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The 2024 European Parliament election is scheduled to be held on 6 to 9 June 2024. [1] This will be the tenth parliamentary election since the first direct elections in 1979, and the first European Parliament election after Brexit. [2] [3] This election will also coincide with a number of other elections in the European Union.
In the previous election held on 23–26 May 2019, the EPP Group and S&D suffered significant losses, while Renew, Greens/EFA and ID made substantial gains, with ECR and The Left had small reduction. The European People's Party, led by Manfred Weber as Commission President candidate, won the most seats in the European Parliament. Despite this, the European Council decided after the election to nominate Ursula von der Leyen as new Commission President, and the European Parliament elected von der Leyen with 383 votes (374 votes needed). The commission was then approved by the European Parliament on 27 November 2019, receiving 461 votes.
The 2019 election saw an increase in the turnout, when 50.7% of eligible voters had cast a vote compared with 42.5% of the 2014 election. This was the first time that the tournout had increased since the first European Parliament election in 1979. [4] In 2024, the Eurobarometer data shows that 71% of Europeans say they are likely to vote in June, 10% higher than those who said they would in 2019. [5]
The election is expected to be one of the more contentious elections in the history of the European Parliament given the rise of right-wing parties in polling. [6] Since the last European-wide election, the right has continued to rise across Europe with right-wing populist parties holding political power in Hungary ( Fidesz), Italy ( Brothers of Italy), Sweden ( Sweden Democrats), Finland ( Finns Party) and Slovakia ( Slovak National Party) in 2024. [7] The centre-right EPP has "raised eyebrows" among some commentators for its efforts to charm parties in the ECR to create a broad conservative block, [8] which could upset the long-standing status-quo that has seen the EPP share power with the centre-left S&D and the centrist Renew Group. [9]
Elections to the European Parliament are regulated by the Treaty on European Union, Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, and the Act concerning the election of the members of the European Parliament by direct universal suffrage (the Electoral Act). The Electoral Act states that the electoral procedure is governed by the national provisions in each member state, subject to the provisions of the act. [10] Elections are conducted by direct universal suffrage by proportional representation using either a list system or single transferable vote. [11] The national electoral threshold may not exceed 5% of votes cast. [12]
In June 2018, the Council agreed to change the EU electoral law and to reform old laws from the 1976 Electoral Act as amended in 2002. [13] New provisions included a mandatory 2% threshold for countries with more than 35 seats and rules to prevent voters from voting in multiple countries. [14] After the Act was adopted by the Council following consent given by the European Parliament in July 2018, not all member states ratified the Act prior to the 2019 elections, which took place under the old rules. As of 2023, the reform has yet to be ratified by Cyprus and Spain; [15] Germany only ratified in summer 2023. [16]
On 3 May 2022, the European Parliament voted to propose a new electoral law, which would contain provisions for electing 28 seats on transnational lists. [17] As of 2024, this reform has not been approved by the Council, which must approve it unanimously, [18] meaning the election will be conducted under the 1976 Electoral Act as amended in 2002.
As a result of Brexit, 27 seats from the British delegation were distributed to other countries in January 2020 (those elected in 2019, but not yet seated took their seats). [19] The other 46 seats were abolished with the total number of MEPs decreasing from 751 to 705 after that. [20]
A report in the European Parliament proposed in February 2023 and passed in June 2023 to modify the apportionment in the European Parliament and increase the number of MEPs again in order to adapt to the development of the population and preserve degressive proportionality. [21] [22] The European Council will, by unanimity, take the final decision on the size of the European Parliament and each national seat quota. On 26 July 2023, the Council reached a preliminary agreement, which would increase the size of the European Parliament to 720 seats. [23] On 13 September 2023, the European Parliament consented to this decision, [24] which was adopted by the European Council on 22 September 2023. [25]
Member state | Seats | Date | Voting age |
Compulsory voting |
Absentee voting | Min. age for candidacy [26] |
Constituencies | Legal threshold [c] | Maximum threshold [d] | Electoral system [27] | Candidate selection [27] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Austria | 20(+1) | 9 June [28] | 16 | No | By post | 18 | 1 | 4% | ~4.8% | D'Hondt | Semi-open list |
Belgium | 22(+1) | 9 June [29] | 16 [30] | Yes [31] | By post and by proxy | 18 | 3 | 5% | Up to 50% [e] | D'Hondt | Semi-open list |
Bulgaria | 17 | 9 June [32] | 18 | No | — | 21 | 1 | ~5.9% [f] [33] | Largest remainder [g] | Semi-open list | |
Croatia | 12 | 9 June [34] | 18 | No | — | 18 | 1 | 5% | ~7.7% | D'Hondt | Semi-open list |
Cyprus | 6 | 9 June [35] | 18 | Yes | — | 21 | 1 | 1.8% [36] | ~14.3% | Largest remainder [g] | Open list |
Czech Republic | 21 | 7–8 June [37] | 18 | No | — | 21 | 1 | 5% | D'Hondt | Semi-open list | |
Denmark | 15(+1) | 9 June [38] | 18 | No | By post | 18 | 1 | — | ~6.3% | D'Hondt [h] | Open list |
Estonia | 7 | 9 June [39] | 18 | No | By post and online | 21 | 1 | — | 12.5% | D'Hondt | Open list |
Finland | 15(+1) | 9 June [40] | 18 | No | By post | 18 | 1 | — | ~6.3% | D'Hondt | Open list |
France | 81(+2) | 9 June [41] | 18 | No | By proxy | 18 | 1 | 5% | D'Hondt | Closed list | |
Germany | 96 | 9 June [42] | 16 | No | By post | 18 | 1 [i] | — | ~1.0% | Sainte-Laguë | Closed list |
Greece | 21 | 9 June [43] | 17 | Yes | By post | 25 | 1 | 3% | ~4.5% | Largest remainder | Open list |
Hungary | 21 | 9 June [44] | 18 | No | By post | 18 | 1 | 5% | D'Hondt | Closed list | |
Ireland | 14(+1) | 7 June [45] | 18 | No | — | 21 | 3 | N/A | Up to 20% [j] | Single transferable vote | |
Italy | 76 | 8–9 June [46] | 18 | No | — | 25 | [k] | 54% | Largest remainder [g] | Open list | |
Latvia | (+1) | 98 June [47] | 18 | No | By post | 21 | 1 | 5% [48] | 10% | Sainte-Laguë | Open list |
Lithuania | 11 | 9 June [49] | 18 | No | By post | 21 | 1 | 5% | ~8.3% | Largest remainder [g] | Open list |
Luxembourg | 6 | 9 June [50] | 18 | Yes | By post | 18 | 1 | — | ~14.3% | D'Hondt | Panachage |
Malta | 6 | 8 June [51] | 16 | No | — | 18 | 1 | N/A | ~14.3% | Single transferable vote | |
Netherlands | 31(+2) | 6 June [52] | 18 | No | By post and by proxy | 18 | 1 | ~3.2% [f] [53] | D'Hondt | Semi-open list | |
Poland | 53(+1) | 9 June [54] | 18 | No | — | 21 | 13 [k] | 5% | D'Hondt | Open list | |
Portugal | 21 | 9 June [55] | 18 | No | — | 18 | 1 | — | ~4.5% | D'Hondt | Closed list |
Romania | 33 | 9 June [56] | 18 | No | — | 23 | 1 | 5% | D'Hondt | Closed list | |
Slovakia | 15(+1) | 8 June [57] | 18 | No | — | 21 | 1 | 5% | ~6.3% | Largest remainder [l] | Semi-open list |
Slovenia | (+1) | 99 June [58] | 18 | No | By post | 18 | 1 | — | 10% | D'Hondt | Semi-open list |
Spain | 61(+2) | 9 June | 18 | No | By post | 18 | 1 | — | ~1.6% | D'Hondt | Closed list |
Sweden | 21 | 9 June [59] | 18 | No | By post | 18 | 1 | 4% | ~4.5% | Modified Sainte-Laguë | Semi-open list |
In the run-up to the 2014 European Parliament elections a new informal system was unveiled for the selection of the European Commission President dictating that whichever party group gained the most seats would see their lead candidate become President of the Commission. [60] In 2014, the candidate of the largest group, Jean-Claude Juncker, was eventually nominated and elected as Commission President. [61] European party leaders aimed to reintroduce the system in 2019, with them selecting lead candidates and organizing a televised debate between those candidates. [62] In the aftermath of the election German Defense Minister Ursula von der Leyen was chosen as Commission President, even though she had not been a candidate prior to the election, while Manfred Weber, lead candidate for the EPP, which had gained the most seats, was not nominated. [63] Following the non-application of the system in 2019, some have called for the system to be revived in the upcoming elections. [64] [65] [66]
The EPP, [67] PES, [68] EGP, [69] and PEL [70] announced their intensions to nominate a main candidate in 2024, while ECR [71] [72] and ID rejected doing so. [73]
The centre-right EPP held its congress in Bucharest on 6–7 March 2024 to elect its presidential candidate and adopt its election programme. [76] Nominees required the backing of their own member party and not more than two other EPP member parties from EU countries, with nominations closing on February 21. [77]
On 19 February 2024, Ursula von der Leyen announced her intention to run, supported by the CDU. [78] On 7 March von der Leyen was elected presidential candidate with 400 votes in favour, 89 against and 10 blank, out of the 737 EPP delegates. [79] Among others, it is believed that the French and Slovenian delegations voted against. [80] [81]
The centre-left PES held its congress in Rome on 2 March. Nominees required the backing of nine PES full member parties or organisations, with nominations closing on 17 January. [82]
On 18 January, the PES announced that the Luxembourgish European Commissioner for Jobs and Social Rights Nicolas Schmit was the sole nominee to meet the nominating requirements. [83] He was then nominated on 2 March during the party congress, along with the adoption of the election programme. [84]
The ALDE party held its extraordinary congress in Brussels on 20–21 March 2024. [85] On 7 March 2024, following months of speculation, Estonian Prime Minister Kaja Kallas announced that she had rejected the offer from ALDE to be the party's Spitzenkandidat. [86] Luxembourg’s former Prime Minister Xavier Bettel announced that he is not interested in the post either. [87]
On 11 March, the German FDP nominated Marie-Agnes Strack-Zimmermann to become presidential candidate. [88] She was then elected on March 20 during the party congress, along with the adoption of the election programme. [89] [90]
During the 8 March 2024 Convention in Florence, the European Democratic Party nominated Sandro Gozi as its lead candidate and approved its election programme. [91]
During the 2–4 February 2024 congress in Lyon, the European Green Party elected Terry Reintke and Bas Eickhout as its two presidential candidates and adopted its election programme. [92] [93] [94] Nominees were Bas Eickhout, Elīna Pinto, Terry Reintke, Benedetta Scuderi. [95] [96]
In October 2023, the congress of the European Free Alliance elected Maylis Roßberg and Raül Romeva as its presidential candidates, and adopted its election programme. [97] [98]
During the 24–25 February 2024 congress in Ljubljana, [99] the PEL elected Walter Baier as its presidential candidate and adopted its election programme. [100]
In a meeting held on 24 February 2024, the European Christian Political Movement appointed party president Valeriu Ghilețchi as its lead candidate for the European Commission. [101]
At its General Assembly in Luxembourg in January 2024, the European Pirate Party nominated Marcel Kolaja and Anja Hirschel as lead candidates. [102]
On 27 November 2023, Volt Europa adopted its European election programme at its General Assembly in Paris. [103] During the 6–7 April 2024 campaign launch event in Brussels the party elected German MEP Damian Boeselager and Dutch MEP Sophie in 't Veld as its lead candidates. [104] Regarding which European Parliament group to join after the elections, Boeselager said he was “open to discussions” between remaining in Greens/EFA or joining Renew Europe in due course. [105] To emphasise its demand for transnational lists, Volt Europa also presented a symbolic transnational list for the election alongside its leading candidates. [106]
Prior to the elections, the future of Ursula von der Leyen, the current European Commission President, was uncertain. Although Germany's Chancellor Olaf Scholz has hinted he would support von der Leyen should she choose to run for the position again, [107] his coalition government has also agreed to support the spitzenkandidat system. [108] This poses a challenge to von der Leyen's candidacy as this gives room to Manfred Weber, the leader of the European People's Party in the European Parliament, and fellow German CDU/CSU member, to propose alternative candidates, such as President of the European Parliament Roberta Metsola. Another option was for von der Leyen to run in the election for the Parliament to secure the support of her party. [109] [110] But this was ruled out in September 2023. [111] She has been supported for a second term by the Leader of the Christian Democratic Union Friedrich Merz. [112]
On 19 February 2024, von der Leyen announced her intention to seek a second term. [78] On 7 March von der Leyen was elected European People's Party presidential candidate with 400 votes in favour, 89 against and 10 blank, out of the 737 EPP congressional delegates. [113] The German government coalition agreement grants the right to nominate the next German EU Commissioner to the Greens, provided the Commission President is not from Germany. [114]
In January 2024, Charles Michel announced he would step down as president of the European Council to run for the European Parliament instead. [115] This means European Union leaders would potentially discuss his successor in the summer. [116] If elected to the European Parliament he would have had to step down anyway because of the dual mandate. [117] His mandate had been to set to expire in November 2024. [118] For this unanticipated decision Michel was criticised by EU officials and diplomats. [119] He was criticised by his political ally Sophie in 't Veld who questioned his "credibility". [120] This timing was reportedly set to mitigate potential disruptions from Hungarian Prime Minister Viktor Orban, whose country would be scheduled to take over the rotating presidency of the European Council on 1 July. [121] On 26 January 2024, Michel withdrew his candidacy and thus delayed his departure. [122]
Date and time | Location | Organisers | Moderators | Language | Participants P Present A Absent I Invited NI Not invited | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
EPP | PES | ALDE | EDP | EGP | EFA | ID | ECR | PEL | ECPM | |||||
29 April 2024 19:00 CET [123] [124] |
Theater aan het Vrijthof, Maastricht, Netherlands | Studio Europa Maastricht, Politico Europe |
Barbara Moens, Marcia Luyten | English | P von der Leyen |
P Schmit |
P Strack-Zimmermann [n] |
P Eickhout |
P Roßberg |
P Vistisen [m] |
I | P Baier |
P Ghilețchi | |
23 May 2024 [125] | Espace Léopold, Brussels, Belgium |
European Broadcasting Union, European Parliament |
TBA | English | TBA | |||||||||
24 May [126] | Florence, Italy | European University Institute | TBA | English | TBA |
Several voting advice applications at the European level have been developed to help voters choose their candidates.
The Adeno application allows users to discover the European group that best matches their convictions through 100 questions (20 in the express mode) covering 10 themes. The application also offers a multiplayer mode. It is available on Android [127] and iPhone. [128]
The VoteTracker.eu website allows users to visualise the votes of MEPs of the 2019–2024 legislature on 18 selected votes, and to find the MEPs who best match their convictions. [129]
Europe Elects, Der Föderalist and POLITICO have been presenting seat projections throughout the legislative period. Other institutes started presenting data during the election campaign. All projections make their national-level data transparent, except POLITICO, which only presents aggregate EU-level data.
Polling aggregator | Last update | Number of seats | The Left | S&D | G/EFA | Renew | EPP | ECR | ID | NI | Others | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Der Föderalist [130] | Baseline [o] | 26 Apr 2024 | 720 | 35 | 132 | 51 | 86 | 173 | 81 | 83 | 35 | 44 |
Dynamic [p] | 720 | 39 | 134 | 53 | 89 | 181 | 86 | 99 | 39 | – | ||
Politico Europe [131] | 26 Apr 2024 | 720 | 36 | 138 | 46 | 87 | 175 | 75 | 83 | 41 | 39 | |
EM Analytics [132] | 22 Apr 2024 | 720 | 39 | 139 | 51 | 77 | 181 | 86 | 86 | 61 | – | |
election.de [133] | 22 Apr 2024 | 720 | 39 | 138 | 52 | 90 | 173 | 80 | 87 | 61 | – | |
Europe Elects [134] | 16 Apr 2024 | 720 | 40 | 139 | 52 | 84 | 184 | 82 | 84 | 52 | 3 | |
Ipsos [135] | 19 Mar 2024 | 720 | 42 | 136 | 55 | 85 | 177 | 76 | 81 | 68 | – | |
2019 election | After Brexit | 1 Feb 2020 | 705 | 40 | 148 | 67 | 97 | 187 | 62 | 76 | 28 | – |
Before Brexit | 26 May 2019 | 751 | 41 | 154 | 74 | 108 | 182 | 62 | 73 | 57 | – |
Polling aggregator | Last update | The Left | S&D | G/EFA | Renew | EPP | ECR | ID | NI | Others | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
EM Analytics [136] | 22 Apr 2024 | 7.0% | 18.5% | 7.9% | 10.3% | 22.0% | 11.1% | 12.1% | 6.7% | 4.6% | ||
Europe Elects [137] | 16 Apr 2024 | 5.9% | 18.0% | 7.6% | 10.4% | 24.3% | 11.0% | 10.9% | 6.5% | 5.4% | ||
2019 election | ||||||||||||
Before Brexit | 26 May 2019 | 6.5% | 18.5% | 11.7% | 13.0% | 21.0% | 8.2% | 10.8% | 7.2% | 3.1% |
The dates chosen for the elections conflict with a long weekend in Portugal, where Portugal Day, a national holiday, is celebrated on 10 June, which is expected to suppress turnout. [138] Despite an attempt by Portuguese leaders to find a compromise, no change was made to the default date of 6–9 June, [139] which required unanimity to be changed.
The ongoing Qatargate corruption scandal, which began in December 2022, has destabilized the European Parliament following the arrest of several MEPs including Marc Tarabella; Andrea Cozzolino and Eva Kaili which was stripped of her vice presidency. Other suspects in the case include Francesco Giorgi, the parliamentary assistant of MEP Andrea Cozzolino, Pier Antonio Panzeri, founder of the Fight Impunity NGO; Niccolo Figa-Talamanca, head of the No Peace Without Justice NGO; and Luca Visentini, head of the International Trade Union Confederation. [140] [141]
A majority of European Parliament MEPs voted for a nonbinding resolution demanding that the European Commission considers that Hungary be stripped of its EU voting rights. [142] The European Parliament views Hungary as a " hybrid regime of electoral autocracy" since 2022 and considers Hungary according to Article 7.1 of the Treaty on European Union in clear risk of a serious breach of the Treaty on European Union. [143] [144]
On 27 March, the Czech Republic sanctioned the news site Voice of Europe, claiming that the site is part of a network for pro-Russian influence. [145] The following day, Belgian Prime Minister De Croo, referring to the sanctions during a debate in the Belgian parliament, said that Russia had targeted MEPs, but also paid them. [146] On 2 April, the Czech news portal Denik N reported, citing several ministers, that there are audio recordings of the German far-right politician Petr Bystron (MP, AfD) that incriminate him of having accepted money. [147] On 12 April, it became known that the Belgian public prosecutor's office is investigating whether European politicians were paid to spread Russian propaganda. In addition to Bystron, the investigation is also targeting Dutch MEP Marcel de Graaff (FvD) and German MEP Maximilian Krah (AfD). The Ukrainian politician and businessman Viktor Medvedchuk, who is close to Russian President Putin, is believed to be the man behind Voice of Europe. [148]