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Sangam period
Tamilakam, located in the tip of South India during the Sangam Period, ruled by Chera dynasty, Chola dynasty and the Pandyan dynasty
Alternative namesSangam Age, Third Sangam period, Last Sangam period
Geographical range Indian subcontinent
Period Iron Age India
Dates c. 300 BCE – c. 300 CE
Major sites Keeladi excavation site, Kodumanal, Arikamedu, Murugan Temple, Saluvankuppam, Adichanallur

The Sangam period or age ( Tamil: சங்ககாலம், caṅkakālam), particularly referring to the third Sangam period, is the period of the history of ancient Tamil Nadu and Kerala (then known as Tamilakam), and parts of Sri Lanka from c. 300 BCE to 300 CE. [web 1] It was named after the literature of poets and scholars of the legendary Sangam academies centered in the city of Madurai. [1]

Area

In Old Tamil language, the term Tamilakam (Tamiḻakam, Purananuru 168. 18) referred to the whole of the ancient Tamil-speaking area, [web 2] corresponding roughly to the area known as southern India today, consisting of the territories of the present-day Indian states of Tamil Nadu, Kerala, parts of Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka. Sri Lanka is distinguished from it and is known as Ilam or Eelam, [2] although also influenced by the Sangam Period. [3] [4] [web 3] [note 1]

Three Sangam periods

Main articles: History of Tamil Nadu and History of Kerala

According to Tamil legends, there were three Sangam periods. Historians use the term Sangam period to refer the last of these, with the first two being legendary. It is also called the last Sangam period ( Tamil: கடைச்சங்க பருவம், Kadaiccanga paruvam), [5] or third Sangam period ( Tamil: மூன்றாம் சங்க பருவம், Mūnṟām sanka paruvam).

Sangam Time span No. of Poets no of king Kingdom [6] Books [6]
First 4440 years [6] 549 [6] 89
Second 3700 years [6] 1700 [6] 59 Tolkāppiyam (author - Tolkāppiyar)(legendary; extend version dated to 5th c. CE)
Third 1850 years [6] 49 Pandiya covers entire corpus of Sangam Literature

First Sangam

The First Sangam period ( Tamil: முதற்சங்க பருவம், Muthaṟchanga paruvam) or the First Academy, also known as the Head Sangam period ( Tamil: தலைச்சங்க பருவம், Thalaichanga paruvam), was a legendary period in ancient Tamilakam said to be the foremost of Tamil Sangams, known in the Tamil language as koodal ( Tamil: கூடல்) or "gathering". It is the first of three Tamil Sangams of Classical Tamil literature. While most historians accept the historicity of this literature, they also understand that some literary academies would have held Pandyan patronage. [7] This is not to be confused with the historical Third Sangam period which lasted roughly from 300 BCE to 300 CE.

It was said to be located in Then Madurai under the patronage of 89 Pandya kings, [8] [9] [10] during this period. It is said to have lasted for 4,440 years, and this would put the First Sangam between 9600 BCE to 5200 BCE. [11] [12]

Some are of the opinion that Agathiyar was the head of the Head Sangam period. However, this is unlikely as the first mention of him is from Ptolemy and no Sangam work refers to him. [13] A more likely proposition is Lord Muruga (Kartikeya) being the head of the First Sangam as believed by others. [14]

Its function was to judge literary works and credit their worth. Later literary works like Iraiyanar Akaporul mention that 549 poets were members of it including Shiva, Murugan, Kuperan and seven Pandya kings. [15] And 16,149 authors attended the convocation. Its chief works were Perumparipadal, Mudukuruku, Mudunarai and Kalariyavirai. It used Agattiyam as its grammar. [16] There are no surviving works from this period.

Muranjiyur Mudinagar, a member of the first Tamil Sangam, is believed to have been a king of the Nagas in Jaffna. [17] Siddha medicine is said to have been practiced during the First Sangam, [18] and people "enjoyed mental and bodily health, respecting nature and living hygienically." [19]

Iraiyanar Kalaviyal mentions a King Kadungon was the last ruler during the Talaiccankam. He is not to be confused with Kadungon who defeated the Kalabhras. [20] It was washed away in a sea-deluge. This led to the Middle Sangam period.[ citation needed]

Second sangam

The Second Sangam period or Middle Sangam Period ( Tamil: இடை சங்கம்) or the Second Academy, was a legendary period in the history of Ancient Tamil land said to be the foremost of Tamil Sangams, known in the Tamil language as கூடல் (kooṭal). It was the second of the three Tamil Sangams of Classical Tamil literature.

The primary factors leading to the formation of the Middle Sangam period was mentioned by Iraiyanar, one of the authors of Kurunthogai, who mentions the kingdom of a King named Kandungon, the last ruler during the First Sangam. It was washed away in a sea-erosion. This led to the Second Sangam period.

The second Sangam was convened in Kapatapuram. This Sangam lasted for 3700 years and had 59 members, with 1700 poets participating. There were 59 Pandiya kings starting from Vendercceliyan to Mudattirumaran were decedents and rulers of that period. This city was also submerged in sea. Ramayana and Arthashastra of Kautalya corroborates the existence of a city named Kavatapuram. There is a reference to a South Indian place called Kavata by Sugriva in a verse which runs something like 'having reached Kavata suitable for Pandiya'. Kavata is also mentioned by Kautalya in Arthashastra. The grammar followed was Budapuranam, Agattiyam, Tholkappiyam, Mapuranam and Isai Nunukkam. The poems attributed to second academy are Kali, Kurugu, Vendali and Viyalamalai Ahaval. The Third Sangam (kaṭaicaṅkam) was purportedly located in the current city of Madurai and lasted for 1850 years. There were 49 Pandiya kings starting from Mudattirumaran (who came away from Kabadapuram to present Madurai) to Ukkirapperu valudi were descendants and rulers of that period. The academy had 49 members, and 449 poets are described as having participated in the Sangam. The grammars followed were Agattiyam and Tholkappiyam. The poems composed were Kurunthogai, Netunthogai, Kurunthogai Nanooru, Narrinai Nanooru, Purananooru, Aingurunooru, Padirrupaatu, Kali, Paripaadal, Kuttu, Vari, Sirrisai and Perisai. [21]

There are a number of other isolated references to the legend of academies at Madurai scattered through Shaivite and Vaishnavite devotional literature throughout later literature.

Third Sangam

Ilango Adigal is the author of Silappatikaram, one of the five great epics of Tamil literature. [22]
Main articles: Sources of ancient Tamil history, Sangam literature, The Five Great Epics of Tamil Literature, and Tamil history from Sangam literature

The evidence on the early history of the Tamil kingdoms consists of the epigraphs of the region, the Sangam literature, and archaeological data. [4]

The period between 300 BCE and 300 CE, Tamilakam was ruled by the three Tamil dynasties of Pandya, Chola and Chera, and a few independent chieftains, the Velir.

The fourfold Vedic system of caste hierarchy did not exist during the Sangam period. The society was organised by occupational groups living apart from each other. [23]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Wilson 2000, p. 14: "They had earlier felt secure in the concept of the Tamilakam, a vast area of "Tamilness" from the south of Dekhan in India to the north of Sri Lanka..."

References

  1. ^ Anjali (2017), p. 123–136.
  2. ^ Manguin et al. (2011), p. 138.
  3. ^ Wilson (2000), p. 14.
  4. ^ a b Shinu (2003).
  5. ^ Zvelebil (1973), p. 46.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g Daniélou (2003). sfnp error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFDaniélou2003 ( help)
  7. ^ Harman, William (1992). The sacred marriage of a Hindu goddess. Motilal Banarsidass.
  8. ^ Kenneth Hurry, Alain Daniélou (2003). A brief history of India. Inner Traditions / Bear & Co.
  9. ^ Sen, Sailendra Nath (1992). Ancient Indian History and Civilization. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 204.
  10. ^ "Tamil Geographies: Cultural Constructions of Space and Place in South India", page 62, Martha Ann Selby, Indira Viswanathan Peterson, Suny Press
  11. ^ S. Kunjithapatham, M. Arunachalam (1989). Musical tradition of Tamilnadu. International Society for the Investigation of Ancient Civilizations. p. 11.
  12. ^ "Proceedings - Volume 1 of Proceedings: Edited by R. E. Asher, Vadasery Iyemperumal Subramoniam" page 184, R. E. Asher, Vadasery I. Subramoniam, Pennsylvania State University
  13. ^ Saletore, Rajaram Narayan (1984). Encyclopaedia of Indian culture: Volume 4. Sterling Publishers.
  14. ^ Journal of Indian history, Volume 38. Dept. of History, University of Kerala. 1960.
  15. ^ Harman, William (1992). The sacred marriage of a Hindu goddess. Motilal Banarsidass.
  16. ^ Iyengar, Sesha (1982). Dravidian India. Asian Educational Services.
  17. ^ Pillay, Kolappa Pillay Kanakasabhapathi (1963). South India and Ceylon. University of Madras.
  18. ^ Ca. Vē Cuppiramaṇiyan̲, Vē. Irā Mātavan̲ (1983). Heritage of the Tamils: Siddha medicine. International Institute of Tamil Studies.
  19. ^ Weiss, Richard (2009). Recipes for immortality: medicine, religion, and community in South India. Oxford University Press.
  20. ^ Piḷḷai, Es Vaiyāpurip (1988). Vaiyapuripillai's history of Tamil language and literature: from the beginning to 1000 A.D. New Century Book House.
  21. ^ Daniélou, Alain (11 February 2003). A Brief History of India. Simon and Schuster. ISBN  9781594777943.
  22. ^ Rosen (1975).
  23. ^ Nath sen (1999), p. 205.

Sources

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sangam period.
Printes sources
Web-sources
  1. ^ Jesudasan, Dennis S. (20 September 2019). "Keezhadi excavations: Sangam era older than previously thought, finds study". The Hindu. ISSN  0971-751X. Retrieved 12 August 2021.
  2. ^ Saju, M. T. (20 September 2019). "Carbon dating confirms Keeladi 3 centuries older". The Times of India. Retrieved 8 February 2021.
  3. ^ "Women, Transition, and Change: A Study of the Impact of Conflict and Displacement on Women in Traditional Tamil Society". 1995.

Further reading

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