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Ecoregions of the world, spanning all land area (terrestrial) of the planet, were first defined and mapped in 2001
[1] and subsequently revised in 2017.
[2] Later,
freshwater ecoregions
[3] and
marine ecoregions
[4] of the world were identified. Within
India , there are 46 terrestrial ecoregions, 14 freshwater ecoregions, and 6 marine ecoregions.
Terrestrial ecoregions
The terrestrial ecoregions of the world include 45 ecoregions that fall entirely or partly within the boundaries of
India . These ecoregions fall within two biogeographic realms:
Indomalayan and
Palearctic . They also fall under ten
biomes :
Deserts and Xeric Shrublands ,
Flooded Grasslands and Savannas ,
Mangroves ,
Montane Grasslands and Shrublands ,
Temperate Broadleaf and Mixed Forests ,
Temperate Conifer Forests ,
Tropical and Subtropical Coniferous Forests ,
Tropical and Subtropical Dry Broadleaf Forests ,
Tropical and Subtropical Grasslands, Savannas and Shrublands , and
Tropical and Subtropical Moist Broadleaf Forests . The ecoregion
Rock and Ice is not included under any specific biome or biogeographic realm.
[2]
Freshwater ecoregions
Freshwater ecoregions of the world have been defined
[3] as "a large area encompassing one or more freshwater systems with a distinct assemblage of natural freshwater communities and species. The freshwater species, dynamics, and environmental conditions within a given ecoregion are more similar to each other than to those of surrounding ecoregions, and together form a conservation unit." The following 14 freshwater ecoregions occur within India.
Upper Indus
Indus Himalayan Foothills
Lower and Middle Indus
Ganges Himalayan Foothills
Middle Brahmaputra
Chin Hills–Arakan Coast
Ganges Delta and Plain
Narmada–Tapti
Northern Deccan Plateau
Southern Deccan Plateau
Southeastern Ghats
Western Ghats
Andaman Islands
Nicobar Islands
Marine ecoregions
Marine ecoregions of the world have been described across the worlds oceans and seas.
[4] India's seas are in the
Western Indo-Pacific
marine realm . This includes the following four provinces and six
marine ecoregions .
West and South Indian Shelf province
Western India
South India and Sri Lanka
Central Indian Ocean Islands province
Bay of Bengal province
Eastern India
Northern Bay of Bengal
Andaman province
Andaman and Nicobar Islands
Global 200 ecoregions in India
The following are the ecoregions in India that are included in the Global 200 ecoregions:
[5]
Terrestrial
Chota Nagpur dry deciduous forests (India)
Eastern Deccan Plateau moist forests (old name) or East Deccan moist deciduous forests (current name) (India)
Eastern Himalayan alpine meadows (
Bhutan ,
China , India,
Myanmar ,
Nepal )
Eastern Himalayan broadleaf forests (Bhutan, China, India, Myanmar, Nepal)
Himalayan subtropical pine forests (Bhutan, India, Nepal,
Pakistan )
Naga-Manipuri-Chin hills moist forests (India)
Northeast India-Myanmar pine forests (India, Myanmar)
Rann of Kutch seasonal salt marsh (India, Pakistan)
South Western Ghats moist deciduous forests (India)
Sundarbans mangroves (
Bangladesh , India)
Terai-Duar savannas and grasslands (Bhutan, India, Nepal)
Tibetan Plateau alpine shrublands and meadows (
Afghanistan , China, India, Pakistan,
Tajikistan )
Western Himalayan broadleaf forests (Afghanistan, India, Nepal, Pakistan)
See also
External links
References
^ Olson, David M.; Dinerstein, Eric; Wikramanayake, Eric D.; Burgess, Neil D.; Powell, George V. N.; Underwood, Emma C.; D'amico, Jennifer A.; Itoua, Illanga; Strand, Holly E.; Morrison, John C.; Loucks, Colby J. (2001-11-01).
"Terrestrial Ecoregions of the World: A New Map of Life on Earth: A new global map of terrestrial ecoregions provides an innovative tool for conserving biodiversity" . BioScience . 51 (11): 933–938.
doi :
10.1641/0006-3568(2001)051[0933:TEOTWA]2.0.CO;2 .
ISSN
0006-3568 .
S2CID
26844434 .
^
a
b Dinerstein, Eric; Olson, David; Joshi, Anup; Vynne, Carly; Burgess, Neil D.; Wikramanayake, Eric; Hahn, Nathan; Palminteri, Suzanne; Hedao, Prashant; Noss, Reed; Hansen, Matt (2017-06-01).
"An Ecoregion-Based Approach to Protecting Half the Terrestrial Realm" . BioScience . 67 (6): 534–545.
doi :
10.1093/biosci/bix014 .
ISSN
0006-3568 .
PMC
5451287 .
PMID
28608869 .
^
a
b Abell, Robin; Thieme, Michele L.; Revenga, Carmen; Bryer, Mark; Kottelat, Maurice; Bogutskaya, Nina; Coad, Brian; Mandrak, Nick; Balderas, Salvador Contreras; Bussing, William; Stiassny, Melanie L. J. (2008-05-01).
"Freshwater Ecoregions of the World: A New Map of Biogeographic Units for Freshwater Biodiversity Conservation" . BioScience . 58 (5): 403–414.
doi :
10.1641/B580507 .
ISSN
1525-3244 .
S2CID
85940785 .
^
a
b Spalding, Mark D.; Fox, Helen E.; Allen, Gerald R.; Davidson, Nick; Ferdaña, Zach A.; Finlayson, Max; Halpern, Benjamin S.; Jorge, Miguel A.; Lombana, Al; Lourie, Sara A.; Martin, Kirsten D. (2007-07-01).
"Marine Ecoregions of the World: A Bioregionalization of Coastal and Shelf Areas" . BioScience . 57 (7): 573–583.
doi :
10.1641/B570707 .
ISSN
0006-3568 .
S2CID
29150840 .
^ Olson, David M.; Dinerstein, Eric (2002).
"The Global 200: Priority Ecoregions for Global Conservation" (PDF) . Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden . 89 (2): 199–224.
doi :
10.2307/3298564 .
ISSN
0026-6493 .
JSTOR
3298564 .
Tropical and subtropical Forests
Temperate Forests
Grasslands, Shrublands, and Savannas
Mangrove
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