The
O'odham language, variously called O'odham ñeʼokĭ, O'odham ñiʼokĭ or Oʼotham ñiok, is spoken by all O'odham groups. There are certain dialectal differences, but they are mutually intelligible and all O'odham groups can understand one another.
Lexicographical differences have arisen among the different groups, especially in reference to newer technologies and innovations.
Oʼodham sub-groups
The Pima Alto or Upper Pima groups were subdivided by scholars on the basis of cultural, economic and linguistic differences into two main groupings:
One was known commonly as the Pima or River Pima. Since the late 20th century, they have been called by their own name, or endonym:
Akimel Oʼotham
Akimel O'odham (Akimel Au-Authm, meaning "River People", often simply called Pima, by outsiders, lived north of and along the Gila, the Salt, and the
Santa Cruz rivers in what is today defined as Arizona)
On'k Akimel O'odham (On'k Akimel Au-Authm – "
Salt River People," lived and farmed along the Salt River), now included in the
Salt River Indian Reservation.
Keli Akimel O'otham (Keli Akimel Au-Authm, oft simply Akimel O'odham – "
Gila River People", lived and farmed along the Gila River), now known as the
Gila River Indian Community (GRIC)
Sobaipuri, (also simply called Sobas, called by the neighboring Akimel O'odham as Ṣáṣavino – "spotted"), originally lived in the valleys of the
San Pedro River and Upper Santa Cruz River. In the early 18th century, they were gradually driven out of the lower San Pedro River valley. In the middle of the century, their remaining settlements along the upper San Pedro River were broken up by Arivaipa and Pinaleño Apache attacks. They moved west, seeking refuge among the Tohono O'odham and Akimel O'odham, with whom they merged.
The other peoples are the Tohono O'odham or Desert Pima, enrolled in the
Tohono O'odham Nation.
Tohono O'odham ("Desert People"); the neighboring Akimel O'odham called them Pahpah Au-Authm or Ba꞉bawĭkoʼa – "eating tepary beans", which was pronounced Papago by the Spanish. They lived in the semi-arid deserts and mountains south of present-day Tucson, Tubac, and south of the Gila River[7]
Areneños Pinacateños or Pinacateños[9] (lived in the
Sierra Pinacate, known as Cuk Do'ag by the Hia C-eḍ O'odham in the
Cabeza Prieta Mountains in Arizona and Sonora)
Areneños (lived in the Gran Desierto around the mountains, which were home to the Areneños Pinacateños)
^
abcSheridan, Thomas E. (30 March 2006). Landscapes of Fraud: Mission Tumac‡cori, the Baca Float, and the Betrayal of the O'odham. University of Arizona Press.
ISBN978-0-8165-2513-3.
^Alternate spellings include: O'odaam, Ootoma, or Odami.[1]