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This article lists plants referenced in the Bible, ordered alphabetically by English common/colloquial name. For plants whose identities are unconfirmed or debated the most probable species is listed first. Plants named in the Old Testament ( Hebrew Bible or Tenakh) are given with their Hebrew name, while those mentioned in the New Testament are given with their Greek names.

A

Name in Bible Plant name Scientific name References
סנה‎ səneh Abraham's Bush or
Blackberry 		Vitex agnus-castus, Rubus sanctus or Loranthus acaciae Exodus 3:2
שטה‎ šiṭṭāh Acacia, Spirale Acacia raddiana Exodus 25:10
אלמגים‎ ’almuggîm Almug tree; traditionally thought to denominate Red Sandalwood and/or
White Sandalwood, but a few claim it is Juniper 		Pterocarpus santalinus
Santalum album
Juniperus excelsa 		2 Chronicles 2:8; 9:10, 11; 1 Kings 10:11, 12
שקד‎ šāqêḏ Almond Amygdalus communis Genesis 43:11
אהלים‎ ’ăhālîm Agarwood ("Aloe") Aquilaria malaccensis Proverbs 7:17
κρίνον, krinon Anemone Anemone coronaria Matthew 6:28
ἄνηθον, anēthon Anise or Dill Pimpinella anisum, Anethum graveolens Matthew 23:23
תפוחי‎ tappūaḥ Apple [a] or citron Malus domestica or Citrus medica Genesis 2:7; Job 31:39; Jeremiah 15:9

B–E

Name in Bible Plant name Scientific name References
בשם‎ bōśem, בכא‎ bəḵā’îm Balsam Commiphora gileadensis [1] Exodus, Songs
שערה‎ śə‘ōrāh Barley Hordeum vulgare Numbers 5:15; Ezekiel 4:9
אזרח‎ bā’ezrāḥ Bay Laurus nobilis Psalm 37:35
בדלח‎ bəḏōlaḥ Bdellium Commiphora africana Genesis 2:12; Numbers 11:7
פול‎ p̄ōl Bean Vicia faba Ezekiel 4:9
תאשור‎ ṯə’aššūr Box Buxus sempervirens Isaiah 41:19
צנ‎ tsin Boxthorn Lycium europaeum Proverbs 22:5
אטד‎ ’āṭāḏ Bramble Rubus ulmifolius Judges 9:15
רתם‎ rōṯem Broom Calycotome villosa, Retama raetam or Spartium junceum Psalm 120:4, 1 Kings 19:4
גמא‎ gōme Bulrush or
Papyrus 		Typha spp.
Cyperus papyrus 		Exodus 2:3, Job 40:21 ( ABP and NETS)
אביונה‎ ’ăḇîyōnāh Caper, Desire Capparis spinosa Ecclesiastes 12:5
κεράτιον, keration Carob and Locust Ceratonia siliqua Luke 15:16, Matthew 3:1
קדה‎ qiddāh Cassia Cinnamomum iners Exodus 30:24, Psalm 45:8, Job 42:14
קיקיון‎ qîqōnāh Castor Oil Tree ("Jonah's gourd") Ricinus communis Jonah 4:9
ארז‎ ’ārez Cedar of Lebanon Cedrus libani 1 Kings 5:10, 2 Kings 19:23
קנמון‎ qinnāmōn Cinnamon Cinnamomum zeylanicum Proverbs 7:17
באשה‎ ḇā’əšāh Cockle or Stinkweed Agrostemma githago Job 31:40
גד‎ gad Coriander Coriandrum sativum Exodus 16:31
כרפס‎ karpas Cotton Gossypium herbaceum Esther 1:6
חבצלת‎ ḥăḇatseleṯ Crocus Crocus sativus Song of Solomon 2:1, Isaiah 35:1
קשא‎ qiššu’a Cucumber Cucumis melo Numbers 11:5
כמן‎ kammōn; κύμινον, kuminon Cumin Cuminum cyminum Isaiah 28:27
קצח‎ qetsaḥ Cumin, Black Nigella sativa Isaiah 44:14
תרזה‎ tirzāh Cypress Cupressus sempervirens Isaiah 44:14
ברוש‎ bərōš Cypress or fir Cupressus sempervirens Isaiah 44:14
תמר‎ tāmār
φοίνιξ, phoinix 		Date Palm Phoenix dactylifera Song of Solomon 5:11; 7:7, 8, John 12:13
דביונים‎ diḇyōnîm Dove's Dung Ornithogalum narbonense 2 Kings 6:25
תדהר‎ tiḏhār Elm Ulmus minor subsp. canescens Song of Solomon 5:11; 7:7, 8, John 12:13

F–I

Name in Bible Plant name Scientific name References
תאנ‎ ṯə’ênāh Fig Ficus carica Joel 1:7
ארן‎ ’ōren Fir Abies cilicica 1 Kings etc.
פשתה‎ pešeth Flax Linum usitatissimum Proverbs 31:13
פרח‎ peraḥ Flowers, unidentified 1 Kings 7:26
לבונה‎ ləḇōnāh Frankincense Boswellia thurifera Matthew 2:10, 11
שום‎ šūm Garlic Allium sativum Numbers 11:5
ענב‎ ‘ănāḇ Grape Vitis vinifera Genesis 40:10 etc.
חציר‎ ḥătsîr Grass Numbers 11:5
כמשכת חדק‎ kimśuḵaṯ ḥāḏeq Hedge of Thorns Solanum incanum Proverbs 15:19 [2]
ראש‎ rōš Hemlock or gall Conium maculatum, Papaver somniferum Amos 6:12
כפר‎ kōp̄er Henna Lawsonia inermis Song of Solomon 1:14
אזוב‎ ’êzōḇ
ὕσσωπος, hysōpos 		Hyssop Hyssopus officinalis Leviticus 14:52
קטרת‎ qaṭṭərāh Incense Boswellia sacra Hosea 4:13
שושנ‎ šōšannāh Iris (then denominated "Lily") Iris palaestina 1 Kings 7:22

J–M

Name in Bible Plant name Scientific name References
n/a Judas Tree Cercis siliquastrum Matthew 27:5
ערוער‎ ‘ărō‘êr Juniper Juniperus excelsa Jeremiah 17:6, 48:6
ἄκανθα, akantha Jujube Ziziphus spina-christi Matthew 27:29
חציר‎ ḥātsîr Leek Allium porrum Numbers 11:5
עדש‎ ‘ăḏāša Lentil Lens esculenta 2 Samuel 17:28; Ezekiel 4:9
שושנת העמקים‎ šōwōšannaṯ hā-‘ămāqîm Lily-of-the-valley Convallaria majalis Song of Solomon 2:1
שש‎ šêš Linen Linum usitatissimum Exodus 35:25
צאל‎ tse’ĕlîm Lotus Nelumbo nucifera Job 40:21–22
מלוח‎ mallūaḥ Mallow Atriplex halimus Job 30:4
מלוח‎ ḏūḏā’î Mandrake Mandragora autumnalis Genesis 30:15
מן‎ man Manna Alhagi camelorum Numbers 11:7
ἡδύοσμον, hēduosmon Mint Mentha spp. Matthew 23:23
σίναπι, sinapi Mustard Brassica nigra Matthew 13:31
לט‎ lōṭ Myrrh Commiphora guidotti Genesis 37:25, 43:11
הדס‎ hăḏas Myrtle Myrtus communis Isaiah 55:13

N–R

Name in Bible Plant name Scientific name References
סרפד‎ sirpaḏ Nettle Acanthus spinosus Isaiah 55:13
בטנ‎ beten Pistachio Pistacia vera Song of Solomon 6:11
אלונ‎ ’allōn Oak Quercus calliprinos Joshua 24:26
זית‎ zāyiṯ Olive Olea europaea Judges 9:9
בצל‎ bətsāl Onion Allium cepa Numbers 11:5
ערמון‎ ‘armōn Plane Platanus orientalis Ezekiel 31:8, Genesis 30:37
רמונ‎ rimmōn Pomegranate Punica granatum Song of Solomon 7:12
לבנה‎ liḇneh Poplar species Populus spp. Isaiah 44:4
חלמות‎ ḥallāmūṯ Purslane Portulaca oleracea Job 6:6
אבה‎ ’êḇeh Reed (see also Cane) Phragmites Ezekiel 40:vv., Job 40:21
πήγανον, pēganon Rue Ruta graveolens Luke 11:42
אגמון‎ ’aḡmōn Rush Juncus spp. Isaiah 9:14

S

Name in Bible Plant name Scientific name References
כרכם‎ karkōmn Saffron Crocus sativus Song of Solomon 4:14 [b]
כסמת‎ kussemeṯ Spelt Triticum spelta Isaiah 28:25; Ezekiel 4:9
נרד‎ nêrəd Spikenard Nardostachys jatamansi Song of Solomon 4:14
נטפ‎ nāṭāf Stacte or Storax Styrax officinalis, Liquidambar orientalis Exodus 30:34
συκάμινος, sykaminos Sycamine Fig-mulberry or Mulberry Ficus sycomorus, Morus nigra or Morus alba Luke 17:6

T–Z

Name in Bible Plant name Scientific name References
אשל‎ ’ešel Tamarisk Tamarix aphylla Genesis 21:33
ζιζάνιον, zizanion "Tares", Darnel [3] [4] Lolium temulentum Matthew 13:25–40
אלה‎ ’êlāh Terebinth Pistacia terebinthus 2 Samuel 18:9
חוח‎ ḥōwaḥ Thistle Cardueae Job 31:40, 2 Chronicles 25:18
קוצ‎ qōts Thorn, thornbush Vachellia tortilis or similar Jeremiah 4:3
θύϊνος, thyinos Thyine Wood Tetraclinis articulata Revelation 18:12
עצ‎ ‘êts Timber 2 Kings 12:12
השרון שושנת‎ hă-ḇatseleṯ ha-Šārōn Tulip Sharon Tulipa agenensis Song of Solomon 2:1
אגוז‎ ’ĕḡōz Walnut Juglans regia Song of Solomon 6:11, [5] Genesis 43:11
אבטיח‎ ’ăḇaṭṭiḥ Watermelon Citrullus lanatus Numbers 11:5
חטה‎ ḥiṭṭāh
חנטא‎ ḥinṭa’ 		Wheat Triticum aestivum Ezra 7:22; Ezekiel 4:9
ערב‎ ‘ărāḇ Willow Salix alba Job 40:22
ἄψινθος, apsinthos
לענה‎ la‘ănāh 		Wormwood Artemisia absinthium Revelation 8:11

Notes

  1. ^ To change a "p" to "f" in Hebrew a dot is changed; the word indicates that which is distinguished by its fragrance; it derives from the root "na·phach?" denoting "blow, pant, struggle for breath" (see Genesis 2:7; Job 31:39; Jeremiah 15:9); regarding this, M. C. Fisher wrote that "relationship [to na·phach?] seems at first semantically strained, but the ideas of 'breathe' and 'exhale an odor' are related. The by-form puah means both 'blow' (of wind) and 'exhale a pleasant odor, be fragrant.'" (see Proverbs 25:11)
  2. ^ referenced as the plant or the product consisting of its stigmas?

See also

References

  1. ^ Amar, Zohar; Iluz, David. "Balsam: the most expensive perfume plant in the ancient world". In Ferziger, A. S. (ed.). The Paths of Daniel: Studies in Judaism and Jewish Culture in Honor of Rabbi Professor Daniel Sperber. Bar-Ilan University press. pp. 15–27. Quote: "Botanical synonyms: Amyris gileadensis L., Amyris opoBalsamum L., Balsamodendrum ehrenbergianum O. Berg, Balsamodendrum gileadense Kunth, Balsamodendrum opobalsamum Kunth, Commiphora opobalsamum (L.) Engl."
  2. ^ Zohar Amar, Flora of the Bible: A New Investigation Aimed at Identifying All of the Plants of the Bible in Light of Jewish Sources and Scientific Research, Jerusalem, 2012, p. 220 (s. v. חדק)
  3. ^ H. G. Liddell and R. Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1843–1996, under "ζιζάνια". The plural form "Zizania" has modernly denominated in botany wild rice.
  4. ^ Thayer's Lexicon: ζιζάνια
  5. ^ *Longman, Tremper (2001). Songs of Songs. The New International Commentary on the Old Testament. Vol. 26. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. p. 184. ISBN  9780802825438.

Sources

External links

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