User:Clientele/_a References

United States Armed Forces
Military manpower
Military age	17-45 years oldPersons of 17 years of age, with parental permission, can join the U.S. armed services.
Availability	males & females ages 17-49: 134,813,023 (2005 est.).
Citizenship	Regular Army: No Citizenship Requirement For Enlisted Members / All Officers must be US Citizens. National Guard: Citizens Only.
Reaching military age annually	males & females: 4,180,074 (2005 est.)
Total armed forces	2,685,713 ( Ranked 2nd)
Active troops	1,426,713 ( Ranked 2nd)
Total troops	2,685,713 ( Ranked 7th)
Military expenditures
Dollar figure	$441.6 billion (FY2006 est.)
Percent of GDP	3.7% (FY2006 est.)

The military of the United States, officially known as the United States Armed Forces, consist of the:

All the services are under the command of the President of the United States. All of the services except the Coast Guard are part of the Department of Defense, which is controlled by the Secretary of Defense. In peacetime the Coast Guard is part of the Department of Homeland Security, while in wartime responsibility is transferred to the Defense Department. The United States Coast Guard has both military and law enforcement functions. Title 14, United States Code, Section 1, states "The Coast Guard as established January 28, 1915, shall be a military service and a branch of the armed forces of the United States at all times." In peacetime it is part of the Department of Homeland Security, but in wartime falls under the operational command of the United States Navy. Coast Guard units, or ships of its predecessor service, the Revenue Cutter Service, have seen combat in every war of the United States since 1790, including the U.S. occupation of Iraq.

Approximately 1.4 million personnel are currently on active duty in the military with an additional 1,259,000 personnel in the seven reserve components (456,000 of which are in the Army and Air National Guard).Additionally, both the Coast Guard and the Air Force have volunteer civilian auxiliaries: the United States Coast Guard Auxiliary (Coast Guard) and the Civil Air Patrol (Air Force). There is currently no conscription. Women are not allowed to serve in combat positions, but they are allowed to serve in a non-combat MOS. Due to the realities of war many of these non-combat positions see combat regularly. Go Army. "Careers & Jobs". Retrieved May 8, 2006.

Capabilities

Much of U.S. military capability is involved in logistics and transportation, which enable rapid buildup of forces as needed. The Air Force maintains a large fleet of C-5 Galaxy, C-17 Globemaster, and C-130 Hercules transportation aircraft. The Marine Corps maintains Marine Expeditionary Units at sea with the Navy's Atlantic and Pacific Fleets. The Navy's fleet of 12 active aircraft carriers, combined with a military doctrine of power projection, enables a flexible response to potential threats. The capabilities and strength of the United States Armed Forces make the United States military the most powerful in the world.

The United States Army is not as portable as the Marine Corps, but Army Chief of Staff General Peter Schoomaker has announced a reorganization of the Army's active-duty units into 48 brigade groups with an emphasis on power projection. There will be three classes of brigade group: light, medium, and heavy, with a different mix of armored and infantry units. In Army reorganization, however, battalions will still be affiliated with traditional regiments, and brigades will still be affiliated with traditional divisions. Reorganized brigades began operation in Iraq in the third quarter of 2005.

Organization

Under the United States Constitution, the President of the United States is the Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces. To coordinate military action with diplomatic action, the President has an advisory National Security Council.

Under the President is the United States Secretary of Defense, a Cabinet Secretary responsible for the Department of Defense.

Both the President and Secretary are advised by the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff.

The Goldwater-Nichols Department of Defense Reorganization Act of 1986 (PL 99-433) reworked the command structure of the United States Military, introducing the most sweeping changes to the United States Department of Defense since it was established in the National Security Act of 1947. The Goldwater-Nichols Reorganization Act was signed into law by President Ronald Reagan on October 1, 1986.

The Goldwater-Nichols Act streamlined the military chain of command, which now runs from the President through the Secretary of Defense directly to unified combat commanders, bypassing the Joint Chiefs of Staff, who were assigned to an advisory role. Each service is responsible for providing military units to the commanders of the various Unified Commands.

National Command organizational chart

Joint Chiefs of Staff

The 4 Service Chiefs together with the Chairman and Vice Chairman form the Joint Chiefs of Staff.

Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff	Gen. Peter Pace ( USMC)
Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff	Adm. Edmund P. Giambastiani ( USN)
Chief of Staff of the United States Army	Gen. Peter J. Schoomaker ( USA)
Chief of Naval Operations	Adm. Michael G. Mullen ( USN)
Commandant of the Marine Corps	Gen. Michael W. Hagee ( USMC)
Chief of Staff of the United States Air Force	Gen. T. Michael Moseley ( USAF)

Unified Combatant Commands

There are 9 Unified Combatant Commands- 5 geographic and 4 functional.

Command	Commander	Home Base	Area of Responsibility
United States Northern Command (NORTHCOM)	Admiral Timothy J. Keating ( USN)	Peterson Air Force Base, Colorado	North American homeland defense and coordinating homeland security with civilian forces.
United States Central Command (CENTCOM),	General John Abizaid ( USA)	MacDill Air Force Base, Florida	The Horn of Africa through the Persian Gulf region, into Central Asia.
United States European Command (EUCOM)	General James L. Jones ( USMC) (also Supreme Allied Commander Europe (SACEUR))	SHAPE (Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe), Belgium	Europe and African and Middle Eastern nations not covered by CENTCOM.
U.S. Pacific Command (PACOM)	Admiral William J. Fallon ( USN)	Camp H. M. Smith, Oahu, Hawaii	The Asia- Pacific region including Hawaii.
U.S. Southern Command (SOUTHCOM)	General Bantz J. Craddock ( USA)	Miami, Florida	South, Central America and the surrounding waters
U.S. Special Operations Command (SOCOM)	General Bryan D. Brown ( USA)	MacDill Air Force Base, Florida	Provides special operations for the Army, Navy, Air Force and Marine Corps.
U.S. Joint Forces Command (JFCOM)	General Lance L. Smith ( USAF) (also Supreme Allied Commander Transformation (SACT))	Naval Station Norfolk, Virginia	Supports other commands as a joint force provider.
United States Strategic Command (STRATCOM)	General James E. Cartwright ( USMC)	Offutt Air Force Base, Nebraska	Covers the strategic deterrent force and coordinates the use of space assets.
U.S. Transportation Command (TRANSCOM)	General Norton A. Schwartz ( USAF)	Scott Air Force Base, Illinois	Covers global mobility of all military assets for all regional commands.

Personnel

The United States military is ranked second largest in the world, and has troops deployed around the globe. As in most militaries, members of the U.S. Armed Forces hold a rank, either officer or enlisted, and can be promoted.

Personnel in each service

As of 2004

Service	Total Active Duty Personnel	Percentage Female	Enlisted	Officers
Army	500,203	15.2%	414,325	69,307
Marine Corps	180,000 www.military.com. "Marines Dispute QDR". Retrieved July 27, 2006.	6.0%	157,150	19,052
Navy	375,521	14.5%	319,929	55,592
Air Force	358,612	19.6%	285,520	73,091
Coast Guard	40,151	10.7%	31,286	7,835
Total	1,450,689	14.9%	1,196,210	254,479

Personnel deployed

Overseas

As of 1999, the United States occupied 702 military bases in 132 different countries. "Base Structure Report" (PDF). USA Department of Defense. 1999. Retrieved 2006-09-12. Some of the largest contingents are:

Germany	69,395
Japan ( United States Forces Japan)	35,307
South Korea ( United States Forces Korea)	32,744
Italy	12,258
United Kingdom	11,093

As of mid- 2006, nearly 150,000 U.S. troops are currently deployed in the Middle East. Most of these forces are currently engaged in Operation Enduring Freedom in Afghanistan, and Operation Iraqi Freedom in Iraq.

Within the United States

Including U.S. territories and ships afloat within territorial waters

A total of 1,112,684 personnel are on active duty within the United States including:

Continental U.S.	900,088
Hawaii	33,343
Alaska	17,714
Afloat	109,119
Guam	3,784
Puerto Rico	1,552

United States Department of Defense. "U.S. Military Deployment" (PDF). Retrieved July 21, 2006.

Types of Personnel

Enlisted

After enlistment new recruits undergo Basic Combat Training, followed by a sort of "technical school" called Advanced Individual Training (AIT) in their primary Military Occupational Specialty (MOS) at any of the numerous MOS training facilities around the world. Initially, recruits without higher education or college degrees will hold the paygrade of E-1, and will be elevated to E-2 usually after the completion of Basic Combat Training and with a minumum of six months Time-In-Service (TIS). Different services have different incentive programs for enlistees, such as higher initial ranks for college credit and referring friends who go on to enlist as well. Applicants can enlist at the age of 17, with parent/gaurdian permission, and participate in the Delayed Entry Program (DEP). In this program, the applicant is given the opportunity to participate in locally sponsored military-related activities, which can range from sports to competitions (each recruiting station DEP program will vary), lead by recruiters or other military liasons. Participation in this programs is an example of the different opportunities the recruits have to elevate in rank before their departure to Basic Combat Training. There are several different authorized paygrade advancement requirements in each junior enlisted rank category (E-1 to E-4). Enlistees in the Army can attain the initial paygrade of E-4 (Specialist) with a full four year degree, but generally, the highest initial entry paygrade is E-3.

Officer

There are four common ways for one to receive a commission as an officer in one of the branches of the U.S. military (although other routes are possible).

Reserve Officer Training Corps (ROTC)
Officer Candidate School (OCS)
Military Academy
Direct - Enlisted personnel that have skills that separate them from their peers can become officers if an overseeing general\commander sees such a promotion as fit. This type of commissioning is rarely done and is reserved only for the most exceptional enlisted personnel.

Officers receive a commission assigning them to the Officer Corps from the President (with the consent of the Senate).

Through their careers, officers usually will receive further training at one or a number of the many U.S. military staff colleges.

Warrant Officer

Additionally, all services except for the U.S. Air Force have a Warrant Officer corps. Above the rank of Warrant Officer One, these officers are also commissioned officers, but usually serve in a more technical and specialized role within units. More recently though they can also serve in more traditional leadership roles associated with the more recognizable officer corps. With one notable exception, these officers ordinarily have already been in the military often serving in senior NCO positions in the field in which they later serve as a Warrant Officer as a technical expert. The exception to the NCO rule is helicopter pilots in the U.S. Army; although most Army pilots have indeed served some enlisted time, it is also possible to enlist, complete basic training, go directly to the Warrant Officer Candidate school at Fort Rucker, Alabama, and then on to flight school.

Expenditures

File:WorldMilitarySpending.jpg

The military expenditure of the United States Department of Defense for fiscal year 2006 is:

Total Funding	$441.6 Billion
Operations and maintenance	$124.3 Bil.
Military Personnel	$108.8 Bil.
Procurement	$79.1 Bil.
Research, Development, Testing & Evaluation	$69.5 Bil.
Military Construction	$12.2 Bil.
Department of Energy Defense Activities	$17.0 Bil.

United States Department of Defense. "Fiscal Year 2006 Budget". Retrieved July 18, 2006.

The United States military budget is larger than the military budgets of the next twenty largest spenders combined, and six times larger than China's, which places second. As would be expected from the world's superpowers, the United States and its closest allies are responsible for approximately two-thirds of global military spending (of which, in turn, the U.S. is responsible for the vast majority). Military spending accounts for 19% of the United States' federal budget, and aproximately half of its federal discretionary spending, which comprises all of the U.S. government's money not accounted for by pre-existing obligations. [1] Global Issues That Affect Everyone. "High Military Expenditure in Some Places". Retrieved May 8, 2006.

However, in terms of per capita spending, the U.S. ranks third behind Israel and SingaporeNationMaster. "Military Statistics > Expenditures > Dollar figure (per capita) by country". Retrieved July 4, 2006.. It is also number 26 in terms of military spending per dollar GDP. CIA World Factbook. "Rank Order - Military expenditures - percent of GDP". Retrieved August 4, 2006.

According to the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, in 2003 the United States spent approximately 47% of the world's total military spending of US $956,000,000,000.

As a percentage of its GDP, the United states spends 3.7% on military. This is higher by percent than France's 2.6%, and lower than Saudia Arabia's 10%CIA World Factbook. "Military expenditures percent of GDP". Retrieved May 26, 2006.. This is historically fairly low for the United States. Truth and Politics. "Relative Size of US Military Spending from 1940 to 2003". Retrieved May 26, 2006.

However it must be remembered that the figure presented for United States Military spending has dramatically increased since the attacks of September 11th, 2001, and ensuing military operations in Afghanistan and Iraq.

Also, the United States' all-volunteer military has dramatically higher personnel costs compared to the militaries of countries which use conscription, many of which have far more troops than the United States. Six countries have more troops than the United States, five of them through conscription.