From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This is a list of regicides .
Definitions
Execution of Emperor
Maximilian I of Mexico , by
Édouard Manet
The etymology of the term
regicide is from the
Latin noun
rex ('
king ') and the Latin verb caedere ('to kill'); thus, a regicide is literally a 'king-killing'. Different cultures and authors in history have used different definitions for what constitutes the crime of regicide. Rex is usually but not always understood to refer to not just
kings , but any type of
monarch , which leads to
semantic problems of scope. Some monarchs, such as
Nicholas II and
Haile Selassie , had already ceased to be
de facto rulers at the time of their deaths due to forced or voluntary
abdication , but especially after forced abdications (depositions), these monarchs (and their supporters) often still saw themselves as the
de jure rulers; therefore, whether a current monarch or former monarch had been killed could be a
point of view on their
legitimacy . A well-known controversy in
historiography is the 1793
Execution of Louis XVI :
Legitimists might say it was a "regicide" of the legitimate "King
Louis XVI " by "the rabble", but
French Revolutionaries could have regarded it as the "lawful execution" of "
citizen Louis Capet " after a "fair trial" that had found him guilty.
[1] Other killings, such as the
assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand , are generally disqualified as "regicides", because this crown prince had not yet taken the throne.
Suicide is generally discounted as well, as are the killings of monarchs' consorts or other relatives, such as that of
Empress Elisabeth of Austria in 1898, or
Earl Mountbatten in 1979. As such, it is difficult to make a universally accepted list of what constitutes a regicide. The following is a list of cases of monarchs in history who were deliberately killed by someone else in some fashion, according to reliable sources.[
citation needed ]
2000 – 1000 BC
900 – 500 BC
900 BC
Nadab of Israel , slain by his own captain
Baasha
885 BC
King Elah of Israel, murdered by his chariot commander
Zimri
841 BC
Jehoram of Israel , murdered by
Jehu
836 BC
Athaliah , Queen of Judah, by rebels that placed Jehoash on the throne
797 BC
Jehoash of Judah by his own servants at Miloh
771 BC
King You of Zhou by the
Marquess of Shen
767 BC
Amaziah of Judah assassinated at Lachish
752 BC
Zechariah of Israel murdered by
Shallum
740 or 737 BC
Pekahiah , King of Israel, assassinated by
Pekah , son of Remaliah
732 BC
Pekah , King of Israel, by
Hoshea
681 BC
Sennacherib , King of Assyria, assassinated in obscure circumstances
641 BC
Amon of Judah , assassinated by own servants
578 BC
Lucius Tarquinius Priscus ,
King of Rome , by two shepherds
514 BC
Hipparchus of Athens, assassinated by two lovers,
Harmodius and Aristogeiton
5th century BC
4th century BC
336 BC
Philip II of Macedon , assassinated by his own bodyguard.
330 BC
Darius III of Persia , assassinated by his general
Bessus
323 BC
Alexander III of Macedon ,
Died of an unknown illness , though many speculate that he was poisoned
317 BC
Philip III of Macedon , executed by his stepmother
Olympias
315 BC,
Porus the Elder , king of
Pauravas , present day
India , assassinated by one of
Alexander 's generals
309 BC
Alexander IV of Macedon , assassinated at the age of 14 by the regent
Cassander
3rd century BC
294 BC
Alexander V of Macedon , assassinated by
Demetrius Poliorcetes
281 BC
Seleucus I Nicator , assassinated by
Ptolemy Ceraunus
249 BC
Demetrius of Cyrene , assassinated by his wife
Berenice II
246 BC
Antiochus II Theos , poisoned by his wife
Laodice I
241 BC
Agis IV of Sparta, executed by
ephors without a regular trial
233 BC
Deidamia II of Epirus , assassinated during a republican revolt
227 BC
Archidamus V of Sparta, assassinated possibly by orders of his co-ruler
Cleomenes III
223 BC
Seleucus III Ceraunus , assassinated in Anatolia by members of his army
223 BC
Diodotus II of Bactria , killed by the usurper
Euthydemus I
214 BC
Hieronymus of Syracuse , assassinated by conspirators
207 BC
Qin Er Shi through forced suicide put on him by his eunuch
Zhao Gao
206 BC
Ziying executed by
Xiang Yu
2nd century BC
1st century BC
1st century
2nd century
3rd century
4th century
5th century
6th century
507
Alaric II , King of the Visigoths, at the
Battle of Vouillé
after 507
Chararic , Frankish king, killed by
Clovis I after the former had abdicated and become a monk
509
Sigobert the Lame , Frankish king, reportedly murdered by his son
Chlodoric under the instigation of
Clovis I
509
Chlodoric , Frankish king, assassinated by followers of
Clovis I
509
Ragnachar , Frankish king, executed by
Clovis I
524
Sigismund of Burgundy , King of the Burgundians, by
Chlodomer , King of Orleans
524
Chlodomer , Frankish king, killed at the
Battle of Vézeronce
534
Godomar , King of Burgundy, killed by the Franks
551
Emperor Jianwen of Liang , by
Hou Jing
555
Gubazes II of Lazica , King of
Lazica , by two Byzantine generals
565
Diarmait mac Cerbaill , King of Tara, by
Áed Dub mac Suibni
572
Alboin , King of the Lombards, poisoned by his wife
575
Sigebert I , King of Austrasia, assassinated by slaves sent by his sister-in-law
584
Chilperic I , King of Neustria, assassinated by an unknown assailant during a hunting expedition
585
Gundoald , Merovingian usurper king, killed by a stone thrown by a follower of King
Guntram
592
Emperor Sushun of Japan, by
Soga no Umako
596
Childebert II , King of Austrasia, poisoned
7th century
8th century
9th Century
10th century
11th century
12th century
13th century
1206
Muhammad of Ghor , Sultan of the
Ghurid Empire , assassinated while doing evening prayers
1208
Philip of Swabia ,
king of Germany , assassinated by
Otto VIII, Count Palatine of Bavaria
1210
Sverker II of Sweden was killed in battle by Folke Jarl
1213
Peter II of Aragon is killed by a northern crusader knight and lieutenant of
Simon de Montfort, 5th Earl of Leicester ;
Alan de Renty during the
Battle of Muret
1227
Ken Arok , King of
Singhasari , by his stepson
Anusapati
1240
Skule Bårdsson who was a pretender to the throne of Norway was killed in battle against
Haakon IV of Norway
1250
Eric IV of Denmark killed by
Abel, King of Denmark 's chamberlain Lave Gudmundsen
1252
Abel, King of Denmark killed by Henner the Wheelright at Husum Bridge en route to fight Frisian Peasants
1259
Christopher I of Denmark poisoned by abbot Arnfast of
Ryd Abbey in revenge for mistreatment of Archbishop
Jacob Erlandsen
1286
Eric V of Denmark assassinated by a group of conspirators led by his Marshal
Stig Andersen Hvide and his vassal
Jacob Nielsen, Count of Halland
1290
Ladislaus IV of Hungary assassinated by three Cumans Árbóc, Törtel, and Kemence, at the castle of
Körösszeg
1296
Przemysł II , King of Poland, by the Margraves of Brandenburg, some Polish families, or maybe both
14th century
1306
Wenceslaus III of Bohemia , King of Bohemia, Hungary and Poland
1308
Albert I of Germany , King of Germany, murdered by his nephew
John Parricida
1323
Emperor Gong of Song , forced to commit suicide by
Emperor Yingzong of Yuan
1323
Emperor Yingzong of Yuan by a plot formed among
Yesün Temür 's supporters
1327
Edward II of England after forced abdication on behalf of son
Edward III of England
1328
Jayanegara ,
King of Majapahit , by Ra Tanca, his doctor
1359
Berdi Beg of the
Golden Horde by his brother
Qulpa
1382
Joanna I of Naples was murdered by her cousin
Charles II of Hungary
1386
Charles II of Hungary by
Blaise Forgách
1389
Murad I ,
Ottoman Sultan , assassinated by Serbian knight
Miloš Obilić
1389
Mansa Maghan II of Mali , usurped and killed by
Mansa Sandaki
1390
Mansa Sandaki of Mali , usurped and killed by
Mansa Maghan III/Mahmud I , brother of
Maghan II
1395
Ivan Shishman , Tsar of Bulgaria, murdered on the order of the Ottoman Sultan
Bayezid I
15th century
16th century
17th century
18th century
19th century
20th century
1903
Alexander I of Serbia and his wife
Queen Draga by a group of army officers
1908
Carlos I of Portugal , assassinated with his son
Infante Luís Filipe, Prince Royal of Portugal by
Alfredo Luís da Costa and
Manuel Buiça , both connected to the
Carbonária (the Portuguese section of the
Carbonari )
1908 The
Guangxu Emperor by arsenic poisoning, perhaps on orders from
Empress Dowager Cixi or
Yuan Shikai .
[3]
[4]
1913
George I of Greece by
Alexandros Schinas
1918
Nicholas II of Russia and the Imperial Family - including
Tsarevich
Alexei Romanov , who is sometimes referred to as Alexei II -
executed by a
Bolshevik firing squad under the command of
Yakov Yurovsky
1933
Mohammed Nadir Shah , king of
Afghanistan , assassinated by student
Abdul Khaliq Hazara
1934
Alexander I of Yugoslavia by
Vlado Chernozemski , a member of the
Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization
1936
George V of the United Kingdom ,
involuntarily euthanized by
Lord Dawson of Penn
1938
Queen Genepil was shot during
Stalinist repressions in Mongolia .
1946
Ananda Mahidol of Thailand . The King's death is still a mystery and may have been either regicide or
suicide .
1948
Yahya Muhammad Hamid ed-Din , king of
North Yemen , assassinated in the
Alwaziri coup
1951
Abdullah I of Jordan by Mustafa Ashi
1958
Faisal II of Iraq executed by firing squad under the command of Captain Abdus Sattar As Sab, a member of the
coup d'état led by Colonel
Abdul Karim Qassim
1975
Faisal of Saudi Arabia by his nephew
Faisal bin Musa'id (Assassin publicly beheaded)
1975
Haile Selassie I of Ethiopia , widely suspected to have been murdered in his sleep by
asphyxiation on the orders of the
Derg junta, which had deposed him a year earlier.
[5]
21st century
References
^ Jansen, Harry (2010). Triptiek van de tijd. Geschiedenis in drievoud . Nijmegen: Uitgeverij Vantilt. p. 179.
ISBN
9789460040511 . Chris Lorenz gives a helpful example from the time of the French Revolution. He presents a royalist, Jean, who attends the decapitation of Louis XVI on 21 January 1793. That night, Jean writes in his personal diary: 'King Louis has been murdered by the rabble today.' A more revolution-inclined Pierre also keeps a personal diary, and writes down on the same night: 'Citizen Capet has been put to death by the executioner today.' Both cases concern factual statements referring to the same event. Yet Jean writes about 'King Louis', 'rabble' and 'murder', whereas Pierre talks about 'citizen Capet', 'executioner' and 'put to death'. [...] Jean mourns the death of Louis, while Pierre regards it as a case of justice served. [...] [Historian Lorenz himself] described the situation as 'the decapitation of ex-king Louis XVI', [thus recognising] the factual course of events that Louis was no longer King Louis XVI.'
^ Pernicone, Nunzio; Ottanelli, Fraser M (2018). "Fatti di Maggio and Gaetano Bresci". Assassins Against the Old Order: Italian Anarchist Violence in Fin De Siècle Europe .
University of Illinois Press . pp. 123–153.
doi :
10.5406/j.ctv513d7b.10 .
ISBN
978-0-252-05056-5 .
OCLC
1050163307 .
S2CID
197856146 .
^ Mu, Eric.
Reformist Emperor Guangxu was Poisoned, Study Confirms"
Archived 2015-05-09 at the
Wayback Machine . Danwei . 3 November 2008. Retrieved 2 November 2011.
^ 钟里满,耿左车,李军等 (2008).
"国家清史纂修工程重大学术问题研究专项课题成果:清光绪帝死因研究工作报告" . 清史研究 (4): 1–12. {{
cite journal }}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
link )
^
"Ethiopian Court Hears How Emperor Was Killed" .
The Washington Post . December 15, 1994.
Archived from the original on 31 December 2017. Retrieved 15 December 2017 .
^ "Birendra Bir Bikram Shah Deva".
Encarta Encyclopedie
Winkler Prins (in Dutch). Microsoft Corporation/Het Spectrum. 2002.