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Mimiviridae
Tupanvirus
Virus classification Edit this classification
(unranked): Virus
Realm: Varidnaviria
Kingdom: Bamfordvirae
Phylum: Nucleocytoviricota
Class: Megaviricetes
Order: Imitervirales
Family: Mimiviridae
Subfamilies and genera

Mimiviridae is a family of viruses. Amoeba and other protists serve as natural hosts. The family is divided in up to 4 subfamilies. [1] [2] [3] [4] Viruses in this family belong to the nucleocytoplasmic large DNA virus clade (NCLDV), also referred to as giant viruses.

Mimiviridae is the sole recognized member of order Imitervirales. Phycodnaviridae and Pandoraviridae of Algavirales are sister groups of Mimiviridae in many phylogenetic analyses. [5]

History

The first member of this family, Mimivirus, was discovered in 2003, [6] and the first complete genome sequence was published in 2004. [7] However, the mimivirus Cafeteria roenbergensis virus [8] was isolated and partially characterized in 1995, [9] although the host was misidentified at the time, and the virus was designated BV-PW1. [8]

Taxonomy

Group: dsDNA

Order: Imitervirales

Family Mimiviridae is currently divided into three subfamilies. [2] [3] [10]

The majority of Mimiviridae appear to belong to this subfamily (Mimiviruses). [10]
It is sometimes also referred to as Mimiviridae group I. [17]

Furthermore, it has been proposed either to extend Mimiviridae by an additional tentative group III (subfamily Mesomimivirinae) or to classify this group as a sister family Mesomimiviridae instead, [19] comprising legacy OLPG (Organic Lake Phycodna Group). This extension (or sister family) may consist of the following:

This group seems to be closely related to Mimiviridae rather than to Phycodnaviridae and therefore is sometimes referred to as a further subfamily candidate Mesomimivirinae. Sometimes the extended family Mimiviridae is referred to as Megaviridae although this has not been recognized by ICTV; alternatively the extended group may be referred to just as Mimiviridae. [3] [23] [24] [25] [26] [17]

With recognition of new order Imitervirales by the ICTV in March 2020 there is no longer need to extend the Mimiviridae family to comprise a group of viruses of the observed high diversity. Instead, the extension (or at least its main clade) may be referred to as a sister family Mesomimiviridae. [19]

Although only a couple of members of this order have been described in detail it seems likely there are many more awaiting description and assignment [27] [28] Unassigned members include Aureococcus anophagefferens virus (AaV), CpV-BQ2 and Terra2.[ citation needed]

Structure

Ultrastructure of Bodo saltans virus particles and its replication

[18] Viruses in Mimiviridae have icosahedral and round geometries, with between T=972 and T=1141, or T=1200 symmetry. The diameter is around 400 nm, with a length of 125 nm. Genomes are linear and non-segmented, around 1200kb in length. The genome has 911 open reading frames. [1]

Genus Structure Symmetry Genomic arrangement Genomic segmentation
Mimivirus Icosahedral T=972-1141 or T=1200 (H=19 +/- 1, K=19 +/- 1) Linear Monopartite
Klosneuvirus Icosahedral
Cafeteriavirus Icosahedral T=499 Linear Monopartite
Tupanvirus Tailed

Life cycle

Replication follows the DNA strand displacement model. DNA-templated transcription is the method of transcription. Amoeba serve as the natural host. [1]

Genus Host details Tissue tropism Entry details Release details Replication site Assembly site Transmission
Mimivirus Amoeba None Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Passive diffusion
Klosneuvirus microzooplankton None Unknown Unknown Unknown Cytoplasm Passive diffusion
Cafeteriavirus microzooplankton None Unknown Unknown Unknown Cytoplasm Passive diffusion

Molecular biology

Three putative DNA base excision repair enzymes were characterized from Mimivirus. [29] The base excision repair (BER) pathway was experimentally reconstituted using the purified recombinant proteins uracil-DNA glycosylase (mvUDG), AP endonuclease (mvAPE), and DNA polymerase X protein (mvPolX). [29] When reconstituted in vitro mvUDG, mvAPE and mvPolX function cohesively to repair uracil-containing DNA predominantly by long patch base excision repair, and thus these processes likely participate in the BER pathway early in the Mimivirus life cycle. [29]

Clinical

Mimiviruses have been associated with pneumonia but their significance is currently unknown. [30] The only virus of this family isolated from a human to date is LBA 111. [31] At the Pasteur Institute of Iran (Tehran), researchers identified mimivirus DNA in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) and sputum samples of a child patient, utilizing real-time PCR (2018).  Analysis reported 99% homology of LBA111, lineage C of the Megavirus chilensis. [32] With only a few reported cases previous to this finding, the legitimacy of the mimivirus as an emerging infectious disease in humans remains controversial. [33] [34]

Mimivirus has also been implicated in rheumatoid arthritis. [35]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c "Viral Zone". ExPASy. Retrieved 15 June 2015.
  2. ^ a b ICTV. "Virus Taxonomy: 2014 Release". Retrieved 15 June 2015.
  3. ^ a b c d e Schulz, Frederik; Yutin, Natalya; Ivanova, Natalia N.; Ortega, Davi R.; Lee, Tae Kwon; Vierheilig, Julia; Daims, Holger; Horn, Matthias; Wagner, Michael (7 April 2017). "Giant viruses with an expanded complement of translation system components" (PDF). Science. 356 (6333): 82–85. Bibcode: 2017Sci...356...82S. doi: 10.1126/science.aal4657. ISSN  0036-8075. PMID  28386012. S2CID  206655792., UCPMS ID: 1889607, PDF
  4. ^ a b Abrahão, Jônatas; Silva, Lorena; Silva, Ludmila Santos; Khalil, Jacques Yaacoub Bou; Rodrigues, Rodrigo; Arantes, Thalita; Assis, Felipe; Boratto, Paulo; Andrade, Miguel; Kroon, Erna Geessien; Ribeiro, Bergmann; Bergier, Ivan; Seligmann, Herve; Ghigo, Eric; Colson, Philippe; Levasseur, Anthony; Kroemer, Guido; Raoult, Didier; Scola, Bernard La (27 February 2018). "Tailed giant Tupanvirus possesses the most complete translational apparatus of the known virosphere". Nature Communications. 9 (1): 749. Bibcode: 2018NatCo...9..749A. doi: 10.1038/s41467-018-03168-1. PMC  5829246. PMID  29487281. Fig. 4 and §Discussion: "Considering that tupanviruses comprise a sister group to amoebal mimiviruses…"
  5. ^ Bäckström D, Yutin N, Jørgensen SL, Dharamshi J, Homa F, Zaremba-Niedwiedzka K, Spang A, Wolf YI, Koonin EV, Ettema TJ (2019). "Virus genomes from deep sea sediments expand the ocean megavirome and support independent origins of viral gigantism". mBio. 10 (2): e02497-18. doi: 10.1128/mBio.02497-18. PMC  6401483. PMID  30837339. PDF
  6. ^ Suzan-Monti, M; La Scola, B; Raoult, D (2006). "Genomic and evolutionary aspects of Mimivirus". Virus Res. 117 (1): 145–155. doi: 10.1016/j.virusres.2005.07.011. PMID  16181700.
  7. ^ Raoult, D.; Audic, S; Robert, C; Abergel, C; Renesto, P; Ogata, H; La Scola, B; Suzan, M; Claverie, JM (2004). "The 1.2-Megabase Genome Sequence of Mimivirus". Science. 306 (5700): 1344–50. Bibcode: 2004Sci...306.1344R. doi: 10.1126/science.1101485. PMID  15486256. S2CID  84298461.
  8. ^ a b c Matthias G. Fischer; Michael J. Allen; William H. Wilson; Curtis A. Suttle (2010). "Giant virus with a remarkable complement of genes infects marine zooplankton". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 107 (45): 19508–13. Bibcode: 2010PNAS..10719508F. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1007615107. PMC  2984142. PMID  20974979.
  9. ^ D.R. Garza; C.A. Suttle (1995). "Large double-stranded DNA viruses which cause the lysis of a marine heterotrophic nanoflagellate (Bodo sp.) occur in natural marine viral communities". Aquatic Microbial Ecology. 9 (3): 203–210. doi: 10.3354/ame009203.
  10. ^ a b Colson P, Fournous G, Diene SM, Raoult D (2013). "Codon usage, amino acid usage, transfer RNA and amino-acyl-tRNA synthetases in Mimiviruses". Intervirology. 56 (6): 364–75. doi: 10.1159/000354557. PMID  24157883.
  11. ^ a b c Gaia M, Benamar S, Boughalmi M, Pagnier I, Croce O, Colson P, Raoult D, La Scola B (2014). "Zamilon, a novel virophage with Mimiviridae host specificity". PLOS ONE. 9 (4): e94923. Bibcode: 2014PLoSO...994923G. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0094923. PMC  3991649. PMID  24747414.
  12. ^ a b c See also Abrahão & et al. 2018, fig. 4 on p. 5
  13. ^ Desnues C, La Scola B, Yutin N, Fournous G, Robert C, Azza S, Jardot P, Monteil S, Campocasso A, Koonin EV, Raoult D (October 2012). "Provirophages and transpovirons as the diverse mobilome of giant viruses". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 109 (44): 18078–83. Bibcode: 2012PNAS..10918078D. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1208835109. PMC  3497776. PMID  23071316.
  14. ^ Yutin N, Wolf YI, Koonin EV (October 2014). "Origin of giant viruses from smaller DNA viruses not from a fourth domain of cellular life". Virology. 466–467: 38–52. doi: 10.1016/j.virol.2014.06.032. PMC  4325995. PMID  25042053.
  15. ^ Gaia M, Pagnier I, Campocasso A, Fournous G, Raoult D, La Scola B (2013). "Broad spectrum of mimiviridae virophage allows its isolation using a mimivirus reporter". PLOS ONE. 8 (4): e61912. Bibcode: 2013PLoSO...861912G. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0061912. PMC  3626643. PMID  23596530.
  16. ^ For LBA111 and Powai lake megavirus see also Abrahão & et al. 2018, fig. 4 on p. 5
  17. ^ a b Zhang W, Zhou J, Liu T, Yu Y, Pan Y, Yan S, Wang Y (October 2015). "Four novel algal virus genomes discovered from Yellowstone Lake metagenomes". Sci Rep. 5: 15131. Bibcode: 2015NatSR...515131Z. doi: 10.1038/srep15131. PMC  4602308. PMID  26459929.
  18. ^ a b Deeg, C.M.; Chow, E.C.T.; Suttle, C.A. (2018). "The kinetoplastid-infecting Bodo saltans virus (BsV), a window into the most abundant giant viruses in the sea". eLife. 7: e33014. doi: 10.7554/eLife.33014. PMC  5871332. PMID  29582753.
  19. ^ a b Jonathan Filée: Giant viruses and their mobile genetic elements: the molecular symbiosis hypothesis, in: Current Opinion in Virology, Volue 33, December 2018, pp. 81–88; bioRxiv  2018/04/11/299784
  20. ^ NCBI Complete genomes: Viruses, look for 'Yellowstone Lake'
  21. ^ Moniruzzaman, Mohammad; LeCleir, Gary R.; Brown, Christopher M.; Gobler, Christopher J.; Bidle, Kay D.; Wilson, William H.; Wilhelm, Steven W. (2014). "Genome of brown tide virus (AaV), the little giant of the Megaviridae, elucidates NCLDV genome expansion and host–virus coevolution". Virology. 466–467: 60–70. doi: 10.1016/j.virol.2014.06.031. PMID  25035289.
  22. ^ Schvarcz CR, Steward GF (May 2018). "A giant virus infecting green algae encodes key fermentation genes". Virology. 518: 423–433. doi: 10.1016/j.virol.2018.03.010. PMID  29649682.
  23. ^ Koonin EV, Krupovic M, Yutin N (April 2015). "Evolution of double-stranded DNA viruses of eukaryotes: from bacteriophages to transposons to giant viruses". Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1341 (1): 10–24, see Figure 3. Bibcode: 2015NYASA1341...10K. doi: 10.1111/nyas.12728. PMC  4405056. PMID  25727355.
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  25. ^ Blog of Carolina Reyes, Kenneth Stedman: Are Phaeocystis globosa viruses (OLPG) and Organic Lake phycodnavirus a part of the Phycodnaviridae or Mimiviridae?, on ResearchGate, Jan. 8, 2016
  26. ^ Maruyama F, Ueki S (2016). "Evolution and Phylogeny of Large DNA Viruses, Mimiviridae and Phycodnaviridae Including Newly Characterized Heterosigma akashiwo Virus". Front Microbiol. 7: 1942. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01942. PMC  5127864. PMID  27965659.
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  28. ^ Monier A, Claverie JM, Ogata H (2008). "Taxonomic distribution of large DNA viruses in the sea". Genome Biol. 9 (7): R106. doi: 10.1186/gb-2008-9-7-r106. PMC  2530865. PMID  18598358.
  29. ^ a b c Lad SB, Upadhyay M, Thorat P, Nair D, Moseley GW, Srivastava S, Pradeepkumar PI, Kondabagil K. Biochemical Reconstitution of the Mimiviral Base Excision Repair Pathway. J Mol Biol. 2023 Sep 1;435(17):168188. doi: 10.1016/j.jmb.2023.168188. Epub 2023 Jun 26. PMID: 37380013
  30. ^ Saadi H, Pagnier I, Colson P, Cherif JK, Beji M, Boughalmi M, Azza S, Armstrong N, Robert C, Fournous G, La Scola B, Raoult D (August 2013). "First isolation of Mimivirus in a patient with pneumonia". Clin. Infect. Dis. 57 (4): e127–34. doi: 10.1093/cid/cit354. PMID  23709652.
  31. ^ Yoosuf N, Pagnier I, Fournous G, Robert C, La Scola B, Raoult D, Colson P (April 2014). "Complete genome sequence of Courdo11 virus, a member of the family Mimiviridae". Virus Genes. 48 (2): 218–23. doi: 10.1007/s11262-013-1016-x. PMID  24293219. S2CID  12038772.
  32. ^ Sakhaee, Fatemeh; Vaziri, Farzam; Bahramali, Golnaz; Davar Siadat, Seyed; Fateh, Abolfazl (October 2020). "Pulmonary Infection Related to Mimivirus in Patient with Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia". Emerging Infectious Diseases. 26 (10): 2524–2526. doi: 10.3201/eid2610.191613. PMC  7510730. PMID  32946733.
  33. ^ La Scola, Bernard; Marrie, Thomas J.; Auffray, Jean-Pierre; Raoult, Didier (March 2005). "Mimivirus in pneumonia patients". Emerging Infectious Diseases. 11 (3): 449–452. doi: 10.3201/eid1103.040538. PMC  3298252. PMID  15757563.
  34. ^ Saadi, Hanene; Pagnier, Isabelle; Colson, Philippe; Kanoun Cherif, Jouda; Beji, Majed; Boughalmi, Mondher; Azza, Saïd; Armstrong, Nicholas; Robert, Catherine; Fournous, Ghislain; La Scola, Bernard (24 May 2013). "First isolation of Mimivirus in a patient with pneumonia". Clinical Infectious Diseases. 57 (4): e127–e134. doi: 10.1093/cid/cit354. PMID  23709652 – via Oxford Academic.
  35. ^ Shah, N.; Hulsmeier, A. J.; Hochhold, N.; Neidhart, M.; Gay, S.; Hennet, T. (2013). "Exposure to Mimivirus Collagen Promotes Arthritis". Journal of Virology. 88 (2): 838–45. doi: 10.1128/JVI.03141-13. PMC  3911627. PMID  24173233.

External links

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