Informal group of gastropods
Pulmonata or pulmonates is an informal group (previously an
order , and before that, a
subclass ) of
snails and
slugs characterized by the ability to breathe air, by virtue of having a
pallial lung instead of a
gill , or gills. The group includes many land and freshwater families, and several marine families.
The
taxon Pulmonata as traditionally defined was found to be
polyphyletic in a molecular study per Jörger et al. , dating from 2010.
[1]
Pulmonata are known from the
Carboniferous period to the present.
[2]
Pulmonates have a single
atrium and kidney, and a concentrated symmetrical nervous system. The mantle cavity is on the right side of the body, and lacks gills, instead being converted into a
vascularised lung. Most species have a shell, but no
operculum , although the group does also include several shell-less slugs. Pulmonates are
hermaphroditic , and some groups possess
love darts .
[3]
Linnean taxonomy
The taxonomy of this group according to the
taxonomy of the Gastropoda (Ponder & Lindberg, 1997) was as follows:
Order Pulmonata
Cuvier in Blainville, 1814 - pulmonates
Shells of pulmonate
stylommatophoran snails in a museum collection
An artistic but scientifically incorrect version of various European land snails and slugs (one species here is not a pulmonate), their food plants and fungi, and a beetle that eats mollusks, bottom right.
Infraorder
Stylommatophora A. Schmidt, 1856 - land snails
Subinfraorder
Orthurethra
Superfamily
Achatinelloidea Gulick, 1873
Superfamily
Cochlicopoidea Pilsbry, 1900
Superfamily
Partuloidea Pilsbry, 1900
Superfamily
Pupilloidea Turton, 1831
Subinfraorder
Sigmurethra
Superfamily
Acavoidea Pilsbry, 1895
Superfamily
Achatinoidea Swainson, 1840
Superfamily
Aillyoidea Baker, 1960
Superfamily
Arionoidea
J.E. Gray in Turnton, 1840
Superfamily
Buliminoidea Clessin, 1879
Superfamily
Camaenoidea Pilsbry, 1895
Superfamily
Clausilioidea
Mörch , 1864
Superfamily
Dyakioidea Gude & Woodward, 1921
Superfamily
Gastrodontoidea Tryon, 1866
Superfamily
Helicoidea
Rafinesque , 1815
Superfamily
Helixarionoidea Bourguignat, 1877
Superfamily
Limacoidea
Rafinesque , 1815
Superfamily
Oleacinoidea H. & A. Adams, 1855
Superfamily
Orthalicoidea Albers-Martens, 1860
Superfamily
Plectopylidoidea Moellendorf, 1900
Superfamily
Polygyroidea Pilsbry, 1894
Superfamily
Punctoidea Morse, 1864
Superfamily
Rhytidoidea Pilsbry, 1893
Superfamily
Sagdidoidera Pilsbry, 1895
Superfamily
Staffordioidea
Thiele , 1931
Superfamily
Streptaxoidea
J.E. Gray , 1806
Superfamily
Strophocheiloidea
Thiele , 1926
Superfamily
Trigonochlamydoidea Hese, 1882
Superfamily
Zonitoidea
Mörch , 1864
? Superfamily
Athoracophoroidea P. Fischer, 1883 = Tracheopulmonata
? Superfamily
Succineoidea Beck, 1837 = Heterurethra
2005 taxonomy
Examples of Pulmonata:
Achatina fulica top right,
Bielzia coerulans top left,
Praticolella berlandieriana center right,
Megalobulimus oblongus in the center,
Euglandina rosea center left, Helix pomatia bottom right &
Ashmunella levettei bottom left
The taxonomy of this group according to the
taxonomy of the Gastropoda (Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005)
[4] was as follows:
Informal Group Pulmonata
Contains the informal group Basommatophora and the clade Eupulmonata
Informal Group Basommatophora
Contains the clade Hygrophila
Clade Eupulmonata
Contains the clades Systellommatophora and Stylommatophora
Contains the subclades Elasmognatha , Orthurethra and the informal group Sigmurethra
other Sigmurethra
Two superfamilies belongs to clade Sigmurethra, but they are not in the limacoid clade.
2010 taxonomy
Jörger et al. (2010)
[1] analyzed major groups within the
Heterobranchia using genetic data and found that Pulmonata as traditionally defined was
polyphyletic , for instance some pulmonates were more closely related to
Sacoglossa and
Acochlidia . They proposed the more inclusive taxon
Panpulmonata to unite the clades
Siphonarioidea ,
Sacoglossa ,
Glacidorboidea ,
Pyramidelloidea ,
Amphiboloidea ,
Hygrophila ,
Acochlidia and
Eupulmonata .
[1]
References
^
a
b
c Jörger, Katharina M; Stöger, Isabella; Kano, Yasunori; Fukuda, Hiroshi; Knebelsberger, Thomas; Schrödl, Michael (2010).
"On the origin of Acochlidia and other enigmatic euthyneuran gastropods, with implications for the systematics of Heterobranchia" . BMC Evolutionary Biology . 10 (1): 323.
doi :
10.1186/1471-2148-10-323 .
PMC
3087543 .
PMID
20973994 .
^ (in Czech) Pek I., Vašíček Z., Roček Z., Hajn. V. & Mikuláš R. 1996. Základy zoopaleontologie . Olomouc, 264 pp.,
ISBN
80-7067-599-3 .
^ Barnes, Robert D. (1982). Invertebrate Zoology . Philadelphia, PA: Holt-Saunders International. p. 377.
ISBN
0-03-056747-5 .
^
Bouchet, Philippe ;
Rocroi, Jean-Pierre ; Frýda, Jiri; Hausdorf, Bernard;
Ponder, Winston ; Valdés, Ángel & Warén, Anders (2005). "
Classification and nomenclator of gastropod families ".
Malacologia . 47 (1–2). Hackenheim, Germany: ConchBooks: 1–397.
ISBN
3-925919-72-4 .
ISSN
0076-2997 .
Further reading
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to
Pulmonata .