The location of the
state of Oklahoma
Paleontology in Oklahoma refers to
paleontological research occurring within or conducted by people from the
U.S. state of
Oklahoma .
Oklahoma has a rich
fossil record spanning all three eras of the
Phanerozoic Eon .
[1] Oklahoma is the best source of
Pennsylvanian fossils in the
United States due to having an exceptionally complete geologic record of the epoch.
[2] From the
Cambrian to the
Devonian , all of Oklahoma was covered by a sea that would come to be home to creatures like
brachiopods ,
bryozoans ,
graptolites and
trilobites . During the
Carboniferous , an expanse of coastal
deltaic
swamps formed in areas of the state where early
tetrapods would leave behind
footprints that would later fossilize. The sea withdrew altogether during the
Permian period. Oklahoma was home a variety of
insects as well as early
amphibians and
reptiles . Oklahoma stayed dry for most of the
Mesozoic . During the
Late Triassic , carnivorous
dinosaurs left behind footprints that would later fossilize. During the
Cretaceous , however, the state was mostly covered by the
Western Interior Seaway , which was home to huge
ammonites and other marine invertebrates. During the
Cenozoic , Oklahoma became home to creatures like
bison ,
camels ,
creodonts , and
horses . During the
Ice Age , the state was home to
mammoths and
mastodons . Local
Native Americans are known to have used fossils for
medicinal purposes. The
Jurassic dinosaur
Saurophaganax maximus is the Oklahoma
state fossil .
Prehistory
Calymene .
Paleozoic
No
Precambrian fossils are known from Oklahoma, and the state's fossil record begins in the
Paleozoic .
[3] From the
Cambrian to the
Devonian , Oklahoma was covered by a sea.
[3] Cambrian life of Oklahoma included
brachiopods ,
graptolites ,
sponges , and
trilobites .
[4]
[5]
[6]
[7]
[8]
[9] Oklahoma's
Ordovician life included several species of brachiopods,
bryozoans ,
echinoderms ,
conodonts , and
ostracods .
[10]
[11]
[12]
[13]
[14]
[15] Abundant remains are fossilized at Rock Crossing in the
Criner Hills of southern Oklahoma. One common Oklahoman graptolite was
Climacograptus .
[16] High quality specimens of the trilobite
Isotelus were preserved southwest of
Ardmore .
[17] During the
Silurian , Oklahoma was home to brachiopods, bryozoans, the trilobite
Calymene , echinoderms, and
sponges , all of which are preserved south of
Lawrence Creek .
[18]
[19]
[20] Oklahoma was home to an extremely diverse
Devonian fauna in the Lawrence and White Mound areas.
[21]
[22]
During the
Mississippian , Oklahoma's local fauna included
Archimedes , brachiopods,
conodonts , echinoderms, the
blastoid
Pentremites , and trilobites.
[23]
[24]
[25]
[26]
[27]
[28]
[29]
[30] Contemporary brachiopod families included the
productids and
rhynchonellida . The best source of Mississippian fossils in Oklahoma is the state's northeastern region.
[2] During the Carboniferous, Oklahoma was a terrestrial environment characterized by vast river systems and accompanying deltas. These deltas were home to vast swamps responsible for leaving behind many coal deposits.
[3] During the Carboniferous, early
tetrapods left behind
footprints that would later fossilize.
[31] Oklahoma's diverse
Pennsylvanian life included blastoids, brachiopods, bryozoans,
fusulinids , and
pelecypods .
[2] Vertebrates included various fishes,
[32]
[33]
[34] and the early tetrapods
[35]
[36] likely responsible for the trackways. Occasionally during this period, sea levels would rise and cover the state again.
[3]
This sea gradually retreated from the state before the end of the Paleozoic era. Oklahoma preserves one of the richest fossil records of non-marine vertebrates from the Permian of North America
[37]
[38]
[39] with respect to both abundance of material and taxonomic diversity, with particularly notable records from early Permian sites such as
Richards Spur in Comanche County and South Grandfield in Tillman County.
[40]
[41] Most of these deposits are distributed across the western half of the state, including in
Logan ,
Noble ,
Grant ,
Garfield ,
Kay ,
Pawnee , and
Payne Counties. In particular, there is extensive body fossil documentation of many groups of extinct vertebrates, including
lungfish ,
[42]
[43] various '
lepospondyls ' like
aïstopods ,
nectrideans , and '
microsaurs ,'
[44]
[45]
[46]
[47]
[48]
[49]
[50]
[51]
temnospondyl amphibians,
[52]
[53]
[54]
[55]
[56]
parareptiles ,
[57]
[58]
[59]
eureptiles ,
[60]
[61]
[62]
[63]
reptiliomorphs (stem amniotes),
[64]
[65]
synapsids ,
[66]
[67]
[68]
[69]
[70]
[71] and
diapsids .
[72] The giant Permian
foraminiferan
Pseudoschwagerina was preserved in the
Pawnee area.
[73] Many of these tetrapods likely produced a variety of trackways also known from the early Permian of Oklahoma.
[74]
[75] There is also an extensive record of invertebrates, such as
beetles and
millipedes , as well as brachiopods and foraminifers.
[76]
[77]
[78]
[79]
[80]
[81]
[82]
[83]
[84]
[85]
[86]
It remains controversial whether there are any middle Permian tetrapods known from Oklahoma, which would represent perhaps the only such record from this time period in all of North America and perhaps the entire globe; if tetrapod records from the
Chickasha Formation and the
Flowerpot Formation in
Blaine ,
Canadian ,
Grady , and
Kingfisher Counties
[87]
[88] and their equivalents in Texas (the
San Angelo Formation ) are not considered to be middle Permian in age, there would be a hiatus in the fossil record, which is termed 'Olson's Gap,',
[89]
[90]
[91]
[92]
[93]
[94]
[95] although records from other geographic regions may fill this gap regardless of whether it existed in North America.
[96]
[97]
Mesozoic
Oklahoma was a terrestrial environment for most of the ensuing
Mesozoic era.
[3] The
Late Triassic
Dockum Group of western Oklahoma preserved remains of archosaurs and temnospondyls, although its fossil record is restricted to a narrow region of the panhandle and is far sparser than the equivalent records in Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona.
[98] During the Late Triassic, small carnivorous dinosaurs left behind tracks near
Kenton now classified in the
ichnogenus
Grallator . The sediments preserving these tracks later became the
Sheep Pen Sandstone .
[99] Other local tracks have been referred to
Chirotherium , but Martin G. Lockley and
Adrian Hunt have speculated that these might actually be
Pseudotetrasauropus .
[100] The
Late Jurassic fossiliferous
Morrison Formation is exposed in the western part of the state and has produced extensive remains of sauropod dinosaurs.
[101]
[102] Most of Oklahoma was submerged under the
Western Interior Seaway during the Cretaceous.
[103]
Early Cretaceous life included "immense"
ammonites ,
echinoids , and
pelecypods . These fossils were preserved in
Love and
Marshall counties . The
Late Cretaceous rocks of
Bryan ,
Choctaw , and
McCurtain counties bear abundant
oysters like
Exogyra and
Ostraea .
[73] However, there are also records of many terrestrial vertebrates, particularly from the
Antlers and
Cloverly Formations, including fish, amphibians, reptiles, crocodiles, dinosaurs, and mammals.
[104]
[105]
[106]
[101]
[107]
[108]
[109]
[110]
1909 restoration of a herd of
Columbian mammoths by
Charles R. Knight .
Cenozoic
As the
Rocky Mountains rose during the early
Cenozoic , rivers drained off them and into Oklahoma. Sediments deposited by these rivers would preserve
petrified wood and mammal fossils.
[3] Sediments were generally being eroded away from Oklahoma during the later portion of the Cenozoic.
[3] The
High Plains of the western part of Oklahoma preserve evidence for the presence of
camels ,
creodonts , and
horses during the
Pliocene .
[73] During the ensuing
Pleistocene epoch, resident animals included
mammoths and
mastodon .
[111] Their fossils were preserved in several different regions of Oklahoma. Typical Oklahoman
proboscidean fossils are teeth and tusks, often preserved in gravel pits, but complete skeletons are also known.
[73] Other mammals found in Pleistocene Oklahoma included
Glyptotherium , a large, heavily armored mammal related to the armadillo.
[112]
History
Indigenous interpretations
The
Comanche people gathered fossils in
Comanche County , near
Indiahoma to be used as
medicine for
sprains and
bone fractures . The
Comanche ground up the bone into a powder known as tsoapitsitsuhni, which translates to "ghost creature bone", and mixed it with water. This mixture could be made into a sort of plaster cast if the fossils used to make the powder contained sufficient
gypsum or
calcium sulphate content. The local geology consist largely of
Permian -aged
red beds , and Comanche County's eastern side contains
Richards Spur , the best source of Permian fossils in the entire state.
[113] Reptile and amphibian fossils like
Captorhinus are found nearby in other counties.
[114] Such Permian remains are viable candidates for the fossils used medicinally by the Comanche, but local
Jurassic and
Cretaceous
dinosaur remains like those of
Apatosaurus ,
Saurophaganax ,
Sauroposeidon and
Tenontosaurus are also candidates. More recent
mammal fossils were also used by the Comanche for medicine like those of
bears , giant
bison ,
camels ,
glyptodonts ,
Columbian mammoths , and
mastodons . Comanches used bits of mammoth leg bone to draw out
boils , infections, poisons and pain from wounds. This usage is fairly plausible as the porous nature of fossil bone causes a
capillary effect that could be used to dry infected wounds and sores. Mammoth bone used for this purpose was known as medicinebone or madstone.
[115]
Scientific research
In 1931,
University of Oklahoma geologist
J. Willis Stovall received word that a road crew grading for the construction of
U.S. Route 64 uncovered a rich deposit of fossils east of
Kenton .
[116] Stovall examined the site and was impressed by the fossils uncovered by the workers.
[117] He organized an expedition to the region. By 1935, Stovall assembled a team consisting of students and a handful of
Works Progress Administration workers. He placed a local named
Crompton Tate in charge of the team. Stovall's team excavated the site for nearly three years, in the process digging through almost 100 metric tons of rock and sediment to extract the remains preserved there. The site was called Quarry 1, the first of seventeen quarries that the expedition would start in the region. The excavation uncovered the bones from many kinds of dinosaurs.
[118] Finds of previously documented species included both sizable and hatchling
Apatosaurus , hatchling
Camarasaurus , several
Camptosaurus of different age groups, and
Stegosaurus fossils.
[119] The new
theropoda species that would come to be known as Saurophaganax was also discovered there.
[118]
By December 1939, excavation had commenced on the Stovall team's fifth quarry. The most significant remains uncovered there are referable to the large sauropod
Diplodocus . Prior to the cessation of digging at Quarry 5 in the middle of 1941, this quarry had attained impressive dimensions. Its walls were nine meters (30 feet) high and the breadth of the excavation 73 meters (240 feet) wide. Other notable quarries excavated by the Stovall team include the eighth, which produced fossils of
ornithopod and
theropod dinosaurs as well as other reptiles like a new species of
crocodilian ,
Cteniogenys , and
turtles . Lungfish were also preserved there.
[120] Funding for Stovall's field work ended with the advent of World War II in 1942, interrupting excavations at Quarries 9 and 10.
[120] In 1964, Charles Mook named the new crocodilian species uncovered by the Stovall team
Goniopholis stovalli in his honor.
[120] The new theropod from Quarry 1 was named
Saurophagus . In 1995, Dan Chure published a new name for Saurophagus since that name had already been used for another kind of animal; he renamed it
Saurophaganax maximus .
[121] More recently, in 2004, Matt Bonnan and Matt Wedel noticed the presence of at least one
Brachiosaurus bone among the fossils excavated by the Stovall Crew at Quarry 1.
[118]
Natural history museums
See also
^
Murray (1974) ; "Oklahoma", page 234.
^
a
b
c
Murray (1974) ; "Oklahoma", page 235.
^
a
b
c
d
e
f
g Springer and Scotchmoor (2010); "Paleontology and geology".
^ Frederickson, E. A. (1948).
"Upper Cambrian Trilobites from Oklahoma" . Journal of Paleontology . 22 (6): 798–803.
ISSN
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^ Chamberlain, C. Kent (1971).
"Morphology and Ethology of Trace Fossils from the Ouachita Mountains, Southeast Oklahoma" . Journal of Paleontology . 45 (2): 212–246.
ISSN
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^ Rigby, J. Keith; Gutschick, Raymond C. (1976).
"Two New Lower Paleozoic Hexactinellid Sponges from Utah and Oklahoma" . Journal of Paleontology . 50 (1): 79–85.
ISSN
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^ H., Stitt, James (1977).
Late Cambrian and earliest Ordovician trilobites : Wichita Mountains area, Oklahoma . University of Oklahoma.
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link )
^ Freeman, Rebecca J.; Stitt, James H. (May 1996).
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^ Pojeta, John; Derby, James R.
"Dycheia Shergoldi, a New Genus and Species of Late Cambrian Multivalved Mollusc from Oklahoma, U.S.A." Memoirs of the Association of Australasian Palaeontologists (34): 489–497.
^ Bauer, Jeffrey A. (March 1994).
"Conodonts from the Bromide Formation (Middle Ordovician), south-central Oklahoma" . Journal of Paleontology . 68 (2): 358–376.
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^ Sinclair, G. Winston (November 1945).
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^ DeKoster, Rebecca (2021).
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^ A., Bauer, Jeffrey (1987).
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^ KARIM, T.; WESTROP, S. R. (2002-08-01).
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^ Amati, Lisa; Westrop, Stephen R. (January 2004).
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^ Charles E. Decker (2) (1945).
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ISSN
0149-1423 . {{
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^ Laudon, L. R. (1939).
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ISSN
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^ Thomas W. Amsden (2) (1962).
"Silurian and Early Devonian Carbonate Rocks of Oklahoma" . AAPG Bulletin . 46 .
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ISSN
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: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
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^ Amsden, Thomas W. (May 1968).
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^ Adrain, Jonathan M. (July 1996).
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^ Parsley, Ronald L.; Sumrall, Colin D. (November 2007).
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^ Becker, R. Thomas; Mapes, Royal H. (2010-06-10).
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^ Harlton, Bruce H. (1933).
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ISSN
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^ Katz, Steven G. (1978).
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External links