Coin of Tegin Shah towards the end of his reign. Obverse: Crown with tridents and lion head.[1]Brahmi inscription around (starting 11:00): sri-hitivira kharalava parame – svara sri sahi tiginadeva karita ("His Excellency,
Iltäbär of
Khalaj, worshipper of the Supreme God, His Excellency the King, the divine Lord Tegin had minted this coin"). Inside,
Bactrian inscription: σρι Ϸανο Sri Shaho (His Excellency the King").[2] Reverse: Portrait of the Iranian fire god
Adur.
Pahlavi inscription (starting 12:00) hpt-hpt t’ ("[year] 77") tkyn’ hwl’s s’n MLKA ("Tegin, King of Khorasan").[3] The date is in the post-
Yazdegerd III era, and corresponds to 728 CE, attributing it to the reign of Tegin Shah.[2]
Shahi Tegin, Tegin Shah or Sri Shahi (ruled 680–739 CE, known to the Chinese as 烏散特勤灑 Wusan Teqin Sa "Tegin Shah of Khorasan") was a king of the
Turk Shahis, a dynasty of
Western Turk or mixed Western Turk-
Hephthalite origin who ruled from
Kabul and
Kapisa to
Gandhara in the 7th to 9th centuries.[4]
During their rule, the Turk Shahi were in constant conflict against the eastward expansion of the
Umayyad Caliphate.[4] About 650 CE, the Arabs captured
Sistan, and started to attack Shahi territory from the west.[4] They captured
Kabul in 665 CE, but the Turk Shahis were able to mount a counter-offensive and repulsed the Arabs, taking back the areas of Kabul and
Zabulistan (around
Ghazni), as well as the region of
Arachosia as far as
Kandahar.[4]
Rule
In 680 CE, Shahi Tegin succeeded
Barha Tegin.[6] The Arabs again failed to capture Kabul and Zabulistan in 697–698 CE, and their general
Yazid ibn Ziyad was killed in the action.[4]
In 719/20 CE, the Tegin of Kabulistan (Tegin Shah) and the Iltäbär of
Zabulistan sent a combined embassy to the Chinese emperor of the
Tang dynasty in
Xi'an to obtain confirmation of their thrones.[7][8] The Chinese emperor signed an investiture decree, which was returned to the Turk rulers:[7]
In the seventh year of the Kaiyuan reign [719 CE], [Jibin dispatched] envoys to the [Tang] court, who offered up a book of an astrological text, secret medical recipes, together with foreign medecines and other things. An imperial edict was issued to bestow on the king [of Jibin] the title
Geluodazhi Tele [for "Tegin"].
The word "Geluodazhi" in this extract (Chinese: 葛罗达支, pronounced in
Early Middle Chinese: kat-la-dat-tcǐe), is thought to be a transliteration of the ethnonym
Khalaj.[10] Hence Tegin Shah was "Tegin of the Khalaj".[10] This title also appears on his coinage in
Gupta script, where he is named "hitivira kharalāča", probably meaning "
Iltäbär of the Khalaj".[10] In 720 CE, the ruler of
Zabulistan (謝䫻, xieyu) also received the title Gedaluozhi Xielifa (Chinese: 葛達羅支頡利發), Xielifa being the known Chinese transcription of the Turkish "
Iltäbär", hence "Iltäbär of the Khalaj".[11] Overall, it seems that the Turk Shahi rulers were Khalaj Turks.[12]
Tegin Shah abdicated in 739 CE in favour of his son
Fromo Kesaro and sent an embassy through Central Asia in 719 CE:[4][a]
In the 27th year [of Kaiyuan, ie 739 CE], the king Wusan Tela Sa [for Khorasan Tegin Shah] submitted a memorial requesting that due to his old age, his son
Fulin Jisuo may succeed him on the throne. The emperor agreed and dispatched an envoy in order to confer the king's title on him through an imperial edict.