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Wiki Table (Work in progress: sprint 1)

SOFTWARE PRODUCT or STACK Project Management (PM)
Inception Feasibility Study Approval / Rejection Process Portfolio Management Planning Monitoring Communication Collaboration and Help Desk Controling Risk Management Release Management and Maintenance Traceability
Business Requirements Scope and Vision Technical, Operational, Resource, Financial, Market; and, Legal Board of Directors, Managers and the such Decision-Making Single‑project, multi‑project, local shared resource pool; or, non-local shared resource pool Software Size Estimation Software Effort and Cost Estimation Resource Allocation Scheduling (PERT, CPM, Gantt Chart, etc.) Task Management (Product Backlog, Sprint Backlog, Task board, etc.) Forecasting Pulse Meetings, Variance Reports and Change Logs; Reviews, etc. Information System, Data-mining, Business Intelligence, etc. (Dashboard, Reports, etc.) News and Announcements Blog Micro-blog (Twitter, Tumblr, etc.) Electronic Mail SMS Social Networks (Facebook, Instagram, etc.) Content Management System Wiki Forum Chat Instant Messaging (WhatsApp, Line, etc.) Problem Solving Risk Assessment Change Management (Contingency Planning, etc.) Release Planning, Release Approval and Release Changelog Issue or Bug Fixing Planning Closure (En-of-Life) End-to-end Traceability
XYZ Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes


SOFTWARE PRODUCT or STACK Requirement Engineering and Management (Req E&M)
Elicitation and Analysis Specification Validation Exchange Traceability Model-Based Requirements Engineering
Observation Reports Questionnaires (also used for Validation) Brainstorming and Mind-Mapping Use cases User stories Free structure Standard (IEEE 29148:2011) Prototyping (also used for Elicitation and Analysis) ReqIF Forward Backward SysML Requirements Diagram, etc.
XYZ Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes



Lexical sets, as defined in Wells (1982), pp. xviii–ix, 120–2, 166–7
Keyword RP GenAm Example words
TRAP æ æ tap, back, badge, scalp, hand, cancel
PALM ɑː ɑ psalm, father, bra, spa, lager
BATH ɑː æ staff, brass, ask, dance, sample, calf
START ɑː ɑr far, sharp, bark, carve, farm, heart
STRUT ʌ ʌ cup, suck, budge, pulse, trunk, blood
THOUGHT ɔː ɔ taught, sauce, hawk, jaw, broad
NORTH ɔː ɔr for, war, short, scorch, born, warm
LOT ɒ ɑ stop, sock, dodge, romp, possible, quality
CLOTH ɒ ɔ cough, broth, cross, long, Boston
FOOT ʊ ʊ put, bush, full, good, look, wolf
GOOSE uː u loop, shoot, tomb, mute, huge, view
DRESS e ɛ step, neck, edge, shelf, friend, ready
NURSE ɜː ɜr hurt, lurk, urge, burst, jerk, term
KIT ɪ ɪ ship, sick, bridge, milk, myth, busy
FLEECE iː i creep, speak, leave, feel, key, people
commA ə ə catalpa, quota, vodka
lettER ə ər paper, metre, calendar, stupor, succo(u)r, martyr, figure
happY ɪ ɪ copy, scampi, taxi, sortie, committee, hockey, Chelsea
PRICE aɪ aɪ ripe, write, arrive, high, try, buy
FACE eɪ eɪ tape, cake, raid, veil, steak, day
CHOICE ɔɪ ɔɪ adroit, noise, join, toy, royal
SQUARE ɛə ɛr care, fair, pear, where, scarce, vary
NEAR ɪə ɪr beer, sincere, fear, beard, serum
MOUTH aʊ aʊ out, house, loud, count, crowd, cow
GOAT əʊ o soap, joke, home, know, so, roll
FORCE ɔː or four, wore, sport, porch, borne, story
CURE ʊə ʊr poor, tourist, pure, plural, jury


This chart shows the most common applications of the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) to represent English language pronunciations.

Chart

This chart gives a partial system of diaphonemes for English. The symbols for the diaphonemes are given in bold, followed by their most common phonetic values. For the vowels, a separate phonetic value is given for each major dialect, and words used to name corresponding lexical sets are also given. The diaphonemes and lexical sets given here are based on RP and General American; they are not sufficient to express all of the distinctions found in other dialects, such as Australian English.

English consonants
Dia-
phoneme [1] 		Phones Examples
p pʰ, p pen, spin, tip
b b, b̥ but, web
t tʰ, t, ɾ, ʔ [2] two, sting, bet
d d, d̥, ɾ [3] do, daddy, odd
tʃ tʃʰ, tʃ chair, nature, teach
dʒ dʒ, d̥ʒ̊ gin, joy, edge
k kʰ, k cat, kill, skin, queen, unique, thick
ɡ ɡ, ɡ̊ go, get, beg
f f fool, enough, leaf, off, photo
v v, v̥ voice, have, of, verve
θ θ, t̪, f [4] thing, teeth
ð ð, ð̥, d̪, v [5] this, breathe, father
s s see, city, pass
z z, z̥ zoo, rose
ʃ ʃ she, sure, session, emotion, leash
ʒ ʒ, ʒ̊ genre, pleasure, beige, equation, seizure
h h, ɦ, [6] ç [7] ham, hue
m m, ɱ [8] man, ham
n n no, tin
ŋ ŋ ringer, sing, [9] finger, drink
l l, ɫ, [10] l̥, ɫ̥, [11] ɤ, o [12] [ ɬ], [13] left, bell, sable, please, Llangefni
r ɹʷ, ɹ, ɾ, [14] ɻ, ɹ̥ʷ, ɹ̥, ɾ̥, ɻ̊, [11] ʋ [15] run, very, probably
w w, ʍ [11] we, queen
j j yes, nyala
hw ʍ, w [16] what
Marginal consonants
x x, χ, k, kʰ, h, ɦ, ç loch (Scottish), [17] ugh [18]
ʔ ʔ uh-oh
English vowels and diphthongs
Dia-
phoneme [1] 		Keyword Examples AmE AuE [19] [20] BahE BarE CaE [21] CIE EnE FiE InE [22] IrE [23] NZE [24] [25] PaE ScE [26] SIE SAE [27] [28] SSE WaE [29]
AAVE Boston accent Cajun English General American [30] [31] [24] Inland Northern American English Mid-Atlantic American English New York accent Southern American English Cockney Geordie RP [32] [33] Scouse Ulster English West & South-West Ireland English Dublin English Supraregional southern Irish English Abercraf English Port Talbot English Cardiff English
Non-Rhotic Rhotic Older Younger Non-Rhotic Older Rhotic Non-Rhotic Older Rhotic Cultivated General Broad Conservative Contemporary Belfast Mid-Ulster traditional Ulster Scots Local Dublin English New Dublin English Cultivated General Broad Cultivated General Broad
æ TRAP ham, tan ɛː~ɛə~eə eə~ɛə [34] æ eə~ɛə~æ [34] eə~ɪə æə~ɛə~eə [34] ɛə~eə~ɪə [34] eə~æjə [34] æː [35] æː~ ɛː [35] æ~ a a æ~ɛə [34] æ æ~ɛ, ɛɪ a æ a a æ æ~ ɛ äː~ a æ a æ~ a æ ɛ ɛ~ e̞ æ ä ɑ~ æ æ a~ æ æ~ ɛ~ e̞ ɛ [36] a aː [35] aː~ æː [35]
bad æ~ɛː~ɛə æ~ɛə æ~ɛə æ æ~æjə~æ̠ɛæ̠ æ~ a
lad, cat æ æ,
ɛə~eə~ɪə [34] 		æ æ~ ɛ a a~ æ
ɑː / æ BATH pass, path, sample ä~a æə~ɛə~eə [34] ɛə~eə~ɪə [34] ɐː~ äː aː ɑː ɑː a~ ɑ äː æː~ aː aː ɐː~ äː ɑ ɑ̟ː ɑː ɒː~ ɔː ä [37]
ɑː PALM father a~ä~ɑ a~ä ɑ ɑ~ ä a~ä ɑ ɑ~ä ɑ ɑ ɒ~ ɑ ɒː~ ɑː aː~ ɑː aː äː~ ɑː ɑː ɑː aː aː~ æː
ɒ LOT not, wasp ɒ~ ɑ ɒ~ ɔ ɒ~ ɑ ɒ ɒ~ ɔ ɒ ɒ ɔ ɒ ɔ ɒ~ ä ɒ~ɑ~ä ä ɔ ä ɑ~ ɒ~ ɔ ɑ ɒ~ ɔ ɑ ɔ ɒ̈ ɒ̈~ ʌ̈ ɒ̈ ɔ ɒ ɑ̟
ɒ / ɔː CLOTH off, loss, cloth, gone [38] ɒɔ, ɒ~ɔə a ɒ~ ɔ~ ɑ [39] ɒ~ɑ oə~o̝ə ɔə~oə~ʊə ɑɒ~ɑ ɔo~ɑɒ ɑɒ~ɑ ɔ ɒː ɒː o̞ː ɒː aː~ä ɔː ɒ ɒ̈,
o̞ː 		ɒ̈~ ʌ̈,
oː 		ɒ̈,
oː
ɔː THOUGHT law, caught, all, halt, talk oː ɒː~ ɑː oː~ ɔː ɔː~ɔ̝ə~ɔuə, oː~oʊ~ɔo ɔː oː o̞ː ɒː ɒː~ɔː~oː ɒː oː o̞ː oː ɒː ʌ̈ː
ə COMMA about ə ə~ɐ ə ɐ~a ə ə ə ə~ɐ ə ə [40] ə
ɪ KIT limb, dinner, limited, bit ɪ~iə ɪ~ɪ̞~ɪ̈ ɪ ɪ̞ ɪ~ɪ̈ ɪ~ɪjə~iə ɪ~i ɪ ɪ ɪ ɪ̞ ɪ ɪ̈~ë ə~ɘ ɛ ɪ ɪ̈ ɪ ɪ~ ë̞~ ə~ ʌ ɪ ɪ ɪ̈ [40] ɪ~ i ɪ ɪ̞
kit, hit, inn, fish ɪ [40] i [40]
i HAPPY city i ɪ~ i ɪi̯~i i ɪi̯~i ɪ~i ɪi̯~ iː əːi̯ iː i iː~i i iː, ei̯ ɪi̯ iː, ɪ̈i̯ ~ ɪ̈ɪ̯ i iː e iː ɪi̯~əi i e~ ɪ~ i i iː i iː
iː FLEECE see, be, these, believe, ceiling, key, people i ɪi̯~i ɪi̯~i ɪi̯ ɪi̯~iː əi~ɐi ɪi̯ i ɪi̯ i i iː
meat, legal, receive, phoenix, quay e~ i e~ ɪi̯ e~ i eː~ iː
eɪ FACE date eɪ̯~ɛɪ̯ eɪ̯ eː eɪ̯ eɪ̯~ɛɪ̯ ɛi̯~æ̠i̯ ɛɪ̯ æɪ ɐ̟ːɪ̯~a̠ːɪ̯ eɪ̯~ɛɪ̯ eɪ̯~eː~ɛ eɪ̯ æɪ~aɪ eː~eɪ̯~ɪə e̞ɪ̯ ɛɪ̯ eɪ̯ eː e(ə)~ɪ(ə) eː eː~eɪ̯~ɛɪ̯ æɪ̯ æɪ ɐɪ̯ eɪ̯~eː e eɪ̯~eː eɪ̯ eɪ̯~ɛɪ̯~æɪ̯ æɪ̯~äɪ̯~ʌɪ̯ e [41] eː ei̯
day, pain, whey, rein eɪ̯
ɛ DRESS bed [42] ɛ~eə ɛ ɛ~æ ɛ ɛ~ɜ ɛ ɛ~ɛjə e e̝ ɛ e, eɪ~eə~ɛɪ ɛ e̞ ɛ ɛ,ɛ̝ə ɛ e̞ e~ ɪ e̝~ ɪ ɛ e̞ e~ e̝ ɛ, e [43] ɛ
pen ɪ~iə ɪ ɪ~ɪjə~iə
length i
ʌ STRUT run, won, flood ʌ~ɜ ʌ~ɐ ʌ ʌ~ɜ~ɐ ʌ~ɔ ʌ ʌ̈ ɜ ɐ~ ä ʌ ʌ~ɜ~ɐ ʌ~ɔ ɐ̟~a ʊ̞~ɤ ɐ ə ~ ʌ ~ ɑ [44] ʊ ʌ~ɐ ə~ ɜ ɞ~ ʌ̈ ʌ̈~ ʊ ʊ ɤ~ ʊ ʌ̈~ ʊ ɐ~ ä ʌ ʌ~ɐ ɐ~ ä ʌ~ɜ~ä ə~ ɜ
ʊ FOOT put ʊ~ɵ~ø̞ ʊ ʊ̞ ʊ ʊ̈~ʏ u~ʊ ʊ ʊ, ʊ̈ ʊ ɵ ʊ ʉ ʊ̈ ʊ ʊ ʊ ʉ ʊ ʊ~ ʊ̈ ʊ~ u ʊ ɘ
hood uː~ ʊ
uː GOOSE through, you ʊu̯~u u~ʊu̯~ɵu̯ u u̟~ʊu̯~ʉu̯~ɵu̯ u~ɵu̯ ʉu̯ u~ʊu̯~ɤʊ̯~ɤu̯ ʊu~ɵu~ʊ̈y~ʏy~ʉ̞u̟ ʊu̯ ïɯ~ʊʉ̯~ʉː əːʉ̯ ʉː uː ʉu̯ uː~ ʉ əʉ~ʉː~ɨː~ʊː u̟ː~ʉː,ɵʊ̯ ʊu̯ ʉ̞ʉ̯ ʉː, ɪ̈u̯~ɪ̈ʊ̯ u uː uː ʉː u u u̟ː ʉː~ yː ʉː u uː
threw, yew ɪu̯ [45]
juː cute, dew, ewe (j)ʊu̯~(j)u (j)u~(j)ʊu̯~(j)ɵu̯ (j)u̟~(j)ʊu̯~(j)ʉu̯~(j)ɵu̯ (j)u~(j)ɵu̯ (j)ʉu̯ (j)u~(j)ʊu̯~(j)ɤʊ̯~(j)ɤu̯ (j)ʊu~(j)ɵu~(j)ʊ̈y~(j)ʏy~(j)ʉ̞u̟ jʊu̯ jïɯ~jʊʉ̯ jəːʉ̯ jʉː juː (j)ʉu̯ juː~jʉ jəʉ~jʉː~jɨː~jʊː ju̟ː~jʉː,jɵʊ̯ jʊu̯ jʉ̞ʉ̯ jʉː, jɪ̈u̯~jɪ̈ʊ̯ ju juː jʉ jʊ̈ juː jʉː ju jʉ ju ju̟ː jʉː~jyː jʉː ju
aɪ PRICE flight, mice äɪ̯ ɐi̯ [46] ɑɪ̯~aː ʌɪ̯~ɜɪ̯~ɐɪ̯ [46] ɐɪ̯ äɪ̯ ɐi~äɪ~äɛ a̠ɪ̞ ɑɪ ɒːɪ̞ ɑɪ̯ ʌɪ̯ ʌɪ̯~ɜɪ̯~ɐɪ̯ [46] aɪ̯~ɑɪ̯~ɒɪ̯ ɑɪ~ɒɪ~ɑ̟ə~ɑ̟ː äi̯ aɪ̯ ɑɪ̯ aɪ̯~ɑɪ̯~aː ɐe̯ äɪ̯ ɐi̯~ɜi̯ [46] æɪ̯~ɐɪ̯ əɪ̯~ɐɪ̯ ɑɪ̯~ɐɪ̯ aɪ̯~ɑɪ̯ ɑe̯ ɑe ɒe̯~ɔe̯ ɑɪ̯ ɜi̯, äe̯ ɑɪ̯ äɪ̯ äɪ̯~ äː ɑɪ̯~ ɑ̟ː ai̯ ɐ̟ɪ̯ ɜɪ̯ ɜi̯
my, wise, high äɪ̯~äe̯~aɪ̯ äɪ̯ äɪ̯ aɪ̯~ae̯~æɪ̯ äɪ̯ ɑɪ̯~ɒɪ̯~äɪ̯ äː~äɛ ɑɪ̯ äe̯~ɜi̯
ɔɪ CHOICE boy, hoist oɪ̯ ɔɪ̯~oɪ̯ ɔɪ̯ ɔɪ̯~oɪ̯ ɔɪ̯ ɔɪ̯~oɪ̯ oi̯ oɪ̯ oɪ̯~ɑɪ̯ oɪ̯~ʌɪ̯ ɔɪ̯ ɔɪ̯~oɪ̯ ɔ̝ɪ~oɪ oe̯ ɔɪ̯ oɪ̯ ɔɪ̯ ɒɪ̯ ɔɪ̯ əɪ̯~ɑɪ̯ aɪ̯~äɪ̯ ɒɪ̯~oɪ̯ ɒɪ̯ oɪ̯ ɔɪ̯ oi̯ ɔɪ̯ ɔɪ̯~ɒɪ̯ ɔɪ̯ ɔi̯ ɔɪ̯ ɒɪ̯ ʌ̈i̯
oʊ GOAT no, toe, soap ʌʊ̯~ɔʊ̯ oʊ̯~ɔʊ̯ oː oʊ̯~ʌʊ̯~ɔʊ̯~ o ʌo̯~oʊ̯~ o ɘʊ̯~ɜʊ̯ oʊ̯~ʌ̈ʊ̯ ɜʊ~ɜʊ̈~ɜʏ o̽ʊ ɐ̟ʉ̯ ɐ̟ːʉ̯~a̠ːʉ̯ oʊ̯~ɵʊ̯ oː~oə oʊ̯ əʊ̯ æ̈ɤ̈~æ̈ɤ̝̈~ɐɤ̈~ɐɤ̝̈~
æ̈ʊ~ɐʊ~aʊ~ɐø~
œ̈ø~ʌ̈ː~œ̈ 		oː~ʊə~ɵː əʊ̯ əʊ̯ ɛʉ̯~ɛʊ̯~eʉ̯~
eʊ̯~əʉ̯~əʊ̯ 		oː o oː ʌo̯~ʌɔ̯ əʊ̯ oʊ̯~əʊ̯ ɵʊ̯ ɐʉ̯ oː~oʊ̯ o̝ oː~oʊ̯ ɛʊ̯~œʊ̯ œʉ̯~œɤ̯̈~œː ʌʊ̯ o [41] oː ɘu̯
tow, dough, folk ou̯ oʊ̯
soul, roll, cold ɔu̯ ɔʊ̯ ɒʊ~ɔo~aɤ ɔʊ̯ ɔʊ̯
aʊ MOUTH about, house æɔ̯~æə̯ ɐʊ̯ [46] aʊ̯~aː aʊ̯~æʊ̯ äʊ̯~ɐʊ̯ æʊ̯~ɛɔ̯ aʊ̯~æʊ̯ æɒ~ɛjɔ a̠ʊ æo ɛːo~ɛ̃ːɤ ao̯~ɑə̯~aɵ~aɛ ʌʊ̯ ʌʊ̯~ɜʊ̯ [46] aʊ̯ æʊ~æə~æː~aː~æi̯ə̯ äu̯~æu̯~ɛu̯~əu̯~uː ɑʊ̯ aʊ̯ aɔ̯ äʊ̯ ɐʏ̯~ɜʉ̯ ɐʊ̯~ʌʊ̯ ɛʊ̯ aʊ̯~ɛʊ̯ aʊ̯ æo̯ e̝ə ɑʊ̯ ɜʉ̯ ɑʊ̯ äʊ̯ äː æʊ̯ au̯ ɐu̯ ɜʊ̯ ɑ̟u̯
now, proud aʊ̯ äʊ̯~ɑʊ̯
ɑːr START arm, car ɑ(ɹ)~ɒ(ɹ) ɑɹ~ɒɹ a(ɹ)~ä(ɹ) ɑ(ɹ)~a(ɹ) ɑɹ äɻ~ɐɻ ɑɹ ɒə̯(ɹ) äə̯(ɹ) ɑɹ~ɒɹ ɑ(ɹ)~ɒ(ɹ) ɑɹ~ɒɹ ɐː(ɹ)~äː(ɹ) ɑː(ɹ) aːɹ ɑɹ~ɐɹ ɑː(ɾ) ɑː(ɹ) ɒː(ɾ)~ɑː(ɹ) ɑː(ɹ) aː(ɾ)~ɑː(ɾ) ɑː(ɹ) äː(ɾ) ɑɻ æːɹ~aɹ äːɹ~ɑɹ ɐː(ɹ)~äː(ɹ) ɑɹ äɾ ɑː(ɾ) ɑ̟ː(ɹ) ɑː(ɹ) ɒː(ɾ)~ɔː(ɾ) ä(ɹ) aː(ɾ) aː(ɹ)~æː(ɹ)
ɪər NEAR deer, here iə̯(ɹ)~iɤ(ɹ) iɹ ɪə̯(ɹ)~ɪɐ̯(ɹ) i(ɹ)~ɪ(ɹ) ɪɹ~iɹ iɻ~iə̯ɻ iɹ ɪə̯(ɹ)~iə̯(ɹ) ɪɹ~iɹ iə̯(ɹ) iɹ iː(ɹ)~
iːə(ɹ) 		iə̯(ɹ)~eə̯(ɹ) eːɹ ɪɹ iə̯(ɾ)~ɪə̯(ɾ) iə(ɹ)~ɪː(ɹ)~ɪi̯ɐ̯(ɹ) iɐ̯(ɹ) ɪə̯(ɹ) ɪː(ɹ) iɛ(ɾ) ɪə̯(ɹ)~iə̯(ɹ) ɪə̯(ɾ)~
iː(ɾ) 		iːɹ ɪə̯(ɹ) eə~ɪə iə̯(ɹ) [47] ɪɹ~iɹ iə̯ɾ ɪə̯(ɾ)~iə̯(ɾ) ɪə̯(ɹ) ɪə̯(ɾ)~
ɪː(ɾ) 		iə̯(ɹ) iːə(ɾ), jøː(ɾ) iːə(ɹ), jøː(ɹ)
ɛər SQUARE mare, there, bear ɛə̯(ɹ) ɛɹ ɛə̯(ɹ)~ɛɐ̯(ɹ) ɛ(ɹ)~æ(ɹ) ɛɹ eə̯ɻ~eɻ eɹ ɛə̯(ɹ)~
eə̯(ɹ) 		ɛɹ~
eɹ 		ɛ(j)ə(ɹ) e̞ɹ~ɛ(j)əɹ eː(ɹ)~
eːə(ɹ) 		e̝ː(ɹ)~
e̝ːə(ɹ) 		eə̯(ɹ) ɛɹ ɛə̯(ɾ) ɛ̝ə(ɹ)~ɛː(ɹ)~ɛi̯ə̯(ɹ) ɛː(ɹ) ɛə̯(ɹ) ɛː(ɹ) [48] ɪː(ɾ)~eː(ɾ)~ëː(ɾ)~ɛː(ɾ)~
ɛ̈ː(ɾ)~œː(ɾ)~əː(ɾ)~
ɘː(ɾ)~ɜː(ɾ)~ɵː(ɾ) 		ɛə̯(ɹ) ɛə̯(ɾ)~
eː(ɾ) 		ɚː ɛːɹ eːɹ e̞ə̯(ɹ) ɛɹ eə̯ɾ ɛə̯(ɾ)~ɛɐ̯(ɾ) ɛə̯(ɹ) ɛə̯(ɹ)~ɛː(ɹ)~
eː(ɹ) 		eː(ɾ)~e̝ː(ɾ) ɛ(ɹ) ɛː(ɾ) eː(ɹ)
ɜːr NURSE burn ɚ ɚ əː(ɹ) ɚ ʌə(ɹ)~ʌɹ ɚ ɚ~əɻ ɚ ɚ əɪ̯ ɚ ɚ~ɐɹ ɜ(ɹ) ɚ~ɐɹ ɘː(ɹ)~ɵː(ɹ) ə(ɹ)~ɜ(ɹ)~ɜi̯(ɹ) ɤ ɚ əː(ɾ) ɜː(ɹ)~ɜ̟ː(ɹ)~œ̈ː(ɹ) øː(ɹ)~ɪː(ɹ)~əː(ɹ)~ɔː(ɹ) əː(ɹ)~ɐː(ɹ) əː(ɹ) əː(ɹ)~ɐː(ɹ) ɜː(ɾ)~äɾ ɚː ɚː [49] ɚː ʊːɹ [49] ɚː ɵː(ɹ) ɚ ʌɾ [49] əː(ɾ)~ɐː(ɾ) əː(ɹ)~ɐː(ɹ) ø̈ː(ɹ)~ø̞̈ː(ɹ) ø̈ː(ɾ)~ø̞̈ː(ɾ) ə(ɹ) əː(ɾ) øː(ɾ) øː(ɹ)
bird ɪɾ~ʌɾ [49]
herd, earth əɹ ɛːɹ [49] ɛːɹ [49] ɛɾ [49]
ər LETTER winner, massacre [50] ə(ɹ) ə(ɹ) ə(ɹ) ə(ɹ) ɚ ə(ɹ) œ(ɾ)~ə(ɾ) ə(ɹ)~ɐ(ɹ) ə(ɹ) ə(ɾ) ɐ(ɹ)~a(ɹ) ə(ɾ) ɚ ə(ɹ) əɾ ə(ɾ)~ɐ(ɾ) ə(ɹ) ə(ɾ) ə(ɾ) ə(ɹ)
donor ʌə(ɹ)~ʌɹ
ɔːr NORTH sort, warm oə̯(ɹ)~ɔə̯(ɹ)~ɔo(ɹ) oɹ ɔə̯(ɹ)~ɒə̯(ɹ)~ɒ(ɹ) ɔə(ɹ)~ɔɹ ɔɹ~oɹ ɔɻ~oɻ oɹ~ɔɹ oɐ̯(ɹ)~ɔə̯(ɹ) oɹ~ɔɹ o(u)ə(ɹ) o(u)əɹ oː(ɹ) ɔə̯(ɹ) ɒːɹ~ɑːɹ ɔɹ ɑː(ɾ)~əː(ɾ) ɔː(ɹ)~ɔ̝ə(ɹ)~ɔuə(ɹ), oː(ɹ)~oʊ(ɹ)~ɔo(ɹ) ɔː(ɹ) o̞ː(ɹ) oː(ɹ) o̞ː(ɾ) oː(ɹ) ɒː(ɾ) ɔːɹ äːɹ~ɑːɹ ɒːɹ~oːɹ oː(ɹ) oɹ ɔɾ oː(ɾ) o̞ː(ɹ) oː(ɹ) oː(ɾ) ɔ(ɹ) ɒː(ɾ) ʌ̈ː(ɹ)
FORCE tore, boar, port ɔə̯(ɹ)~oɐ̯(ɹ) oə̯(ɹ) oːɹ oː(ɾ)~əː(ɾ) oːɹ ɔːɹ ɒːɹ oːɹ o̝(ə̯)ɾ oː(ɾ)
ʊər CURE tour, moor ʊə̯(ɹ)~ʊɐ̯(ɹ) uə(ɹ)~ʊə(ɹ) ʊɹ~ɔɹ~oɹ uɻ~oɻ ʊu̯ə(ɹ)~oː(ɹ) ïɯə(ɹ)~ʊʉ̯ə(ɹ)~oː(ɹ) əːʉ̯ə(ɹ)~oː(ɹ) uə̯(ɹ) ʊɹ~ɔɹ uə̯(ɾ) ʊə(ɹ)~ʊː(ɹ)~ɔː(ɹ)~ɔ̝ə(ɹ)~ɔuə(ɹ) uɐ̯(ɹ) ʊə̯(ɹ) oə̯(ɹ) ʊə̯(ɾ)~
uː(ɾ) 		uːɹ ʉːə(ɹ)~
oː(ɹ) 		oɚ ʉɾ oə̯(ɾ)~oɐ̯(ɾ) ʊə̯(ɹ) ʊə̯(ɹ)~
oː(ɹ) 		uə̯(ɹ) uːə(ɾ) uːə(ɹ)~ʌ̈ː(ɹ)
jʊər pure, Europe juə̯(ɹ)~jʊə̯(ɹ) juɹ~jʊɹ jʊə̯(ɹ)~jʊɐ̯(ɹ) jʊɹ~jɚ jɚ jɔɹ~joɹ~jɚ juɐ̯(ɹ)~juə̯(ɹ) juɹ juə̯(ɹ) juɹ~jɚ jʊu̯ə(ɹ)~joː(ɹ) jïɯə(ɹ)~jʊʉ̯ə(ɹ)~joː(ɹ) jəːʉ̯ə(ɹ)~joː(ɹ) juə̯(ɹ) joːɹ jɚ~
jʊɹ~jɵɹ 		juə̯(ɾ) jʊə(ɹ)~jʊː(ɹ)~jɔː(ɹ)~jɔ̝ə(ɹ)~jɔuə(ɹ) juɐ̯(ɹ) jʊə̯(ɹ) joː(ɹ) jo̞ː(ɾ) joə̯(ɹ) jʊə̯(ɾ)~
juː(ɾ) 		juːɹ jʉːə(ɹ)~
joː(ɹ) 		joɚ jʉɾ joə̯(ɾ)~joɐ̯(ɾ) jʊə̯(ɹ) jʊə̯(ɹ),
joː(ɹ) 		joː(ɾ) jɔ(ɹ) ɪuːə(ɾ) juːə(ɹ)~jʌ̈ː(ɹ)
Dia-
phoneme [1] 		Keyword Examples AmE AuE BahE BarE CaE CIE EnE FiE InE IrE NZE PaE ScE SIE SAE SSE WaE
Other symbols used in transcription of English pronunciation
IPA Explanation
ˈ Primary stress indicator (placed before the stressed syllable); for example, rapping /ˈræpɪŋ/
ˌ Secondary stress/full vowel indicator (placed before the stressed syllable); for example, pronunciation /prəˌnʌnsiˈeɪʃən/
. Syllable separation indicator; for example, ice cream /ˈaɪs.kriːm/ vs. I scream /ˌaɪ.ˈskriːm/
̩ ̍ Syllabic consonant indicator (placed under the syllabic consonant); for example, ridden [ˈɹɪdn̩]


FIFA World Cup 2022 Qualified Teams

The top two placed teams from each of the eight groups will qualify for the knockout stage. [51]

Group Winners Runners-up
A Netherlands Ecuador
B England United States/Wales/Scotland
C Argentina Poland
D France Denmark
E Germany Spain
F Belgium Croatia
G Brazil Switzerland/Cameroon
H Portugal Ghana/Uruguay
  1. ^ a b c This is a compromise IPA transcription, which covers most dialects of English.
  2. ^ /t/ is pronounced [ ɾ] in some positions in GA and Australian English, and is possible in RP in words like butter, [ ʔ] in some positions in Scottish English, English English, American English and Australian English, and [ t̞] non-initially in Irish English.
  3. ^ /d/ is pronounced [ ɾ] if preceded and followed by vowels in GA and Australian English.
  4. ^ /θ/ is pronounced as a dental stop [ t̪] in Irish English, Newfoundland English, Indian English, and New York English, merges with /f/ in some varieties of English English, and merges with /t/ in some varieties of Caribbean English. The dental stop [ t̪] also occurs in other dialects as an allophone of /θ/.
  5. ^ /ð/ is pronounced as a dental stop [d̪] in Irish English, Newfoundland English, Indian English, and New York English, merges with /v/ in some varieties of English English, and merges with /d/ in some varieties of Caribbean English. [ d̪] also occurs in other dialects as an allophone of /ð/.
  6. ^ The glottal fricative /h/ is often pronounced as voiced [ ɦ] between vowel sounds and after voiced consonants. Initial voiced [ ɦ] occurs in some accents of the Southern Hemisphere.
  7. ^ /h/ is pronounced [ ç] before the palatal approximant /j/, sometimes even replacing the cluster /hj/, and sometimes before high front vowels.
  8. ^ The bilabial nasal /m/ is pronounced as labiodental [ ɱ] before f and v, as in symphony [ˈsɪɱfəni], circumvent [ˌsɝkəɱˈvɛnt], some value [ˌsʌɱˈvæɫjuː].
  9. ^ In some dialects, such as Brummie, words like ringer, sing /ˈɹɪŋə ˈsɪŋ/, which have a velar nasal [ŋ] in most dialects, are pronounced with an additional /ɡ/, like "finger": /ˈɹɪŋɡə/.
  10. ^ Velarized [ ɫ] traditionally does not occur in Irish English; clear or plain [ l] does not occur in Australian, New Zealand, Scottish, or American English. RP, some other English accents, and South African English, however, have clear [ l] in syllable onsets and dark [ ɫ] in syllable rimes.
  11. ^ a b c Sonorants are voiceless after a fortis (voiceless) stop at the beginning of a stressed syllable.
  12. ^ L-vocalization in which l is pronounced as a kind of a back vowel ([ ɤ] or [ o], or non-syllabic [ɤ̯, o̯], forming a diphthong with the preceding vowel) occurs in New Zealand English and many regional accents, such as African-American Vernacular English, Cockney, New York English, Estuary English, Pittsburgh English, Standard Singapore English.
  13. ^ Only exits in Welsh English. Non-Welsh speakers usually replace it with l.
  14. ^ /r/ is pronounced as a tap [ ɾ] in some varieties of Scottish and Irish English.
  15. ^ R-labialization, in which r is pronounced as [ ʋ], is found in some accents in Southern England.
  16. ^ Some dialects, such as Scottish English, Irish English, and many American South and New England dialects, distinguish voiceless [ ʍ] from voiced [ w]; see wine–whine merger and voiceless labiovelar approximant.
  17. ^ Marginal in most accents, and otherwise merged with /k/, see Lock–loch merger.
  18. ^ This common English interjection is usually pronounced with [ x] in unscripted spoken English, but it is most often read /ʌɡ/ or /ʌk/
  19. ^ Harrington, Cox & Evans (1997)
  20. ^ Cox & Palethorpe (2007)
  21. ^ Boberg (2004)
  22. ^ Sailaja (2009:19–26)
  23. ^ Wells (1982:422)
  24. ^ a b Mannell, Cox & Harrington (2009)
  25. ^ Bauer et al. (2007:97–102)
  26. ^ Scobbie, Gordeeva & Matthews (2006:7)
  27. ^ Bekker (2008)
  28. ^ Lass (2002:111–119)
  29. ^ Coupland & Thomas (1990:93–136)
  30. ^ Kenyon & Knott (1953)
  31. ^ Kenyon (1950)
  32. ^ Roach (2004:241–243)
  33. ^ "Case Studies – Received Pronunciation Phonology – RP Vowel Sounds". British Library.
  34. ^ a b c d e f g h i In most of the United States (with high dialectal variation), and to a lesser degree in Canada, special /æ/ tensing systems occur.
  35. ^ a b c d See bad–lad split for this distinction.
  36. ^ Suzanna Bet Hashim and Brown, Adam (2000) 'The [e] and [æ] vowels in Singapore English'. In Adam Brown, David Deterding and Low Ee Ling (eds.) The English Language in Singapore: Research on Pronunciation, Singapore: Singapore Association for Applied Linguistics ISBN  981-04-2598-8, pp. 84–92.
  37. ^ Deterding, David (2007). Singapore English. United Kingdom: Edinburgh University Press. pp. 24–26. ISBN  978 0 7486 3096 7.
  38. ^ In American accents without the cot–caught merger, the LOT vowel (generally written o) appears as ɒ~ ɔ instead of ɑ before the fricatives /f/, /θ/ and /s/ and the velar nasal /ŋ/; also usually before /ɡ/, especially in single-syllable words (dog, log, frog, etc.), and occasionally before /k/ (as in chocolate). See Lot–cloth split. In American accents with the cot–caught merger (about half of today's speakers), only ɑ occurs.
  39. ^ ɒ~ ɔ occurs in American accents without the cot–caught merger (about half of today's speakers); the rest have ɑ.
  40. ^ a b c d It is not clear whether this a true phonemic split, since the distribution of the two sounds is predictable; see Kit–bit split.
  41. ^ a b Deterding, David (2000) 'Measurements of the /eɪ/ and /oʊ/ vowels of young English speakers in Singapore'. In Adam Brown, David Deterding and Low Ee Ling (eds.), The English Language in Singapore: Research on Pronunciation, Singapore: Singapore Association for Applied Linguistics, pp. 93–99.
  42. ^ Often transcribed /e/ for RP, for example in Collins English Dictionary.
  43. ^ Mary W.J. Tay (1982). "'The phonology of educated Singapore English'". English World-Wide. "3" ("2"): 135–45. doi: 10.1075/eww.3.2.02tay.
  44. ^ The STRUT vowel in BrE is highly variable in the triangle defined by ə, ʌ and ɑ, see 'STRUT for Dummies'
  45. ^ In Welsh English, you, yew and ewe are /juː/, /jɪu/ and /ɪu/ respectively; in most other varieties of English they are homophones.
  46. ^ a b c d e f Some dialects of North American English have a vowel shift called Canadian raising, in which the first element of the diphthongs /aɪ, aʊ/ is raised in certain cases, yielding [ʌɪ̯, ʌʊ̯] or [əɪ̯, əʊ̯]. Canadian English has raising of both diphthongs, but most dialects in the United States only have raising of /aɪ/. In monosyllables, raising occurs before voiceless consonants, so right [ɹʌɪ̯t] and out [ʌʊ̯t] have raised vowels, but eyes [aɪz] and loud [laʊd] do not.
  47. ^ Merging NEAR and SQUARE is especially common amongst young New Zealanders.
  48. ^ While the actual pronunciation is [ɛə(ɹ) ~ ɛː(ɹ)], it can also be transcribed /eə(ɹ)/.
  49. ^ a b c d e f g See Fern–fir–fur merger for this distinction in some varieties.
  50. ^ Sometimes transcribed for GA as [əɹ], especially in transcriptions that represent both rhotic and non-rhotic pronunciations, as [ə(ɹ)].
  51. ^ Cite error: The named reference regulations was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
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