From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Various Taoist denominations
A
monk of the Quanzhen school of
Mount Tai , in
Shandong .
Taiping
dajiao ritual based on the
Taipingjing performed at a
Tianhou temple in
Hong Kong .
Taoist ritual in
Fanling Wai .
Taoism is an
East Asian religion founded in
ancient China with many schools or denominations, of which none occupies a position of orthodoxy and co-existed peacefully.
[1] Taoist branches usually build their identity around a set of scriptures, that are manuals of ritual practices.
[2] Scriptures are considered "breathwork", that is "configurations of energy" (
qi ), embodiments of "celestial patterns" (tianwen ),
[3] or "revelations of structures" (li ).
[4]
The earliest Taoist schools emerged during the late
Eastern Han dynasty (25-220 CE).
[5] They blossomed especially in the region of
Shu , modern-day
Sichuan .
[6] From the 12th and 13th centuries onwards several smaller branches merged into larger ones, but in turn, side-schools developed around the large traditions.
[7] In modern times the existing schools tend to be classified under few overarching headings, in most cases under two main denominations:
Quanzhen Taoism and
Zhengyi Taoism .
Chronology of major schools
Source:
[8]
Eastern Han period (25–220) to
Tang period (618-907): development of the Taiping, Celestial Masters and Zhengyi schools.
Eastern Jin period (317–420) and
Southern dynasties period (420-589): development of the Shangqing and Lingbao branches.
Shangqing Taoism (上清派 Shàngqīng pài , "School of the Highest Clarity")
Maoshan Taoism (茅山宗 Máoshān zōng , "Maoshan Lineage" or "Maoshan Church")
Lingbao Taoism (靈寳派 Língbǎo pài , "School of the Numinous Treasure")
Louguan Taoism (樓觀派 Lóuguān pài or 樓觀道 Lóuguān dào , "School [or Way] of the Contemplation Place")
Jurchen Jin period (1115–1234): development of the Quanzhen branch.
Quanzhen Taoism (全真道 Quánzhēn dào , "Way of the Fulfilled Virtue")
Zhenda Taoism (真大道 Zhēndà dào , "True Wide Way")
Taiyi Taoism (太一道 Tàiyī dào , "Way of the Great Oneness")
Southern Song period (1127–1279): Tianxin, Shenxiao, Qingwei, Donghua and Jingming branches.
Tianxin Taoism (天心派 Tiānxīn pài , "School of the Heavenly Heart")
Shenxiao Taoism (神霄派 Shénxiāo pài , "School of the Divine Empyrean")
Qingwei Taoism (清微派 Qīngwēi pài , "School of the Pristine Simplicity")
Donghua Taoism (東華派 Dōnghuá pài , "School of the Eastern Flower")
Jingming Taoism (淨明道 Jìngmíng dào , "Way of the Pure Light")
16th and 17th centuries: Wuliu.
Other schools
Source:
[9]
Bojia Taoism (帛家道 Bójiā dào )
Chongxuan Taoism (重玄 Chóngxuán )
Lijia Taoism (李家道 Lǐjiā dào , "
Way of the Li Family ")
Longhu Church or Lineage (龍虎宗 Lónghǔ zōng )
Gezao Church or Lineage (閣皂宗 Gézào zōng )
Jindan Taoism (金丹派 Jīndān pài ) or Southern Church (南宗 Nán zōng )
Beidi Taoism (北帝派 Běidì pài )
Laoshan or Lao Huashan Taoism (老華山派 Lǎo huàshān pài )
Jiu Gongshan Taoism (九宮山派 Jiǔ gōngshān pài )
Xuan Taoism (玄教 Xuán jiào )
Longmen Taoism (龍門派 Lóngmén pài )
Namo Taoism (南無派 Námó pài )
Suishan Taoism (隨山派 Suíshān pài )
Yuxian Taoism (遇仙派 Yùxian pài )
Yushan Taoism (嵛山派 Yúshān pài )
Qingjing Taoism (清靜派 Qīngjìng pài )
Sanfeng Taoism (三豐派 Sānfēng pài )
Wudang Taoism (武當道 Wǔdāng dào ) or Wudang Benshan Taoism (武當本山派 Wǔdāng běnshān pài )
Jinshan Taoism (金山派 Jīnshān pài ) or Laoshan Taoism (嶗山派 Láoshān pài )
ChunYang Taoism (纯阳派 chunyang pài )
Newest schools:
Dong Taoism or Eastern Taoism (東派 Dōng pài ), Neidan Dong Taoism (内丹東派 Nèidān dōng pài )
Xi Taoism or Western Taoism (西派 Xi pài ), Neidan Xi Taoism (内丹西派 Nèidān xi pài )
See also
References
^ Qing Xitai, 1994.
^ Andersen, Reiter. 2005.
^ Andersen, Reiter. 2005. p. 77
^ Andersen, Reiter. 2005. p. 78
^ Qing Xitai, 1994.
^ Qing Xitai, 1994.
^ Qing Xitai, 1994.
^ Qing Xitai, 1994.
^ Qing Xitai, 1994.
Sources
Poul Andersen, Florian C. Reiter. Scriptures, Schools and Forms of Practice in Daoism: A Berlin Symposium . Harrassowitz Verlag, 2005.
ISBN
344705171X
Qing Xitai (1994) 卿希泰. Zhongguo daojiao 中國道教, vol. 1, pp. 77–83. Shanghai: Zhishi chubanshe.
Online .