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See also: Bacterial small RNA

Small RNA (sRNA) are polymeric RNA molecules that are less than 200 nucleotides in length, and are usually non-coding. [1] RNA silencing is often a function of these molecules, with the most common and well-studied example being RNA interference (RNAi), in which endogenously expressed microRNA (miRNA) or exogenously derived small interfering RNA (siRNA) induces the degradation of complementary messenger RNA. Other classes of small RNA have been identified, including piwi-interacting RNA (piRNA) and its subspecies repeat associated small interfering RNA (rasiRNA). [2] Small RNA "is unable to induce RNAi alone, and to accomplish the task it must form the core of the RNA–protein complex termed the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC), specifically with Argonaute protein". [3]: 366 

Small RNA have been detected or sequenced using a range of techniques, including directly by MicroRNA sequencing on several sequencing platforms, [4] [5] [6] or indirectly through genome sequencing and analysis. [7] Identification of miRNAs has been evaluated in detecting human disease, such as breast cancer. [5] Peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) miRNA expression has been studied as potential biomarker for different neurological disorders such as Parkinson's disease, [8] Multiple sclerosis. [9] Evaluating small RNA is useful for certain kinds of study because its molecules "do not need to be fragmented prior to library preparation". [3]: 162 

Types of small RNA include:

In plants

The first known function in plants was discovered in mutants of Arabidopsis. Specifically with decline in function mutations for RNA-dependent RNA polymerase and DICER-like production. This impairment actually enhanced Arabidopsis resistance against Heterodera schachtii and Meloidogyne javanica. Similarly, mutants with reduced Argonaute function - ago1-25, ago1-27, ago2-1, and combined mutants with ago1-27 and ago2-1 - had greater resistance to Meloidogyne incognita. Altogether this demonstrates great dependence of nematode parasitism on plants' own small RNAs. [14]

References

  1. ^ Storz G (May 2002). "An expanding universe of noncoding RNAs". Science. 296 (5571): 1260–3. Bibcode: 2002Sci...296.1260S. doi: 10.1126/science.1072249. PMID  12016301. S2CID  35295924.
  2. ^ Gunawardane LS, Saito K, Nishida KM, Miyoshi K, Kawamura Y, Nagami T, et al. (March 2007). "A slicer-mediated mechanism for repeat-associated siRNA 5' end formation in Drosophila". Science. 315 (5818): 1587–90. doi: 10.1126/science.1140494. PMID  17322028. S2CID  11513777.
  3. ^ a b Meyers RA (2012). Epigenetic Regulation and Epigenomics. Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN  978-3-527-66861-8.
  4. ^ Lu C, Tej SS, Luo S, Haudenschild CD, Meyers BC, Green PJ (September 2005). "Elucidation of the small RNA component of the transcriptome". Science. 309 (5740): 1567–9. Bibcode: 2005Sci...309.1567L. doi: 10.1126/science.1114112. PMID  16141074. S2CID  1651848.
  5. ^ a b Wu Q, Lu Z, Li H, Lu J, Guo L, Ge Q (2011). "Next-generation sequencing of microRNAs for breast cancer detection". Journal of Biomedicine & Biotechnology. 2011: 597145. doi: 10.1155/2011/597145. PMC  3118289. PMID  21716661.
  6. ^ Ruby JG, Jan C, Player C, Axtell MJ, Lee W, Nusbaum C, et al. (December 2006). "Large-scale sequencing reveals 21U-RNAs and additional microRNAs and endogenous siRNAs in C. elegans". Cell. 127 (6): 1193–207. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2006.10.040. PMID  17174894. S2CID  16838469.
  7. ^ Witten D, Tibshirani R, Gu SG, Fire A, Lui WO (May 2010). "Ultra-high throughput sequencing-based small RNA discovery and discrete statistical biomarker analysis in a collection of cervical tumours and matched controls". BMC Biology. 8 (1): 58. doi: 10.1186/1741-7007-8-58. PMC  2880020. PMID  20459774.
  8. ^ Gui Y, Liu H, Zhang L, Lv W, Hu X (November 2015). "Altered microRNA profiles in cerebrospinal fluid exosome in Parkinson disease and Alzheimer disease". Oncotarget. 6 (35): 37043–53. doi: 10.18632/oncotarget.6158. PMC  4741914. PMID  26497684.
  9. ^ Keller A, Leidinger P, Lange J, Borries A, Schroers H, Scheffler M, et al. (October 2009). "Multiple sclerosis: microRNA expression profiles accurately differentiate patients with relapsing-remitting disease from healthy controls". PLOS ONE. 4 (10): e7440. Bibcode: 2009PLoSO...4.7440K. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0007440. PMC  2757919. PMID  19823682.
  10. ^ Green, D; Dalmay, T; Chapman, T (February 2016). "Microguards and micromessengers of the genome". Heredity. 116 (2): 125–134. doi: 10.1038/hdy.2015.84. PMC  4806885. PMID  26419338.
  11. ^ Wei H, Zhou B, Zhang F, Tu Y, Hu Y, Zhang B, Zhai Q (2013). "Profiling and identification of small rDNA-derived RNAs and their potential biological functions". PLOS ONE. 8 (2): e56842. Bibcode: 2013PLoSO...856842W. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0056842. PMC  3572043. PMID  23418607.
  12. ^ Green, Darrell; Fraser, William D.; Dalmay, Tamas (June 2016). "Transfer RNA-derived small RNAs in the cancer transcriptome". Pflügers Archiv: European Journal of Physiology. 468 (6): 1041–1047. doi: 10.1007/s00424-016-1822-9. PMC  4893054. PMID  27095039.
  13. ^ Billmeier, Martina; Green, Darrell; Hall, Adam E.; Turnbull, Carly; Singh, Archana; Xu, Ping; Moxon, Simon; Dalmay, Tamas (31 December 2022). "Mechanistic insights into non-coding Y RNA processing". RNA Biology. 19 (1): 468–480. doi: 10.1080/15476286.2022.2057725. PMC  8973356. PMID  35354369.
  14. ^ Hewezi T (2020-08-25). "Epigenetic Mechanisms in Nematode–Plant Interactions". Annual Review of Phytopathology. 58 (1). Annual Reviews: 119–138. doi: 10.1146/annurev-phyto-010820-012805. ISSN  0066-4286. PMID  32413274. S2CID  218658491.


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