•  Premier	Wu Den-yih
•  President of the Legislative Yuan	Wang Jin-pyng
Establishment
• Founding of the Republic of China	1 January 1912
•  End of Japanese rule in Taiwan	25 October 1945
•  Government relocated to Taipei	7 December 1949
Area
• Total	36,191 km2 (13,973 sq mi) ( 136th)
• Water (%)	10.34
Population
• 2011 estimate	23,174,528 [12] [b] ( 49th)
• Density	640/km2 (1,657.6/sq mi) ( 16th)
GDP ( PPP)	2011 estimate
• Total	$900,210 billion [13] ( 19th)
• Per capita	$39,245 [13] ( 20th)
GDP (nominal)	2011 estimate
• Total	$489.387 billion [13] ( 24th)
• Per capita	$21,832 [13] ( 37th)
Gini (2008)	34.1 [14] Error: Invalid Gini value
HDI (2010)	0.868* [15] [16] Error: Invalid HDI value
Currency	New Taiwan dollar (NT$) ( TWD)
Time zone	UTC +8 ( CST)
• Summer ( DST)	UTC +8 (not observed)
Date format	yyyy-mm-dd yyyy年m月d日 ( CE; CE+2697) or 民國yy年m月d日
Driving side	right
Calling code	+886
ISO 3166 code	TW
Internet TLD	.tw, .台灣, [17] .台湾
a. ^ See also Names of China. b. ^ Population and density ranks based on 2008 figures.

Taiwan ( listen ^ⓘ; 台灣; pinyin: Táiwān), officially the Republic of China, is a sovereign state based on an island in East Asia. Besides the island of Taiwan, the state also governs Penghu, Quemoy, Matsu, and other minor islands. Neighboring states include the People's Republic of China to the west, Japan to the east and northeast, and the Philippines to the south. The capital is Taipei.

The Dutch East India Company had a trading post on Taiwan in the 17th century. The Dutch were ousted in 1662 by loyalists to China's Ming dynasty, and the island was later ruled by the Qing dynasty. Taiwan was acquired by Japan in 1895 as a result of the Sino-Japanese War. It was returned to China in 1945 at the end of World War II. The division between Taiwan and the mainland originated in 1949, when the Kuomintang, or Nationalist Party, was defeated by the Communists in the Chinese Civil War, fled the mainland, and relocated to Taiwan.

Today, Taiwan is a thriving multi-party democracy that has a presidential system and universal suffrage. It experienced rapid economic growth, industrialization, and democratization during the latter half of the twentieth century. Despite its controversial political status, Taiwan is an industrialized advanced economy. It is one of the Four Asian Tigers and a member of the WTO and APEC. The 19th-largest economy in the world: its advanced technology industry plays a key role in the global economy. It is ranked highly in terms of freedom of the press and health care.

Names

The Constitution of the Republic of China, still in effect in Taiwan, gives the name of the state as Republic of China. ^[18] During the 1950s and 1960s, it was common to refer to the ROC as Nationalist China to differentiate it from the communist regime in Beijing. ^[19] After Taipei lost its U.N. membership in 1971, international usage shifted to "Taiwan". Under the Taiwan Relations Act of 1979, the U.S. government uses "Taiwan" exclusively. ^[6] Since the 2000s, the Taiwanese government has been using Republic of China (Taiwan) as a long-form name, with Taiwan as a short form. ^[1] Due to pressure from the PRC, Taiwan participates in the Olympics and in other international organizations mostly under the moniker of Chinese Taipei. ^[20]

Until the 1960s, the island was usually called "Formosa." This name means "beautiful" in Portuguese and originated in the 16th century. ^[21] The name "Taiwan" is derived from Tayouan, the name of a 17th-century Dutch trading post. ^[22] This, in turn, is probably based on an aboriginal word. ^[22] The Chinese characters for "Taiwan" ( 台灣) have the literal meaning "terraced bay," but their intended meaning is phonetic only. ^[23] In early Chinese usage, the name was written 台 員. ^[23]

History

Prehistory and early settlements

Evidence of human settlement in Taiwan dates back 30,000 years. About 4,000 years ago, ancestors of current Taiwanese aborigines settled in Taiwan. These aborigines are classified genetically and linguistically as Austronesian peoples. ^[24]

Chinese first settled in the Penghu islands in the 1200s, but Taiwan's hostile tribes and its lack of the resources valued in that era rendered it unattractive to all but "occasional adventurers or fishermen engaging in barter" until the 16th century. ^[25]

Around 1540, Taiwan's main political entity was the Kingdom of Middag, located in the central western plains. Later in that century, the population in the traditional Middag territories rose to oppose heavy labor imposed by the Chinese authorities, and was brutally quelled by Qing troops and collaborative tribes in 1732, a year after the initial uprising. After this turmoil came to an end, a supra-tribal leadership apparently ceased to exist in the island's central-western plains. The descendants of the Middag either assimilated into the ethnic Chinese population or migrated to present-day Puli, a basin township surrounded by high mountains in central Taiwan.

European settlement

In 1544, as the Kingdom of Middag was being founded, a Portuguese ship sighted the main island of Taiwan and named it Ilha Formosa, which means "Beautiful Island". In 1624, the Dutch established a commercial base on Taiwan and began to import workers from Fujian and Penghu (Pescadores) as laborers, many of whom settled. The Dutch had a trading post was at Tayoan City, present day Anping, Tainan. The name "Taiwan" is derived from Tayoan. The Dutch military presence was concentrated at Castle Zeelandia. ^[26] In 1626, the Spanish occupied Keelong and Tanshui in northern Taiwan. They remained for 16 years.

Kingdom of Tungning

Chinese naval and troop forces of Southern Fujian defeated the Dutch in 1662, subsequently expelling the Dutch government and military from the island. They were led by Koxinga (Zheng Chenggong). Following the fall of the Ming Dynasty, Koxinga retreated to Taiwan as a self-styled Ming loyalist and established the Kingdom of Tungning (1662–1683). Koxinga established his capital at Tainan and he and his heirs, Zheng Jing, who ruled from 1662 to 1682, and Zheng Keshuang, who served less than a year, continued to launch raids on the south-east coast of mainland China well into the Qing Dynasty, attempting to recapture mainland China.

Qing Dynasty rule

In 1683, following the defeat of Koxinga's grandson by Admiral Shi Lang, the Qing annexed Taiwan, placing it under the jurisdiction of Fujian province. Immigrants from Fujian continued to arrive in Taiwan. The border between taxpaying lands and "savage" lands shifted eastward, with some aborigines Sinicizing while others retreated into the mountains. During this time, there were a number of conflicts between ethnic Chinese from different regions of Fujian, and between ethnic Chinese and aborigines.

Northern Taiwan and the Penghu Islands were the scene of fighting in the Sino-French War (August 1884 to April 1885). The French occupied Keelung and the Penghu Islands briefly in 1884-1885. A French attempt to capture Tamsui. Several battles were fought around Keelung between Liu Ming-ch'uan's Army of Northern Taiwan and Colonel Jacques Duchesne's Formosa Expeditionary Corps. The Keelung Campaign, despite some notable French tactical victories, ended in a stalemate. The Pescadores Campaign was a French victory, but had no long-term consequences. The French evacuated both Keelung and the Penghu archipelago at the end of the war.

In 1885, the Qing upgraded Taiwan's status from prefecture of Fujian to a full province, with its capital at Taipei. This was accompanied by a modernization drive that included building Taiwan's first railroad and creating a postal service. ^[27]

Japanese rule

Japan had sought to control Taiwan since 1592, when Toyotomi Hideyoshi began extending Japanese influence overseas. In 1609, the Tokugawa Shogunate sent Arima Harunobu on an exploratory mission. In 1616, Murayama Toan led an unsuccessful invasion of the island.

In 1871, an Okinawan vessel shipwrecked on the southern tip of Taiwan and the crew of fifty-four was beheaded by the Paiwan aborigines. The Ryūkyū Kingdom kept a tributary relationship with Great Qing Empire at the same time was subordinate to Satsuma Domain of Japan. When Japan sought compensation from Qing China, it was first rejected because Qing considered the incident an internal affair since Taiwan was a prefecture of Fujian Province of Qing and the Ryūkyū Kingdom was a tributary of Qing. When Japanese foreign minister Soejima Taneomi asked the compensation again claiming four of the victims were Japanese citizens from Okayama prefecture of Japan, Qing officials rejected the demand on the grounds that the "wild" and "unsubjugated" aboriginals ( simplified Chinese: 台湾生番; traditional Chinese: 台灣生番; pinyin: Táiwān shēngfān) were outside its jurisdiction. Such aboriginals were treated extremely harshly; American consul J.W. Davidson described how the Chinese in Taiwan ate and traded in their aboriginal victims' flesh. ^[28] The open renunciation of sovereignty led to a Japanese invasion of Taiwan. In 1874, an expeditionary force of three thousand troops was sent to the island. There were about thirty Taiwanese and 543 Japanese casualties (twelve in battle and 531 by endemic diseases for the Japanese side). ^{[29] [30] [31]}

The Qing Dynasty was defeated in the First Sino-Japanese War (1894–1895) and Taiwan and Penghu were ceded in full sovereignty to the Empire of Japan. Inhabitants wishing to remain Qing subjects were given a two-year grace period to sell their property and move to mainland China. Very few Taiwanese saw this as feasible. ^[32]

On 25 May 1895, a group of pro-Qing high officials proclaimed the Republic of Formosa to resist impending Japanese rule. Japanese forces entered the capital at Tainan and quelled this resistance on 21 October 1895.^{[ citation needed]}

The Japanese rulers were instrumental in the industrialization of the island; they extended the railroads and other transportation networks, built an extensive sanitation system and revised the public school system. Japanese rule ended the practice of headhunting. ^[33] During this period, both rice and sugarcane production greatly increased. By 1939, Taiwan was the seventh greatest sugar producer in the world. ^[34] Still, the Taiwanese and Aborigines were classified as second- and third-class citizens. Large-scale violence continued in the first decade of rule. Japan launched over 160 battles to destroy Taiwan's aboriginal tribes during its 51-year rule of the island ...' ^[35] Around 1935, the Japanese began an island-wide assimilation project to bind the island more firmly to the Japanese Empire and people were taught to see themselves as Japanese. During World War II, tens of thousands of Taiwanese served in the Japanese military. ^[36] For example, former President Lee Teng-hui's elder brother served in the Japanese navy and died while on duty in the Philippines in February 1945.

The Imperial Japanese Navy operated heavily out of Taiwan. The " South Strike Group" was based out of the Taihoku Imperial University in Taiwan. Many of the Japanese forces participating in the Aerial Battle of Taiwan-Okinawa were based in Taiwan. Important Japanese military bases and industrial centers throughout Taiwan, like Kaohsiung, were targets of heavy American bombing. ^[37]

Taiwan under Empire of Japan rule ended after it lost World War II and signed the Instrument of Surrender of Japan on 14 August 1945. But the Japanese rule had long lasting effects on Taiwan. Education became compulsory for school age children. Significant parts of Taiwanese infrastructure were started under the Japanese rule. The current Presidential Building was also built during that time. In 1938 there were 309,000 Japanese settlers in Taiwan. ^[38] After World War II, most of the Japanese were repatriated to Japan.

Nationalist rule

On 25 October 1945, the US Navy ferried Chinese troops to Taiwan to accept the surrender of Japanese military forces. General Rikichi Andō, the Japanese commander, signed the surrender document and transferred control to General Chen Yi. Chen Yi proclaimed a Retrocession Day of Taiwan." ^[39] The administration of Chen Yi was strained by social and economic woes such as hyperinflation. Cultural and linguistic conflicts between Taiwanese and the mainland Chinese quickly led to a loss of popular support. ^[40] In the 228 incident, an estimated 20,000-30,000 civilians were executed by the army. This was follow by a crackdown referred to as the White Terror. ^[41]

The Nationalists, led by President Chiang Kai-shek, relocated from Nanjing to Taipei in 1949 at the end of the Chinese Civil War. Despite the fact that they now governed only Taiwan, Quemoy and the Matsu Islands, the Nationalists continued to claim sovereignty over all China. In mainland China, the Communists established the PRC, which also claims to be the sole legitimate Chinese government. ^[42]

Some 2 million people, mainly soldiers and Kuomintang party members, as well China's intellectual and business elite, fled mainland China at this time. The Nationalists transferred various national treasures to Taiwan, as well as the nation's gold and foreign currency reserves. ^[43]

The White Terror included a 38-period of martial law, the longest anywhere in the world. Many thousands were arrested, tortured, imprisoned and executed for their alleged opposition to the Kuomintang Party. Since many of these people were from the intellectual and social elite, an entire generation of political and social leaders was decimated. It was not until 2008 that a public apology was made. No form of restitution or compensation has ever been made. ^[44]

Little distinction was made between the government and the Nationalist party, so public property, government property, and party property was largely interchangeable. Many government workers required to become KMT members, while party workers were paid salaries and promised retirement benefits as if they were government employees. The creation of opposition parties was outlawed, and many political opponents were persecuted or incarcerated.^{[ citation needed]}

From 1948 to 1987, Taiwan was a one-party state under martial law. The Temporary Provisions Effective During the Period of Communist Rebellion gave the president enhanced constitutional authority and suspended term limits. Later, presidents Chiang Ching-kuo and Lee Teng-hui democratized the system, and the issue of the political status of Taiwan has resurfaced.

In the 1950s, Taiwan was caught up in the world-wide Cold War. The Soviet Union backed the Communists, while the United States backed the Nationalists. There were two international crises focusing on the Taiwan Straits, and the Communists repeatedly bombarded Nationalist-held Quemoy and Matsu. Anticipating a return to the mainland, the Nationalists built up military fortifications. As part of this effort, former KMT soldiers built the Central Cross-Island Highway through the Taroko Gorge in the 1950s. Under Project National Glory, the Nationalists conducted numerous night raids on Communist-held territory well into the 1960s. During the Second Taiwan Strait Crisis in September 1958, Taiwan received Nike-Hercules missile batteries.

During the 1960s and 1970s, Taiwan developed into a prosperous, industrialized nation, one of the so called Four Asian Tigers. This Taiwan Miracle was possible because the fiscal regime was independent of the mainland, because the US provided economic aid, and because demand for Taiwanese products in the US was strong. ^[45] In the 1970s, Taiwan had the second fastest growing economy in Asia (after Japan). ^[46] However, martial law and the KMT monopoly on power continued. Western nations and the United Nations regarded the Nationalists as the legitimate rulers of China until the early 1970s, when most nations switched recognition to Beijing.

Post-Martial Law

Chiang Kai-shek's successor, his son Chiang Ching-kuo, began to liberalize Taiwan's political system in mid-1980s. In 1984, the younger Chiang selected Lee Teng-hui, an ethnically Taiwanese and U.S.-educated technocrat, to be his vice president. In 1986, the Democratic Progressive Party (DPP) was formed and inaugurated as the first opposition party in Taiwan to counter the KMT. A year later Chiang Ching-kuo lifted martial law.

After the death of Chiang Ching-kuo in January 1988, Dr. Lee Teng-hui succeed as president and became the first ethnically Taiwanese president of Taiwan. Lee continued to democratize the government and decrease the concentration of government authority in the hands of mainland Chinese. Under Lee, Taiwan underwent a process of localization. Taiwanese culture and history were promoted, while the Chinese nationalist views were de-emphasized. Banknote were issued by the Central Bank, rather than the Provincial Bank of Taiwan, and the Taiwan Provincial Government was streamlined, with most of its functions transferred to the Executive Yuan. The members of the Legislative Yuan and National Assembly who were elected in 1947 to represent mainland Chinese constituencies were forced to resign in 1991. Restrictions on the use of the Taiwanese dialect in the broadcast media and in schools were lifted. During later years of Lee's administration, he was involved in corruption controversies relating to government release of land and weapons purchases, although no legal proceedings commenced.

Lee was elected in 1996 by the first popular vote held in Taiwan. In 2000, Chen Shui-bian, leader of the Democratic Progressive Party, was elected as the first non-Kuomintang president. Chen was re-elected in 2004. The island politics is now dominated by the conservative Pan-Blue Coalition led by the KMT, and the pro-independence Pan-Green Coalition led by the DPP.

On 30 September 2007, the ruling DPP approved a resolution asserting separate identity from China and called for the enactment of a new constitution for a "normal country". It also called for general use of "Taiwan" as the island's name, without abolishing its formal name, the Republic of China. ^[47] The Chen administration also pushed for referendums on national defense and UN entry in the 2004 and 2008 elections, but these failed due to low voter turnout. ^[48] The Chen administration was dogged by public concerns over low economic growth, legislative gridlock due to an opposition controlled Legislative Yuan, and corruption involving the First Family as well as government officials. ^{[49] [50]}

The KMT increased its majority in the Legislative Yuan in the January 2008 legislative elections. Campaigning on a platform of increased economic growth, and better ties with the Beijing under a policy of " mutual nondenial", KMT nominee Ma Ying-jeou won the presidency in March. ^[48] China experienced strong economic growth after joining the World Trade Organization, making economic cooperation more attractive. Despite Ma's election, diplomatic and military tension with China continues. ^[51]

Political status

Taiwan's political status is a contentious issue. China claims that the Taiwanese government is illegitimate, referring to it as the "Taiwan Authority". Taiwan, however, with its own constitution, independently elected president and a large army, continues to view itself as an independent sovereign state. Its current territory has never been controlled by the PRC. ^{[52] [53]} Internationally, there is controversy on whether the ROC still exists as a state or a defunct state per international law due to the loss of membership/recognition in the United Nations and lack of wide diplomatic recognition. According to a poll taken by the TVBS in 2010, the majority of Taiwanese residents—64%—opt for the status quo (i.e. no independence, no unification with mainland China), while 19% favor independence and 5% unification. ^[54]

The political environment of cross-Strait relations is complicated by the potential for military conflict should overt actions toward independence or reunification be taken. It is the official policy of China to use force to ensure reunification if peaceful reunification is no longer possible, as stated in its anti-secession law, and for this reason there are substantial military installations on the Fujian coast. ^{[55] [56]} China supports a version of the One-China policy, which states that Taiwan and mainland China are both part of 'China', and that the People's Republic of China is the only legitimate government of 'China'. It uses this policy to prevent the international recognition of Taiwan as an independent sovereign state. For its part, China appears to find the retention of the name "Republic of China" more acceptable than an official declaration of an independent Taiwan. With the rise of the Taiwanese independence movement, the name "Taiwan" has been employed increasingly more often on the island. ^[57]

Within Taiwan, opinions are polarized between those supporting unification, represented by the Pan-Blue Coalition of parties, and those supporting independence, represented by the Pan-Green Coalition. The KMT, the largest Pan-Blue party, supports the status quo for the indefinite future with a stated ultimate goal of unification. However, it does not support unification in the short term with the China as such a prospect would be unacceptable to most of its members and the public. ^[58] Ma Ying-jeou, chairman of the KMT and the current President, has set out democracy, economic development to a level near that of Taiwan, and equitable wealth distribution as the conditions that China must fulfill for reunification to occur. ^[59] On 2 September 2008, El Sol de México asked President Ma Ying-jeou about his views on the subject of " two Chinas" and if there was a solution for the sovereignty issues between the two. The President replied that the relations are neither between two Chinas nor two states, but a special relationship. Further, he stated that the sovereignty issues between the two cannot be resolved at present, but he quoted the " 1992 Consensus", currently accepted by both sides, as a temporary measure until a solution becomes available. ^[60] President Ma Ying-jeou has reasserted the ROC's claim to be the sole legitimate government of China and the claim that mainland China is part of ROC's territory. ^[61] He does not, however, actively seek reunification, and prefers to maintain an ambiguous status quo in order to improve relations with China. ^[62]

The DPP, the largest Pan-Green party, officially seeks independence, but in practice also supports the status quo because its members and the public would not accept the risk of provoking China. ^{[63] [64]} Former President Chen Shui-bian of the Democratic Progressive Party stated during his administration that any decision should be decided through a public referendum. Both parties' current foreign policy positions support actively advocating Taiwanese participation in international organizations, but while the KMT accepts the One-China principle, the DPP encourages the participation of Taiwan as a sovereign state.

Politics

The constitution of the Republic of China was drafted before the fall of mainland China to the Communists. It was created by the KMT for the purpose of all of its claimed territory, including Taiwan, even though the Chinese Communist party boycotted the drafting of the constitution. The constitution went into effect on 25 December 1947. ^[65] Martial law existed from 1948 until 1987. Political reforms beginning in the late 1970s and continuing through the early 1990s liberalized Taiwan from an authoritarian one-party state into a multiparty democracy. Since then some constitutional components that were originally meant for the whole of China have been suspended; this process of amendment continues. In 2000, the Democratic Progressive Party (DPP) won the presidency, ending the KMT's historical single-party rule.

The tension between the two Chinas colors most of the political life in Taiwan, and any government move towards "Taiwan independence" is met by threat of military attack from China. ^[66] China's official policy is to reunify Taiwan and mainland China under the formula of " one country, two systems" and refuses to renounce the use of military force, especially should Taiwan seek a declaration of independence. ^[67]

The political scene in Taiwan is generally divided into two major camps in terms of views on cross-strait relations. Tthe Pan-Blue Coalition, composed of the pro-unification and center-right Kuomintang (KMT, majority party), People First Party (PFP), and New Party, believe that the ROC is the sole legitimate government of "China" (including Taiwan) and supports eventual Chinese reunification. The opposition Pan-Green Coalition is composed of the pro-independence Democratic Progressive Party (DPP, majority party) and the centrist Taiwan Solidarity Union (TSU); it regards Taiwan as an already independent, sovereign state synonymous with the ROC, opposes the definition that Taiwan is part of "China", and seeks wide diplomatic recognition and an eventual declaration of formal Taiwan independence. ^[68]

The Pan-Green camp tends to favor emphasizing the Republic of China as being a distinct country from China. Thus, in September 2007, the then ruling Democratic Progressive Party approved a resolution asserting separate identity from China and called for the enactment of a new constitution for a "normal country". It called also for general use of "Taiwan" as the country's name, without abolishing its formal name, the "Republic of China". ^[69] Some members of the coalition, such as former President Chen Shui-bian, argue that it is unnecessary to proclaim independence because "Taiwan is already an independent, sovereign country" and the Republic of China is the same as Taiwan. ^[70] Native Taiwanese President Lee Teng-hui, whilst being part of the Pan-Blue coalition, also held a similar view and was a supporter of the Taiwanization movement during his presidency. ^[71]

Pan-Blue members generally support the concept of the One-China policy, which states that there is only one China and that its only government is the ROC. They favor eventual re-unification of China. ^[72] The more mainstream Pan-Blue position is to lift investment restrictions and pursue negotiations with China to immediately open direct transportation links. Regarding independence, the mainstream Pan-Blue position is to maintain the status quo, while refusing immediate reunification. ^[58] President Ma Ying-jeou stated that there will be no unification nor declaration of independence during his presidency. ^{[61] [73]} As of 2009, Pan-Blue members usually seek to improve relationships with mainland China, with a current focus on improving economic ties. ^[74]

Roughly 84% of Taiwan's population descends from Han Chinese who migrated from mainland China between 1661 and 1895. Another significant fraction descends from Han Chinese who immigrated from mainland China in the 1940s and 1950s. But between 1895 and the present, Taiwan and mainland China have shared a common government for only 4 years. The shared cultural origin combined with several hundred years of geographical separation, some hundred years of political separation and foreign influences, as well as hostility between the rival Taiwan and China have resulted in national identity being a contentious issue with political overtones. Since democratization and the lifting of martial law, a distinct Taiwanese identity (as opposed to Taiwanese identity as a subset of a Chinese identity) is often at the heart of political debates. Its acceptance makes the island distinct from mainland China, and therefore may be seen as a step towards forming a consensus for de jure Taiwan independence. ^[75]

The pan-green camp supports a distinct Taiwanese identity, while the pan-blue camp supports a Chinese identity only. ^[72] The KMT has downplayed this stance in the recent years and now supports a Taiwanese identity as part of a Chinese identity. ^{[76] [77]} A survey, conducted in July 2009, showed that 82.8% of respondents consider that Taiwan and China are two separate countries developing each on its own. ^[78] A survey conducted in December 2009 showed that 62% of the respondents consider themselves as Taiwanese only, and 22% of the respondents consider themselves as both Taiwanese and Chinese. 8% consider themselves as only Chinese. The survey also shows that among 18–29 year old respondents, 75% consider themselves as Taiwanese only. ^[79]

Government

The government of the Republic of China was founded on its Constitution and Three Principles of the People, which states that "[the ROC] shall be a democratic republic of the people, to be governed by the people and for the people." ^[80] The government is divided into five administrative branches (Yuan): the Control Yuan, the Examination Yuan, the Executive Yuan, the Judicial Yuan, and the Legislative Yuan. The Pan-Blue Coalition and Pan-Green Coalition are presently the dominant political blocs in the country.

The head of state and commander-in-chief of the armed forces is the President, who is elected by popular vote for a four-year term on the same ticket as the Vice-President. The President has authority over the Yuan. The President appoints the members of the Executive Yuan as his cabinet, including a Premier, who is officially the President of the Executive Yuan; members are responsible for policy and administration. ^[80]

Taiwan's political system is unusual. The Premier is selected by the President without the need for approval from the Legislature, but the Legislature can pass laws without regard for the President, as neither he nor the Premier wields veto power. ^[80] Thus, there is little incentive for the President and the Legislature to negotiate on legislation if they are of opposing parties. After the election of the pan-Green's Chen Shui-bian as President in 2000, legislation repeatedly stalled because of deadlock with the Legislative Yuan, which was controlled by a pan-Blue majority. ^[81] Historically, the ROC has been dominated by strongman single party politics. This legacy has resulted in executive powers currently being concentrated in the office of the President rather than the Premier, even though the Constitution does not explicitly state the extent of the President's executive power. ^[82]

The main legislative body is the unicameral Legislative Yuan with 113 seats. Seventy-three are elected by popular vote from single-member constituencies; thirty-four are elected based on the proportion of nationwide votes received by participating political parties in a separate party list ballot; and six are elected from two three-member aboriginal constituencies. Members serve three-year terms. Originally the unicameral National Assembly, as a standing constitutional convention and electoral college, held some parliamentary functions, but the National Assembly was abolished in 2005 with the power of constitutional amendments handed over to the Legislative Yuan and all eligible voters of the Republic via referendums. ^[80]

The Judicial Yuan is the highest judicial organ. It interprets the constitution and other laws and decrees, judges administrative suits, and disciplines public functionaries. The President and Vice-President of the Judicial Yuan and fifteen Justices form the Council of Grand Justices. They are nominated and appointed by the President of the Republic, with the consent of the Legislative Yuan. The highest court, the Supreme Court, consists of a number of civil and criminal divisions, each of which is formed by a presiding Judge and four Associate Judges, all appointed for life. In 1993, a separate constitutional court was established to resolve constitutional disputes, regulate the activities of political parties and accelerate the democratization process. There is no trial by jury but the right to a fair public trial is protected by law and respected in practice; many cases are presided over by multiple judges. ^[80]

The Control Yuan is a watchdog agency that monitors (controls) the actions of the executive. It can be considered a standing commission for administrative inquiry and can be compared to the Court of Auditors of the European Union or the Government Accountability Office of the United States. ^[80] The Control Yuan is sometimes also compared to an ombudsman or national human rights institution.^{[ citation needed]} The Examination Yuan is in charge of validating the qualification of civil servants. It is based on the old Imperial examination system used in premodern China. It can be compared to the European Personnel Selection Office of the European Union or the Office of Personnel Management of the United States. ^[80]

Administrative regions

According to the 1947 constitution, written and promulgated whilst the ROC government still controlled mainland China, the territory of the ROC consisted of provinces, special municipalities, as well as Mongolia and Tibet. However, the ROC has controlled only two provinces since its retreat – the Taiwan Province and some islands of Fujian Province. These two provincial governments have been streamlined and transferred their function to the central government (Fujian since 1956 and Taiwan since 1998).^{[ citation needed]} The Pratas Islands (Dong-Sha) and Taiping Island in the Spratly Islands were placed under Kaohsiung administration after the retreat to Taiwan. ^[83]

Taiwan Province is divided into 12 counties and 3 provincial cities, while Fujian Province is divided into 2 counties. 5 direct-controlled special municipalities have been created out of territory initially belonging to Taiwan Province:

• Taipei City, formerly a provincial city of Taiwan Province, was elevated as a special municipality in 1967.
• Kaohsiung City, formerly a provincial city of Taiwan Province, was elevated as a special municipality in 1979. In 2010, a new Kaohsiung special municipality was established by merging former Kaohsiung County of Taiwan Province with the existing Kaohsiung City.
• New Taipei City, formerly Taipei County of Taiwan Province, was elevated as a special municipality in 2010.
• Taichung City was established by merging Taichung provincial city and Taichung County of Taiwan Province in 2010.
• Tainan City was established by merging Tainan provincial city and Tainan County of Taiwan Province in 2010.

According to Article 4 of the Local Government Act, laws pertaining to special municipalities also apply to counties with a population exceeding 2 million. Currently, this provision is applied to Taoyuan County.

Foreign relations

Before 1928, the foreign policy of Republican China was complicated by a lack of internal unity—competing centers of power all claimed legitimacy. This situation changed after the defeat of the Peiyang Government by the Kuomintang, which led to widespread diplomatic recognition of the Republic of China. ^[84] After the KMT retreat to Taiwan, most countries, notably the countries in the Western Bloc, continued to maintain relations with the ROC. Due to diplomatic pressure, recognition gradually eroded and many countries switched recognition to the People's Republic of China in the 1970s.

The ROC was a founding member of the United Nations and held China's seat on the Security Council until 1971, when it was expelled by General Assembly Resolution 2758 and replaced in all UN organs with the PRC. Multiple attempts by the ROC to rejoin the UN have not made it past committee. ^[85] The seat of China at the United Nations is currently occupied by the PRC.

Due to its limited international recognition, the Taiwan is a member of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization, represented by a ROC government funded organization, the Taiwan Foundation for Democracy (TFD) under the name "Taiwan". ^{[86] [87]}

Diplomatic relations

China refuses to have diplomatic relations with any nation that recognizes Taiwan, and requires all nations with which it has diplomatic relations to make a statement recognizing its claims to Taiwan. ^[88] As a result, there are only 11 states that have official diplomatic relations with Taiwan. In practice, most countries treat Taiwan as an independent state and as such maintain unofficial relations with it. ^[89]

Unofficial relations are retained with most countries via de facto embassies and consulates called Taipei Economic and Cultural Representative Offices (TECRO), with branch offices called "Taipei Economic and Cultural Offices" (TECO). Both TECRO and TECO are "unofficial commercial entities" in charge of maintaining diplomatic relations, providing consular services (i.e. visa applications), and serving the national interests of Taiwan in other countries. ^[90]

The United States maintains unofficial relations through the instrumentality of the American Institute in Taiwan, which is the de facto embassy of the US. ^[91]

Participation in international events and organizations

Also due to its One China policy, China only participates in international organizations where Taiwan is not recognized as a sovereign country. Each year since 1992, the ROC has petitioned the UN for entry but has been unsuccessful. Most member states, including the United States, do not wish to discuss the issue of the ROC's political status for fear of souring diplomatic ties with China. ^[92] However, both the US and Japan publicly support the ROC's bid for membership in the World Health Organization as an observer. ^[93] However, though the ROC has applied for WHO membership every year since 1997 under various denominations, their efforts have consistently been blocked by China.

At present, the politically neutral name " Chinese Taipei" is usually used in international events such as the Olympic Games where China is also a party. ^[94] Taiwan is typically barred from using its national anthem and national flag in international events due to Chinese pressure; Taiwanese spectators attending events such as the Olympics are often barred from bringing ROC flags into venues. ^[95] The ROC is able to participate as "China" in organizations that China does not participate in, such as the World Organization of the Scout Movement.

The relationship with China and the related issues of Taiwanese independence and Chinese reunification continue to dominate politics. ^[96] For any particular resolution, public favor shifts greatly with small changes in wording, illustrating the complexity of public opinion on the topic. ^[97]

Military

The Republic of China Army takes its roots in the National Revolutionary Army, which was established by Sun Yat-sen in 1925 in Guangdong with a goal of reunifying China under the Kuomintang. When the People's Liberation Army won the Chinese Civil War, much of the National Revolutionary Army retreated to Taiwan along with the government. It was later reformed into the Republic of China Army. Units which surrendered and remained in mainland China were either disbanded or incorporated into the People's Liberation Army.

Today, Taiwan maintains a large and technologically advanced military, mainly as defense against the constant threat of invasion by China under its anti-secession law. ^[56] From 1949 to the 1970s, the primary mission of the military was to "retake the mainland." As this mission has shifted to defense, the military has begun to shift emphasis from the traditionally dominant Army to the air force and navy. Control of the armed forces has also passed into the hands of the civilian government. ^[98] As the military shares historical roots with the KMT, the older generation of high ranking officers tends to have Pan-Blue sympathies. However, many have retired and there are many more non-mainlanders enlisting in the armed forces in the younger generations, so the political leanings of the military have moved closer to the public norm in Taiwan. ^[99]

The military began a force reduction program to scale down from a level of 450,000 in 1997 to 380,000 in 2001. ^[100] As of 2009, the armed forces number approximately 300,000, ^[101] with nominal reserves totaling 3.6 million as of 2005. ^[102] Conscription remains universal for qualified males reaching age eighteen, but as a part of the reduction effort many are given the opportunity to fulfill their draft requirement through alternative service and are redirected to government agencies or defense related industries. ^[103] Current plans call for a transition to a predominantly professional army over the next decade. ^{[104] [105]} Conscription periods are planned to decrease from 14 months to 12. ^[106] In the last months of the Bush administration, Taipei took the decision to reverse the secular trend of declining defense spending, at a time when most Asian countries kept on reducing their military expenditures. It also decided to modernize both defensive and offensive capabilities. Taipei still keeps a large military apparatus relative to the island’s population: defense expenditures for 2008 were NTD 334 billion (approximately U.S. $10.5 billion), which accounted for 2.94% of GDP.

The armed forces' primary concern at this time is the possibility of an attack by China, consisting of a naval blockade, airborne assault and/or missile bombardment. Four upgraded Kidd class destroyers were recently purchased from the United States, significantly upgrading Taiwan's air defense and submarine hunting abilities. ^[107] The Ministry of National Defense planned to purchase diesel-powered submarines and Patriot anti-missile batteries from the United States, but its budget has been stalled repeatedly by the opposition- Pan-Blue Coalition controlled legislature. The defense package was stalled from 2001–2007 where it was finally passed through the legislature and the US responded on 3 October 2008, with a $6.5 billion arms package including PAC III Anti-Air defense systems, AH-64D Apache Attack helicopters and other arms and parts. ^[108] A significant amount of military hardware has been bought from the United States, and, as of 2009, continues to be legally guaranteed by the Taiwan Relations Act. ^[109] In the past, France and the Netherlands have also sold military weapons and hardware to the military, but stopped almost entirely in the 1990s under pressure from China. ^{[110] [111]}

The first line of defense against invasion by China is the Taiwanese armed forces. Current military doctrine is to hold out against an invasion or blockade until the US military responds. ^[112] There is, however, no guarantee in the Taiwan Relations Act or any other treaty that the United States will defend Taiwan, even in the event of invasion. ^[113] The joint declaration on security between the US and Japan signed in 1996 may imply that Japan would be involved in any response. However, Japan has refused to stipulate whether the "area surrounding Japan" mentioned in the pact includes Taiwan, and the precise purpose of the pact is unclear. ^[114] The Australia, New Zealand, United States Security Treaty (ANZUS Treaty) may mean that other US allies, such as Australia, could theoretically be involved. ^[115] In practice, the risk of losing economic ties with China may prevent Australia from taking action. ^[116] The United States, United Kingdom, Japan, South Korea, Australia, Canada, Chile, and Peru conduct maritime exercises in the Pacific Ocean every 2 years called RIMPAC. They are conducted to promote stability and to be able to respond in case of an armed conflict in the region – that includes an invasion of Taiwan by China. ^[117]

Geography

The main island of Taiwan is 180 kilometers from the southeastern coast of China, across the Taiwan Strait, and has an area of 35,881 km² (13,853.7 sq mi). Including Penghu Islands, the area administered is 36,008 km² (13,902.8 sq mi). ^[118] The East China Sea lies to the north, the Philippine Sea to the east, the Luzon Strait to the south and the South China Sea to the southwest. The island is characterized by the contrast between the eastern two-thirds, consisting mostly of rugged mountains running in five ranges from the northern to the southern tip of the island, and the flat to gently rolling Chianan Plains in the west that are also home to most of Taiwan's population. Taiwan's highest point is Yu Shan at 3,952 meters. There are five other peaks over 3,500 meters. This makes it the world's fourth-highest island. ^[119] Taroko National Park, located on the mountainous eastern side of the island, has good examples of mountainous terrain, gorges and erosion caused by a swiftly flowing river.

The shape of the main island is similar to a sweet potato seen in a south-to-north direction, and therefore, Taiwanese, especially the Min-nan division, often call themselves "children of the Sweet Potato." ^[120]

Geology

The island lies in a complex tectonic area between the Yangtze Plate to the west and north, the Okinawa Plate on the north-east, and the Philippine Mobile Belt on the east and south. The upper part of the crust on the island features a series of terranes, mostly old island arcs which have been forced together by the collision of the forerunners of the Eurasian Plate and the Philippine Sea Plate. These have been further uplifted as a result of the detachment of a portion of the Eurasian Plate as it was subducted beneath remnants of the Philippine Sea Plate, a process which left the crust under Taiwan more buoyant. ^[121]

The east and south of Taiwan are a complex system of belts formed by, and part of the zone of, active collision between the North Luzon Trough portion of the Luzon Volcanic Arc and South China, where accreted portions of the Luzon Arc and Luzon forearc form the eastern Coastal Range and parallel inland Longitudinal Valley of Taiwan respectively. ^[122]

The major seismic faults in Taiwan correspond to the various suture zones between the various terranes. These have produced major quakes throughout the history of the island. On 21 September 1999, a 7.3 quake known as the " 921 earthquake" occurred. The seismic hazard map for Taiwan by the USGS shows 9/10 of the island with the highest rating (most hazardous). ^[123]

On 4 March 2010 at about 01:20 UTC, a magnitude 6.4 earthquake hit southern Taiwan. ^[124]

Climate

Taiwan lies on the Tropic of Cancer. Its southern tip lies about 10 miles further north than Oahu, Hawaii and roughly 25 miles further north than Cancun, Mexico. Its climate is marine tropical. ^[125] The northern part of the island has a rainy season that lasts from January through late March during the northeast monsoon, and experiences meiyu in May. ^[126] The entire island experiences hot, humid weather from June through September. The middle and southern parts of the island do not have an extended monsoon season during the winter months. Natural hazards such as typhoons and earthquakes ^[127] are common in the region.

Environment and pollution

With its high population density and many factories, some areas in Taiwan suffer from heavy pollution. Most notable are the southern suburbs of Taipei and the western stretch from Tainan to Lin Yuan, south of Kaohsiung. In the past, Taipei suffered from extensive vehicle and factory air pollution, but with mandatory use of unleaded petrol and the establishment of the Environmental Protection Agency, the air quality of Taiwan has improved dramatically. ^[128] Motor scooters, especially older or cheaper two-stroke versions, which are ubiquitous in Taiwan, also contribute disproportionately to urban air pollution. ^{[129] [130]}

Natural resources

Because of the intensive exploitation throughout Taiwan's pre-modern and modern history, the island's mineral resources (e.g. coal, gold, marble), as well as wild animal reserves (e.g. deer), have been virtually exhausted. Moreover, much of its forestry resources, especially firs were harvested during Japanese rule for the construction of shrines and have only recovered slightly since then. To this day, forests do not contribute to significant timber production mainly because of concerns about production costs and environmental regulations.

Camphor extraction and sugarcane refining played an important role in Taiwan's exportation from the late 19th century through the first half of the 20th century. The importance of the above industries subsequently declined not because of the exhaustion of related natural resources but mainly of the decline of international market demands.

Nowadays, few natural resources with significant economic value are retained in Taiwan, which are essentially agriculture-associated. Domestic agriculture (rice being the dominant kind of crop) and fisheries retain importance to a certain degree, but they have been greatly challenged by foreign imports since Taiwan's accession to the World Trade Organization in 2001. Consequently, upon the decline of subsistent importance, Taiwan's agriculture now relies heavily on the marketing and exportation of certain kinds of specialty fruits, such as banana, guava, lychee, wax apple, and high-mountain tea.

Energy resources

Taiwan has significant coal deposits and some insignificant petroleum and natural gas deposits. As of 2010 ^[update], oil accounts for 49.0 percent of the total energy consumption. Coal comes next with 32.1 percent, followed by nuclear energy with 8.3 percent, natural gas (indigenous and liquefied) with 10.2 percent, and energy from renewable sources with 0.5 percent. Taiwan has 6 reactors and two under construction. ^[131] Nearly all oil and gas for transportation and power needs must be imported, making Taiwan particularly sensitive to fluctuations in energy prices. Taiwan is rich in wind energy resources, with wind farms both onshore and offshore, though limited land area favors offshore wind resources.

Economy

The quick industrialization and rapid growth of Taiwan during the latter half of the twentieth century has been called the " Taiwan Miracle". Taiwan is one of the " Four Asian Tigers" alongside Hong Kong, South Korea and Singapore.

Japanese rule prior to and during World War II brought changes in the public and private sectors, most notably in the area of public works, which enabled rapid communications and facilitated transport throughout much of the island. The Japanese also improved public education and made it compulsory for all Taiwanese citizens.

By 1945, hyperinflation was in progress in mainland China and Taiwan as a result of the war with Japan. To isolate Taiwan from it, the Nationalist government created a new currency area for the island, and started a price stabilization program. These efforts helped significantly slow the inflation. In 1950, with the outbreak of the Korean War, the US began an aid program which resulted in fully stabilized prices by 1952. ^[132] The KMT government instituted many laws and land reforms that it had never effectively enacted on mainland China; it implemented a policy of import-substitution, and it attempted to produce imported goods domestically. Much of this was made possible through US economic aid, subsidizing the higher cost of domestic production.

When the KMT arrived in Taiwan, it brought millions of taels of gold and the foreign currency reserve of mainland China to the island, which, according to the KMT, stabilized prices and reduced hyperinflation. ^[133] The intellectual and business elites from mainland China also fled to Taiwan. ^[134] The KMT instituted many laws and land reforms that it had never effectively enacted on mainland China. The government also implemented a policy of import-substitution, attempting to produce imported goods domestically. Much of this was made possible through US economic aid, which subsidized domestic production.

In 1962, Taiwan had a per-capita gross national product of $170, placing its economy on a par with those of Zaire and Congo. By 2008 per-capita GNP, adjusted for purchasing power parity (PPP), had risen to $33,000, contributing to a Human Development Index equivalent to that of other developed countries. Taiwan's HDI in 2007 is 0,943 (25th, very high), ^[135] and stands at 0,868 in 2010 (18e, very high), according to the UN's new calculating method ("Inequality-adjusted HDI").

Today Taiwan has a dynamic, capitalist, export-driven economy with gradually decreasing state involvement in investment and foreign trade. In keeping with this trend, some large government-owned banks and industrial firms are being privatized. ^[136] Real growth in GDP has averaged about 8% during the past three decades. Exports have provided the primary impetus for industrialization. The trade surplus is substantial, and foreign reserves are the world's fifth largest. ^[137] Taiwan has its own currency, the New Taiwan dollar.

Since the beginning of the 1990s, the economic ties between Taiwan and China have been prolific. As of 2008, more than US$150 billion ^[138] have been invested in China by Taiwanese companies, and about 10% of the Taiwanese labour force work in China, often to run their own businesses. ^[139] Although the economy of Taiwan benefits from this situation, some have expressed the view that the island has become increasingly dependent on the Chinese economy. A 2008 white paper by the Department of Industrial Technology states that "Taiwan should seek to maintain stable relation with China while continuing to protect national security, and avoiding excessive 'Sinicization' of Taiwanese economy." ^[140] Others argue that close economic ties between Taiwan and China would make any military intervention by China against Taiwan very costly, and therefore less probable. ^[141]

In 2001, agriculture constitutes only 2 percent of GDP, down from 35 percent in 1952. ^[142] Traditional labor-intensive industries are steadily being moved offshore and with more capital and technology-intensive industries replacing them. Taiwan has become a major foreign investor in China, Thailand, Indonesia, the Philippines, Malaysia, and Vietnam. It is estimated that some 50,000 Taiwanese businesses and 1,000,000 businesspeople and their dependents are established in China. ^[143]

Taiwan’s total trade in 2010 reached an all-time high of US$526.04 billion, according to Taiwan's Ministry of Finance. Both exports and imports for the year reached record levels, totaling US$274.64 billion and US$251.4 billion, respectively. ^[144]

Because of its conservative financial approach and its entrepreneurial strengths, Taiwan suffered little compared with many of its neighbors from the 1997 Asian Financial Crisis. Unlike its neighbors, South Korea and Japan, the Taiwanese economy is dominated by small and medium sized businesses, rather than the large business groups. The global economic downturn, however, combined with poor policy coordination by the new administration and increasing bad debts in the banking system, pushed Taiwan into recession in 2001, the first whole year of negative growth since 1947. Due to the relocation of many manufacturing and labor intensive industries to China, unemployment also reached a level not seen since the 1970s oil crisis. This became a major issue in the 2004 presidential election. Growth averaged more than 4 percent in the 2002–2006 period and the unemployment rate fell below 4 percent. ^[145]

The ROC often joins international organizations under a politically neutral name. The ROC is a member of governmental trade organizations such as the World Trade Organization under the name Separate Customs Territory of Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen and Matsu (Chinese Taipei) since 2002. ^[146]

Demographics

The population of areas under control of the Republic of China was estimated in August 2009 at 23,082,125 ^[91] spread across a total land area of 35,980 square kilometres (13,890 sq mi) making it the twelfth most densely populated country in the world with a population density of 640/km² (1,700/sq mi). Taiwan is undergoing a decline in birth rates with a population growth of just 0.61% for the year 2006. In practice, although the law still formally recognizes residents of mainland China as citizens of the ROC, it makes a distinction between persons who have household residency in the " Free Area of the Republic of China" and those that do not, meaning that persons outside the area administered by the ROC must apply for special travel documents and cannot vote in elections.

Ethnic groups

About 98 percent of the population is ethnic Chinese. Of these, 86 percent are descendants of early Chinese immigrants known as the "benshengren" ( Chinese: 本省人; pinyin: Běnshěng rén; lit. 'home-province person'). This group is often referred to "native Taiwanese" in English while the Taiwanese aborigines are also considered as "native Taiwanese" frequently. The benshengren group contains two subgroups: the Hoklo people (70 percent of the total population), whose ancestors migrated from the coastal Southern Fujian (Min-nan) region in the southeast of mainland China starting in the 17th century; and the Hakka (15 percent of the total population), whose ancestors originally migrated south to Guangdong, its surrounding areas and Taiwan. Some of the benshengren do not often speak Mandarin, but instead use their mother tongues such as Taiwanese or Hakka.

Twelve percent of the population are known as waishengren ( Chinese: 外省人; pinyin: Wàishěng rén; lit. 'out-of-province person'), composed of people who (or whose ancestors) emigrated from mainland China after the Chinese Civil War with the KMT government. Most Waishengren speak primarily Mandarin.

The other 2 percent of Taiwan's population, numbering about 458,000, are listed as the Taiwanese aborigines, divided into 13 major groups: Ami, Atayal, Paiwan, Bunun, Rukai, Puyuma, Tsou, Saisiyat, Tao (Yami), Thao, Kavalan, Truku and Sakizaya. ^[147]

For sociologists, these ethnic classifications are a social construct, the contestation and compromise between political forces. Sociology scholar Wang Fu-chang writes in his book that Minnanren (Hoklo people), Hakka, Waishengren and indigenous peoples are social categories that have developed over the last fifty years. ^[148]

Languages

The official national language is Mandarin Chinese though the majority also speak Taiwanese (variant of the Hokkien speech of Fujian province) and many also speak Hakka. ^[149] Mandarin has been the primary language of instruction in schools since the Japanese were forced out in the 1940s. The Hakka ethnic group, comprising around 15 percent of the population, use the Hakka language.

Although Mandarin is the language of instruction in schools and dominates television and radio, non-Mandarin languages or dialects have undergone a revival in public life in Taiwan, particularly since the 1990s after restrictions on their use were lifted. A large proportion of the population can speak Taiwanese, and many others have some degree of understanding. People educated during the period of Japanese rule (1895–1945) were taught using Japanese as the medium of instruction. A declining number of persons in the older generations only speak the Japanese they learned in school and the Taiwanese they spoke at home and understand little or no Mandarin.

Taiwan's aboriginal minority groups mostly speak their own native languages, although most also speak Mandarin. The aboriginal languages do not belong to the Chinese or Sino-Tibetan language family, but rather to the Austronesian language family. Aboriginal languages are becoming extinct as the aborigines have become sinicized and the government has not preserved the Formosan languages. Like Hong Kong and Macau, Taiwan uses the Traditional Chinese writing system. However, in some rare cases, the characters are not the same as in Hong Kong or Macau.

Religion

There are approximately 18,718,600 religious followers in Taiwan as of 2005 (81.3% of total population) and 14–18% are non-religious. According to the 2005 census, of the 26 religions recognized by the government, the five largest are: Buddhism (8,086,000 or 35.1%), Taoism (7,600,000 or 33%), I-Kuan Tao (810,000 or 3.5%), Protestantism (605,000 or 2.6%), and Roman Catholicism (298,000 or 1.3%). But according to the CIA World Factbook and other latest sources from US State Department or the Religious Affairs Section of the MOI, over 80% to 93% of the population are nominal or cultural adherents of a Chinese traditional combination of Mahayana Buddhism, Confucianism ( ancestor worship) and Taoism. ^{[91] [150] [151] [152]} 4.5 percent are adherents of Christianity, which includes Protestants, Catholics, and other, non-denominational, Christian groups; and less than 2.5 percent are adherents of other religions, such as Islam. Taiwanese aborigines comprise a notable subgroup among professing Christians: "...over 64 percent identify as Christian... Church buildings are the most obvious markers of Aboriginal villages, distinguishing them from Taiwanese or Hakka villages." ^[153]

Confucianism is a philosophy that deals with secular moral ethics, and serves as the foundation of both Chinese and Taiwanese culture. The majority of Taiwanese people usually combine the secular moral teachings of Confucianism with whatever religions they are affiliated with.

One especially important goddess for Taiwanese people is Matsu, who symbolizes the seafaring spirit of Taiwan's ancestors from Fujian and Guangdong.

As of 2009, there are 14,993 temples in Taiwan, approximately one place of worship per 1,500 residents. 9,202 of those temples were dedicated to Taoism. In 2008, Taiwan had 3,262 Churches, an increase of 145. ^[154]

Health care

Health care in Taiwan is managed by the Bureau of National Health Insurance (BNHI). ^[155]

The current program was implemented in 1995 and is considered social insurance. The government health insurance program maintains compulsory insurance for citizens who are employed, impoverished, unemployed, or victims of natural disasters with fees that correlate to the individual and/or family income; it also maintains protection for non-citizens working in Taiwan. A standardized method of calculation applies to all persons and can optionally be paid by an employer or by individual contributions. ^[156]

BNHI insurance coverage requires co-payment at the time of service for most services unless it is a preventative health service, for low-income families, veterans, children under three years old, or in the case of catastrophic diseases. Low income households maintain 100% premium coverage by the BNHI and co-pays are reduced for disabled or certain elderly peoples.

According to a recently published survey, out of 3,360 patients surveyed at a randomly chosen hospital, 75.1% of the patients said they are "very satisfied" with the hospital service; 20.5% said they are "okay" with the service. Only 4.4% of the patients said they are either "not satisfied" or "very not satisfied" with the service or care provided. ^[157]

Taiwan has its own Center for Disease Control, and during the SARS outbreak occurring in March 2003 confirmed 347 cases. During the outbreak the CDC and local governments set up monitored stations throughout public transportation, recreational sites and other public areas. With full containment in July 2003, there has not been a case of SARS since. ^[158] In 2004 the infant mortality rate was 5.3 with 15 physicians and 63 hospital beds per 10,000 people. The life expectancy for males was 73.5 years and 79.7 years for females according the World Health Report.

Other health related programs in Taiwan are the Centers for Disease Control ^[159] and the Department of Health. ^[160]

Education

The higher education system was established in Taiwan by Japan during the colonial period. However, after the Republic of China took over Taiwan from Japan in 1945, the system was promptly replaced by the same system as in mainland China which mixed with features of the Chinese and American educational systems. ^[161] As of 2003, the literacy rate in Taiwan is 96.1%. ^[91]

The educational system includes six years of elementary school, three years of middle school, three years of high school, and four years of university. ^[162] The system has been successful in that pupils in Taiwan boast some of the highest test scores in the world, especially in mathematics and science; ^[163] However, it has also been criticized for placing excessive pressure on students and eschewing creativity in favor of rote memorization. ^{[164] [165]} Many Taiwanese students attend cram schools, or bushiban, to improve skills and knowledge on problem solving against exams of subjects like mathematics, nature science, history and many others. Courses are available for most popular subjects. Lessons are organized in lectures, reviews, private tutorial sessions, and recitations. ^{[166] [167]}

Culture

The cultures of Taiwan are a hybrid blend of various sources, incorporating elements of traditional Chinese culture, attributable to the historical and ancestry origin of the majority of its current residents, Japanese culture, traditional Confucianist beliefs, and increasingly Western values.

After their move to Taiwan, the Kuomintang imposed an official interpretation of traditional Chinese culture over Taiwanese cultures. The government launched a program promoting Chinese calligraphy, traditional Chinese painting, folk art, and Chinese opera.

Since the Taiwan localization movement of the 1990s, Taiwan's cultural identity has enjoyed greater expression. Identity politics, along with the over one hundred years of political separation from mainland China, has led to distinct traditions in many areas, including cuisine and music.

The status of Taiwanese culture is debated. It is disputed whether Taiwanese culture is a regional form of Chinese culture or a distinct culture. Speaking Taiwanese as a symbol of the localization movement has become an emblem of Taiwanese identity.

One of Taiwan's greatest attractions is the National Palace Museum, which houses more than 650,000 pieces of Chinese bronze, jade, calligraphy, painting and porcelain, and is considered one of the greatest collection of Chinese art and objects in the world. ^[168] The KMT moved this collection from the Forbidden City in Beijing in 1949 when it fled to Taiwan. The collection, estimated to be one-tenth of China's cultural treasures, is so extensive that only 1 percent is on display at any time. China had said that the collection was stolen and that it legitimately belongs in China, but Taiwan has long defended its collection as a necessary act to protect the pieces from destruction, especially during the Cultural Revolution. Relations regarding this treasure have warmed recently as each side has agreed to lend relics to the other; Beijing Palace Museum Curator Zheng Xinmiao said that artifacts in both Chinese and Taiwanese museums are "China's cultural heritage jointly owned by people across the Taiwan Strait." ^[169]

Popular sports in Taiwan include basketball and baseball. Taiwan is also a major Asian country for Korfball. In 2008, Taiwan hosted the World Youth Korfball Championship and took the silver medal. ^[170] In 2009, Taiwan's korfball team won a bronze medal at the World Game. ^[171]

International Community Radio Taipei is the most listened to International Radio Media in Taiwan.^{[ citation needed]}

Karaoke, drawn from contemporary Japanese culture, is extremely popular in Taiwan, where it is known as KTV. KTV businesses operate in a hotel-like style, renting out small rooms and ballrooms varying on the number of guests in a group. Many KTV establishments partner with restaurants and buffets to form all-encompassing elaborate evening affairs for families, friends, or businessmen. Tour buses that travel around Taiwan have several TV's, equipped not for watching movies, but primarily for singing Karaoke. The entertainment counterpart of a KTV is an MTV, being found much less frequently out of the city. There, movies out on DVD can be selected and played in a private theater room. However MTV, more so than KTV, has a growing reputation for being a place that young couples will go to be alone and intimate.

Taiwan has a high density of 24-hour convenience stores, which, in addition to the usual services, provide services on behalf of financial institutions or government agencies such as collection of parking fees, utility bills, traffic violation fines, and credit card payments. ^[172] They also provide a service for mailing packages.

Taiwanese culture has also influenced other cultures. Bubble tea and milk tea are available in Singapore, Malaysia, Australia, Europe and North America. Taiwan television shows are popular in Singapore, Malaysia and other Asian countries. Taiwanese films have won various international awards at film festivals around the world. Ang Lee, a Taiwanese director, has directed critically acclaimed films such as: Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon; Eat Drink Man Woman; Sense and Sensibility; Brokeback Mountain; and Lust, Caution. Other famous Taiwanese directors include Tsai Ming-Liang, Edward Yang and Hou Hsiao-hsien.

Sports

Baseball is Taiwan's national sport and it is a popular spectator sport. One of the most famous Taiwanese baseball pitchers is Chien-Ming Wang, who is a starting pitcher in Major League Baseball. Other notable players playing in the United States include Chin-hui Tsao who played for the Colorado Rockies (2003–2005) and the Los Angeles Dodgers (2007), Hong-Chih Kuo, Fu-Te Ni, and Chin-lung Hu. The Chinese Professional Baseball League in Taiwan was established in 1989, ^[173] and eventually absorbed the competing Taiwan Major League in 2003. As of 2008 ^[update], the CPBL has four teams with average attendance of approximately 3,000 per game.

Besides baseball, taekwondo has become a rather mature and successful sport in recent years. In the 2004 Olympics, Mu Yen Chu and Shih Hsin Chen proudly won the first two gold medals in men's flyweight event and women's flyweight event, respectively. Ever since the 2004 Olympics, Taiwan's taekwondo potential has become extremely prominent. Subsequent taekwondo competitors such as Shu Chun Yang successfully consolidated Taiwan's taekwondo culture.

In 2009, Taiwan hosted two international sporting events on the island. The World Games 2009 were held in Kaohsiung City between 16 July and 26 July 2009. Taipei City hosted the 21st Summer Deaflympics in September of the same year.

Calendar

Taiawn uses two official calendars: the Gregorian calendar, and the Minguo calendar. The latter numbers years starting from 1911, the year of the founding of the Republic of China. For example, 2007 is the "96th year of the Republic". ^[174]

Months and days are numbered according to the Gregorian calendar. Year numbering may use the Gregorian system as well as Taiwanese era system. For example, 3 May 2004, may be written 2004-05-03 or 93–05–03. The use of two different calendar systems in Taiwan may be confusing, in particular for foreigners. For instance, products for export marked using the Minguo calendar can be misunderstood as having an expiration date 11 years earlier than intended. ^[175]

Taiwan also uses the lunar calendar for traditional festivals such as the Chinese New Year, the Lantern Festival, and the Dragon Boat Festival. ^[176]

See also

• International rankings of Taiwan
• List of airlines of Taiwan
• List of companies of Taiwan
• List of Taiwanese counties and cities by population

References

Further reading

External links

• Chief of State and Cabinet Members
• "Taiwan". The World Factbook (2024 ed.). Central Intelligence Agency.
• Taiwan (Republic of China - Taiwan, Chinese Taipei) at UCB Libraries GovPubs
• Jpech95/taiwan/Taiwan at Curlie
• Wikimedia Atlas of Taiwan

• Satellite view of Taiwan at WikiMapia
• Forumosa – Taiwan's largest online community in English
• Taiwan Today - Taiwan-focused news articles in English

23°46′N 121°00′E / 23.767°N 121.000°E / 23.767; 121.000

[[Category:Taiwan| ]] [[Category:Disputed islands]] [[Category:Islands of Asia]] [[Category:Islands of the Pacific Ocean]] [[Category:Territorial disputes of the People's Republic of China]] [[Category:Territorial disputes of the Republic of China]]