Texas is a 1985 novel by American writer
James A. Michener (1907–1997), based on the history of
Texas. Characters include real and fictional characters spanning hundreds of years, such as explorers, Spanish colonists, American immigrants,
German Texan settlers, ranchers, oil men, aristocrats,
Chicanos, and others, all based on extensive historical research.
Background
Michener did extensive research on the novel in Texas, receiving much support from the state government. Governor
Bill Clements offered him access to numerous state archives and research staff at the
University of Texas at Austin. Michener rented 3506
Mt. Bonnell Road for $1 per year to write the manuscript.
At 1,076 pages, it was the longest Michener novel published by Random House. Given the success of his previous novels, the company did a first printing of 750,000 copies, 'the largest in the company's history'.[1]
Chapters
The book is divided into an introduction and 14 subsequent chapters:
The Governor's Task Force - Provides a fictional account of the setting up of a group in 1983 to write a report encouraging an interest in Texas history on the eve of the
sesquicentenary in 1986. Each chapter traces the events and lives of key characters then ends with a return to the present time alongside some analysis of the themes covered.
El Camino Real - Explains the weakening of the missions in the late 18th century and how "
The Royal Road" running through San Antonio linked the barren north with the more prosperous south of
Spanish Texas. The early focus on casta, particularly by the Spanish-born class, influenced marriage and land ownership, contrasting with the culture of the non-Spanish entering the area from the north.
The Settlers - Details the ongoing influx of settlers from the north in the 1820s. Crossing the
Neutral Ground, immigrants were often attracted by
empresario (such as
Stephen F. Austin) but had to submit to Catholicism in order to settle. Many brought with them strong convictions about freedom, government, and religion. Conflict over land with natives (such as the
Karankawa) also ensued, leading to their eventual displacement.
The Trace - By the early 1830s, the Mississippi and the
Natchez Trace (where
Meriweather Lewis died) became organized routes for migration and trade to Texas, slowly becoming more settled and less lawless. The influence of
Scots-Irish Protestants is highlighted—particularly in land settlement (i.e.
league and a labor grants) and early industry (selling horses and cattle to New Orleans) alongside the local Mexicans.
The Texians - Covers the formative and chaotic period of the
Republic of Texas (1836–1845) and the ongoing skirmishes across the
Nueces Strip. Governing the new nation was difficult given its size and formative legal institutions. The presidencies of
Sam Houston and
Mirabeau B. Lamar are detailed against increasing tensions with native tribes (see
Texas Cherokees,
Council House Fight, and
Great Raid of 1840) and Mexicans. The arrival of
German Texan settlers help the developing industry and agriculture sectors.
The Ranger - After being
granted statehood, the
Mexican-American War (1846–1848) erupts as a result of historical border tensions and a failed attempt to purchase the region.
Various battles are covered as is the return from exile of Santa Anna. Texas forces (i.e. the
Texas Rangers) join the US force under General
Zachary Taylor, and although brave, they prove to be ill-disciplined and prone to vengeance against Mexicans.
Loyalties - Covers the late period of the
Antebellum South to the end of the
American Civil War. It highlights the fundamental influence that the
Old South had on the "
New South" (including Texas), from agriculture (cotton), the export economy, to labor (slavery), and social and political attitudes. It also outlines the impact of the
Vicksburg campaign and
Union blockade on families and increasing tensions due to the
Emancipation Proclamation.
The Fort - Highlights the shift in focus in post-war Texas to the frontier and
conflicts with native tribes over land and resources (such as water and buffalo). As settlers moved increasingly to the west, forts followed to provide security. The book introduces
Buffalo Soldiers of the
10th Cavalry and
Benjamin Grierson, cultural prejudices, and the slow erosion of native resistance and inevitable
resettlement.
The Frontier - Covers the late 1870s–1880s as attention turned to developing settlements and land holdings.
Cattle drives and
droving became a significant way to profit from the extension west of railroad heads (primarily
Abilene and
Dodge City), as did the cross breeding of
longhorns with imported
herefords to increase sale values. The introduction of barbed wire, to enclose land and water resources, led to several
range wars.
The Town - Moves the narrative to 1900 and the devastating arrival of the
boll weevil. It explains the particularly strong and local nature of Protestantism in Texas. It also highlights voter fraud and collusion as an element in local politics as well as the revival of the
KKK as a local moral force. The
discovery of oil changes the nature of the Texas economy while the development of
high school football affects local sports culture.
The Invaders - The focus of the novel moves to the 1960s and illegal immigration (and border patrol) along the Mexican border alongside the regional economic activity supported by immigrants. It contrasts with internal migration and relocation from declining economic regions such as Detroit. The inevitable
spread north of the nine-banded armadillo is also detailed as another 'invader'. The rise of seasonal hunting and
aquifer irrigation is also explained.
Power and Change - Covers the first half of the 1980s, including the
early 1980s recession, where oil prices fell and office space in major cities became over supplied. Other themes include Texas' influence on national politics, the
Ogallala Aquifer depletion, regular regional droughts, and longhorn sales. The ongoing changes in
Texas universities are covered as is the establishment of notable art museums (e.g.,
Kimbell Art Museum in Fort Worth).
Reception
Texas Monthly did not like the novel, awarding Michener its 'Bum Steer of the Year Award' (given to people who have done something to merit ridicule or embarrassment) for the work's "hackneyed dialogue" and "tendency to resort to stereotypes".[2] The magazine, however, made peace with Michener later.[3]