Fungi that can be used to develop medications
Medicinal fungi are
fungi that contain
metabolites or can be induced to produce metabolites through
biotechnology to develop
prescription drugs . Compounds successfully developed into drugs or under research include
antibiotics ,
anti-cancer drugs ,
cholesterol and
ergosterol synthesis inhibitors,
psychotropic drugs,
immunosuppressants and
fungicides .
History
Although fungi products have long been used in
traditional medicine , the ability to identify beneficial properties and then extract the active ingredient started with the discovery of
penicillin by
Alexander Fleming in 1928.
[1] Since that time, many potential antibiotics were discovered and the potential for various fungi to synthesize biologically active molecules useful in various clinical therapies has been under research.
Pharmacological
research identified
antifungal ,
antiviral , and
antiprotozoan compounds from fungi.
[2]
Ganoderma lucidum , known in Chinese as líng zhī ("spirit plant"), and in Japanese as mannentake ("10,000-year mushroom"), has been well studied.[
citation needed ] Another species of genus
Ganoderma ,
G. applanatum , remains under basic research.[
citation needed ]
Inonotus obliquus was used in Russia as early as the 16th century; it featured in
Alexandr Solzhenitsyn 's 1967 novel
Cancer Ward .
[3]
Research and drug development
Cancer
There is no good evidence that any type of mushroom or mushroom extract can prevent or cure cancer.
[4] [
better source needed ]
11,11'-
Dideoxyverticillin A , an isolate of marine Penicillium , was used to create dozens of semi-synthetic, candidate anticancer compounds.
[5] 11,11'-Dideoxyverticillin A,
andrastin A ,
barceloneic acid A , and
barceloneic acid B , are
farnesyl transferase inhibitors that can be made by Penicillium .
[6]
3-O-Methylfunicone ,
anicequol ,
duclauxin , and
rubratoxin B , are anticancer/cytotoxic metabolites of Penicillium .[
citation needed ]
Penicillium is a potential source of the leukemia medicine
asparaginase .
[7]
Some countries have approved
beta-glucan fungal extracts
lentinan ,
polysaccharide-K , and
polysaccharide peptide as
immunologic adjuvants .
[8]
Antibacterial agents (antibiotics)
Alexander Fleming led the way to the
beta-lactam antibiotics with the Penicillium mold and
penicillin . Subsequent discoveries included
alamethicin ,
aphidicolin ,
brefeldin A ,
cephalosporin ,
[9]
cerulenin ,
citromycin ,
eupenifeldin ,
fumagillin ,
[9]
fusafungine ,
fusidic acid ,
[9] helvolic acid,
[9]
itaconic acid ,
MT81 ,
nigrosporin B ,
usnic acid ,
verrucarin A ,
vermiculine and many others.
Ling Zhi-8, an immunomodulatory protein isolated from
Ganoderma lucidum
Antibiotics
retapamulin ,
tiamulin , and
valnemulin are derivatives of the fungal metabolite
pleuromutilin .
Plectasin ,
austrocortilutein ,
austrocortirubin ,
coprinol ,
oudemansin A ,
strobilurin ,
illudin ,
pterulone , and
sparassol are under research for their potential antibiotic activity.[
citation needed ]
Cholesterol biosynthesis inhibitors
The
red yeast rice fungus,
Monascus purpureus , can synthesize three
statins .
Statins are an important class of cholesterol-lowering drugs; the
first generation of statins were derived from fungi.
[10]
Lovastatin , the first commercial statin, was extracted from a fermentation broth of
Aspergillus terreus .
[10] Industrial production is now capable of producing 70 mg lovastatin per kilogram of substrate.
[11] The
red yeast rice fungus,
Monascus purpureus , can synthesize lovastatin, mevastatin, and the
simvastatin precursor
monacolin J .
Nicotinamide riboside , a cholesterol biosynthesis inhibitor, is made by
Saccharomyces cerevisiae .[
citation needed ]
Antifungals
Some antifungals are derived or extracted from other fungal species.
Griseofulvin is derived from a number of
Penicillium species;
[12]
caspofungin is derived from
Glarea lozoyensis .
[13]
Strobilurin ,
azoxystrobin ,
micafungin , and
echinocandins , are all extracted from fungi.
Anidulafungin is a derivative of an Aspergillus metabolite.[
citation needed ]
Antivirals
Many mushrooms contain potential antiviral compounds remaining under preliminary research, such as: Lentinus edodes, Ganoderma lucidum, Ganoderma colossus, Hypsizygus marmoreus, Cordyceps militaris, Grifola frondosa, Scleroderma citrinum, Flammulina velutipes , and Trametes versicolor, Fomitopsis officinalis .
[14]
[15]
[16]
[17]
Immunosuppressants
Cyclosporin was discovered in
Tolypocladium inflatum , while
Bredinin was found in Eupenicillium brefeldianum and
mycophenolic acid in Penicillium stoloniferum . Thermophilic fungi were the source of the
fingolimod precursor
myriocin . Aspergillus synthesizes immunosuppressants
gliotoxin and
endocrocin . Subglutinols are immunosuppressants isolated from
Fusarium subglutinans .
[18]
Malaria
Codinaeopsin ,
efrapeptins , zervamicins, and
antiamoebin are made by fungi, and remain under
basic research .
[19]
Diabetes
Many fungal isolates act as
DPP-4 inhibitors ,
alpha-glucosidase inhibitors , and
alpha amylase inhibitors in laboratory studies.
Ternatin is a fungal isolate that may affect hyperglycemia.
[20]
Psychotropic effects
Numerous fungi have well-documented psychotropic effects, some of them severe and associated with acute and life-threatening side-effects.
[21] Among these is Amanita muscaria , the
fly agaric . More widely used informally are a range of fungi collectively known as
"magic mushrooms" , which contain
psilocybin and
psilocin .
[21]
The history of bread-making records deadly ergotism caused by
ergot , most commonly
Claviceps purpurea , a parasite of cereal crops.
[22]
[23] Psychoactive
ergot alkaloid drugs have subsequently been extracted from or synthesised starting from ergot; these include
ergotamine ,
dihydroergotamine ,
ergometrine ,
ergocristine ,
ergocryptine ,
ergocornine ,
methysergide ,
bromocriptine ,
cabergoline , and
pergolide .
[22]
[24]
Vitamin D2
The
photochemistry of vitamin D2 biosynthesis
Fungi are a source of
ergosterol which can be converted to
vitamin D2 upon exposure to
ultraviolet light.
[25]
[26]
[27]
Yeasts
The yeast
Saccharomyces is used industrially to produce the
amino acid
lysine , as well as
recombinant proteins
insulin and hepatitis B surface
antigen .
Transgenic yeasts are used to produce
artemisinin , as well as
insulin analogs .
[28]
Candida is used industrially to produce vitamins
ascorbic acid and
riboflavin .
Pichia is used to produce the amino acid
tryptophan and the vitamin
pyridoxine .
Rhodotorula is used to produce the amino acid
phenylalanine .
Moniliella is used industrially to produce the
sugar alcohol
erythritol .[
citation needed ]
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External links
Memorial Sloan-Kettering
Agaricus subrufescens ,
Phellinus linteus ,
Ganoderma lucidum ,
Trametes versicolor and PSK ,
Grifola frondosa ,
Inonotus obliquus ,
Pleurotus ostreatus ,
Cordyceps ,
Shiitake ,
Lentinan ,
AHCC .
American Cancer Society
Trametes versicolor and PSK ,
Grifola frondosa
Archived 2010-03-31 at the
Wayback Machine ,
Shiitake
Archived 2009-06-14 at the
Wayback Machine .
National Cancer Institute
Shiitake ,
Lentinan ,
Cordycepin
Branch Structure
Growth patterns List