From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This is a list of Global Boundary Stratotype Sections and Points . Since 1977,
Global Boundary Stratotype Sections and Points (abbreviated GSSPs) are internationally agreed upon reference points on
stratigraphic sections of rock which define the lower boundaries of
stages on the
geologic time scale . They are selected by the
International Commission on Stratigraphy based on multiple factors, but their accessibility and the degree to which they are representative of the same boundary on sections worldwide are among the most important.
Since GSSPs require well-preserved sections of rock without interruptions in sedimentation, and since most are defined by different
stages of
animal life, defining them becomes progressively more difficult as one goes further back in time.
Organization of this list
This list is divided first into the geologic eras of the Phanerozoic (the
Cenozoic , the
Mesozoic , and the
Paleozoic ) and then into the geologic periods of each era. Each period is marked below the era bar on top of its subdivided epochs and stages. Each stage is assigned an age in
mya , an
acronym for million years ago, which is the age at which it began. Most of these ages are derived from astronomical cycles in sediments, magnetic data,
biostratigraphic data, and
radiometric dating methods. The GSSP assigned to each stage is that stage's lower boundary and oldest point.
Ages are given in "million year ago" (mya). They are obtained with different
radiometric dating methods depending on the type of rock and its age. Ages that have a tilde (~) prefix are approximate ages for GSSPs that have not been defined or not been accurately dated.
The Status column has a "golden spike" for every GSSP which has been formally agreed by the ICS. Those without have only candidate sections which have not yet been formally ratified. The clock stands for times that are currently defined only by an age.
The "Defining markers" column lists the evidence in the rock used to define the boundary. (Ideally, these are applicable in rock sections worldwide.) Most of the boundaries rely on the
fossil record (biologic),
paleomagnetic data (magnetic), and/or
climate data determined by
carbon and
oxygen isotopes .
List
Epoch
Stage
Age (mya)
Status
GSSP location
Defining markers
Geographic Coordinates
References
Holocene
Meghalayan
0.0042
Mawmluh Cave ,
Meghalaya ,
India
25°15′44″N 91°42′54″E / 25.2622°N 91.7150°E / 25.2622; 91.7150
[1]
[2]
Northgrippian
0.0082
NGRIP1 ice core,
Greenland
75°06′00″N 42°19′12″W / 75.1000°N 42.3200°W / 75.1000; -42.3200
[1]
Greenlandian
0.0117
NGRIP2 ice core,
Greenland
75°06′00″N 42°19′12″W / 75.1000°N 42.3200°W / 75.1000; -42.3200
[1]
[3]
Pleistocene
Upper/Late
0.129
-
Climatic: Marine Isotope Substage 5e
-
-
Chibanian
0.774
Chiba , Japan
35°17′39″N 140°08′47″E / 35.2943°N 140.1465°E / 35.2943; 140.1465
[4]
Calabrian
1.8
Vrica Section,
Calabria , Italy
39°02′19″N 17°08′05″E / 39.0385°N 17.1348°E / 39.0385; 17.1348
[5]
Gelasian
2.58
Monte San Nicola Section,
Gela ,
Sicily , Italy
37°08′47″N 14°12′16″E / 37.146468°N 14.204562°E / 37.146468; 14.204562
[6]
Epoch
Stage
Age (mya)
Status
GSSP location
Defining markers
Geographic Coordinates
References
Pliocene
Piacenzian
3.6
Punta Piccola Section,
Porto Empedocle ,
Sicily , Italy
37°17′22″N 13°29′29″E / 37.289386°N 13.491443°E / 37.289386; 13.491443
[7]
Zanclean
5.333
Heraclea Minoa section
Heraclea Minoa ,
Cattolica Eraclea ,
Sicily , Italy
37°23′33″N 13°16′52″E / 37.392435°N 13.281052°E / 37.392435; 13.281052
[8]
Miocene
Messinian
7.246
Oued Akrech section,
Rabat ,
Morocco
33°55′30″N 6°48′33″W / 33.925050°N 6.809047°W / 33.925050; -6.809047
[9]
Tortonian
11.63
Monte dei Corvi Beach section,
Ancona , Italy
43°35′14″N 13°33′58″E / 43.587242°N 13.566148°E / 43.587242; 13.566148
[10]
Serravallian
13.82
Ras il Pellegrin section,
Fomm ir-Riħ Bay ,
Malta
35°54′50″N 14°20′10″E / 35.9139°N 14.3361°E / 35.9139; 14.3361
[11]
Langhian
15.98
At 17.84 m in the 'Lower La Vedova Beach' section,
Ancona , Italy
43°35′31″N 13°33′44″E / 43.5919°N 13.5623°E / 43.5919; 13.5623
[4]
Burdigalian
20.44
Candidate sections:
Astronomically tuned ODP core (e.g. Ceara Rise, Leg 154)
-
[4]
Aquitanian
23.03
Lemme-Carrosio Section,
Carrosio , Italy
44°39′36″N 8°50′21″E / 44.6601°N 8.83928°E / 44.6601; 8.83928
[12]
Epoch
Stage
Age (mya)
Status
GSSP location
Defining markers
Geographic Coordinates
References
Oligocene
Chattian
27.82
Monte Cagnero ,
Central Apennines , Italy
Biological: last occurrence of the planktonic foraminifer
Chiloguembelina (Base of Foram Zone P21b)
43°38′48″N 12°28′04″E / 43.646748°N 12.467771°E / 43.646748; 12.467771
[13]
Rupelian
33.9
Massignano quarry section,
Massignano ,
Ancona , Italy
43°32′10″N 13°35′33″E / 43.536038°N 13.592499°E / 43.536038; 13.592499
[14]
Eocene
Priabonian
37.71
Alano section,
Piave river ,
Venetian Prealps ,
Belluno , Italy
45°54′51″N 11°55′05″E / 45.9141°N 11.9180°E / 45.9141; 11.9180
[15]
Bartonian
41.2
Contessa highway section
Gubbio ,
Central Apennines , Italy
43°22′47″N 12°33′44″E / 43.37972°N 12.56219°E / 43.37972; 12.56219
-
Lutetian
47.8
Gorrondatxe sea-cliff section,
Western Pyrenees ,
Basque Country , Spain
43°22′47″N 3°00′51″W / 43.3796°N 3.0143°W / 43.3796; -3.0143
[16]
Ypresian
56
Dababiya section,
Luxor ,
Egypt
Climatic: Base of negative Carbon Isotope Excursion (CIE).
25°30′00″N 32°31′52″E / 25.5000°N 32.5311°E / 25.5000; 32.5311
[17]
[18]
Paleocene
Thanetian
59.2
Zumaia Section,
Basque Country , Spain
Magnetic: Base of magnetic polarity
chronozone C26n.
43°17′59″N 2°15′39″W / 43.2996°N 2.2609°W / 43.2996; -2.2609
[19]
Selandian
61.6
Zumaia Section,
Basque Country , Spain
Chemical: Onset of sea-level drop and carbon isotope shift.
Magnetic: 30 precession cycles after the top of magnetic polarity
Chron 27n
43°17′57″N 2°15′40″W / 43.2992°N 2.2610°W / 43.2992; -2.2610
[19]
Danian
66
El Kef Section,
El Kef ,
Tunisia
36°09′13″N 8°38′55″E / 36.1537°N 8.6486°E / 36.1537; 8.6486
[20]
Epoch
Stage
Age (mya)
Status
GSSP location
Defining markers
Geographic Coordinates
References
Upper
Maastrichtian
72.1
Grande Carrière quarry ,
Landes , France
43°40′46″N 1°06′48″W / 43.6795°N 1.1133°W / 43.6795; -1.1133
[21]
Campanian
83.6
Bottaccione,
Gubbio ,
Italy
Magnetic: Base of
Chron C33r.
43°21′46″N 12°34′58″E / 43.3627°N 12.5828°E / 43.3627; 12.5828
[22]
[23]
Santonian
86.3
Olazagutia , Spain
42°52′00″N 2°11′48″W / 42.8668°N 2.1968°W / 42.8668; -2.1968
[4]
Coniacian
89.8
Salzgitter -
Salder quarry, Germany
52°07′27″N 10°19′46″E / 52.1243°N 10.3295°E / 52.1243; 10.3295
[4]
Turonian
93.9
Rock Canyon ,
Colorado , United States
38°16′56″N 104°43′39″W / 38.2822°N 104.7275°W / 38.2822; -104.7275
[24]
Cenomanian
100.5
Mont Risoux ,
Hautes-Alpes , France
44°23′28″N 5°30′39″E / 44.391120°N 5.510970°E / 44.391120; 5.510970
[25]
Lower
Albian
113
Col de Pré-Guittard section ,
Arnayon ,
Drôme ,
France
44°30′28″N 5°17′50″E / 44.507861°N 5.297250°E / 44.507861; 5.297250
[26]
[27]
Aptian
121.4
Candidate section:
-
-
Barremian
125.77
Río Argos ,
Caravaca de la Cruz ,
Murcia Province , Spain
Biologic: First appearance of
Ammonite Taveraidiscus hugii .
-
[28]
Hauterivian
132.6
La Charce ,
Drôme ,
France
44°28′10″N 5°26′37″E / 44.4694°N 5.4437°E / 44.4694; 5.4437
[29]
[30]
Valanginian
139.8
Candidates sections:
-
-
Berriasian
145
Candidate section:
Candidates:
Epoch
Stage
Age (mya)
Status
GSSP location
Defining markers
Geographic Coordinates
References
Upper
Tithonian
149.2
Candidate sections:
-
-
Kimmeridgian
154.8
Flodigarry ,
Isle of Skye ,
Scotland ,
U.K.
57°39′40″N 6°14′44″W / 57.6610°N 6.2455°W / 57.6610; -6.2455
[4]
Oxfordian
161.5
Candidate sections:
-
-
Middle
Callovian
165.3
Candidate sections:
-
-
Bathonian
168.2
Ravin du Bès ,
Bas-Auran ,
Alpes de Haute ,
France
43°57′38″N 6°18′55″E / 43.9606°N 6.3153°E / 43.9606; 6.3153
[32]
Bajocian
170.9
Cabo Mondego ,
Portugal
40°11′57″N 8°54′15″W / 40.1992°N 8.9042°W / 40.1992; -8.9042
[33]
Aalenian
174.7
Fuentelsaz , Spain
41°4′44.9″N 1°49′49.2″W / 41.079139°N 1.830333°W / 41.079139; -1.830333
[34]
Lower
Toarcian
184.2
Peniche ,
Portugal
39°22′15″N 9°23′07″W / 39.3708°N 9.3853°W / 39.3708; -9.3853
[35]
Pliensbachian
192.9
Robin Hood's Bay ,
Yorkshire ,
England ,
U.K.
54°24′25″N 0°29′51″W / 54.4069°N 0.4975°W / 54.4069; -0.4975
[36]
Sinemurian
199.5
East Quantoxhead ,
West Somerset ,
England , UK
51°11′27″N 3°14′11″W / 51.1909°N 3.2364°W / 51.1909; -3.2364
[37]
Hettangian
201.4
Kuhjoch section,
Karwendel mountains ,
Northern Calcareous Alps , Austria
47°29′02″N 11°31′50″E / 47.4839°N 11.5306°E / 47.4839; 11.5306
Epoch
Stage
Age (mya)
Status
GSSP location
Defining markers
Geographic Coordinates
References
Lopingian
Changhsingian
254.14
Zhejiang , China
31°04′55″N 119°42′23″E / 31.0819°N 119.7064°E / 31.0819; 119.7064
[41]
Wuchiapingian
259.51
Penglaitan Section ,
Laibin ,
Guangxi , China
23°41′43″N 109°19′16″E / 23.6953°N 109.3211°E / 23.6953; 109.3211
[42]
Guadalupian
Capitanian
264.28
Nipple Hill ,
Guadalupe Mountains ,
Texas ,
U.S.A.
31°54′33″N 104°47′21″W / 31.9091°N 104.7892°W / 31.9091; -104.7892
[4]
Wordian
266.9
Guadalupe Pass ,
Guadalupe Mountains ,
Texas ,
U.S.A.
31°51′57″N 104°49′58″W / 31.8658°N 104.8328°W / 31.8658; -104.8328
[4]
Roadian
273.01
Stratotype Canyon ,
Guadalupe Mountains ,
Texas ,
U.S.A.
31°52′36″N 104°52′36″W / 31.8767°N 104.8768°W / 31.8767; -104.8768
[4]
Cisuralian
Kungurian
283.5
Candidate section:
-
[4]
Artinskian
290.1
Dalny Tulkas section,
Southern Ural Mountains ,
Russia
53°53′18″N 56°30′58″E / 53.88847°N 56.51615°E / 53.88847; 56.51615
[4]
Sakmarian
293.52
Usolka section , Southern Urals,
Russia
53°55′29″N 56°43′43″E / 53.9247°N 56.7287°E / 53.9247; 56.7287
[43]
[44]
Asselian
298.9
Aidaralash ,
Ural Mountains ,
Kazakhstan
50°14′45″N 57°53′29″E / 50.2458°N 57.8914°E / 50.2458; 57.8914
[45]
Epoch
Stage
Age (mya)
Status
GSSP location
Defining markers
Geographic Coordinates
References
Upper
Famennian
372.2
Coumiac quarry ,
Coumiac [
fr ]
Montagne Noire , France
43°28′14″N 3°03′35″E / 43.4705°N 3.0597°E / 43.4705; 3.0597
[48]
Frasnian
382.7
Col du Puech de la Suque ,
Montagne Noire , France
43°30′12″N 3°05′12″E / 43.5032°N 3.0868°E / 43.5032; 3.0868
[49]
Middle
Givetian
387.7
Jebel Mech Irdane ,
Tafilalt ,
Morocco
31°14′15″N 4°21′15″W / 31.2374°N 4.3541°W / 31.2374; -4.3541
[50]
Eifelian
393.3
Wetteldorf Richtschnitt section ,
Wetteldorf ,
Eifel , Germany
50°08′59″N 6°28′18″E / 50.1496°N 6.4716°E / 50.1496; 6.4716
[51]
Lower
Emsian
407.6
Zinzil'ban Gorge ,
Uzbekistan
39°12′00″N 67°18′20″E / 39.2000°N 67.3056°E / 39.2000; 67.3056
[52]
Pragian
410.8
Velká Chuchle quarry
Velká Chuchle ,
Prague ,
Czech Republic
50°00′53″N 14°22′21″E / 50.0147°N 14.3726°E / 50.0147; 14.3726
[53]
Lochkovian
419.2
Klonk ,
Prague ,
Czech Republic
49°54′03″N 14°03′40″E / 49.90083°N 14.06111°E / 49.90083; 14.06111
[4]
Epoch
Stage
Age (mya)
Status
GSSP location
Defining markers
Geographic Coordinates
References
Přídolí
423
Požáry Section ,
Řeporyje District ,
Prague ,
Czech Republic
50°01′40″N 14°19′30″E / 50.0277°N 14.3249°E / 50.0277; 14.3249
[54]
Ludlow
Ludfordian
425.6
Sunnyhill ,
Ludlow ,
Shropshire ,
England ,
U.K.
52°21′33″N 2°46′38″W / 52.3592°N 2.7772°W / 52.3592; -2.7772
[55]
Gorstian
427.4
Pitch Coppice ,
Ludlow ,
Shropshire ,
England ,
U.K.
52°21′33″N 2°46′38″W / 52.3592°N 2.7772°W / 52.3592; -2.7772
[55]
Wenlock
Homerian
430.5
Whitwell Coppice ,
Homer ,
England ,
U.K.
52°36′56″N 2°33′53″W / 52.6156°N 2.5647°W / 52.6156; -2.5647
[55]
Sheinwoodian
433.4
Hughley Brook ,
Apedale ,
England ,
U.K.
Imprecise GSSP. Will be reexamined.
Biologic: Currently between acritarch biozone 5 and last appearance of
Pterospathodus amorphognathoides . Candidate boundaries are a conodont boundary (Ireviken datum 2) which is close to the murchisoni graptolite biozone.
52°34′52″N 2°38′20″W / 52.5811°N 2.6389°W / 52.5811; -2.6389
[4]
[55]
Llandovery
Telychian
438.5
El Pintado section,
Province of Seville ,
Spain
Biologic: FAD of the graptolite Spirograptus guerichi
-
[56]
[57]
Aeronian
440.8
Hlásná Třebaň section,
Czech Republic
Biologic: First appearance of Demirastrites triangulatus (
Graptolite ).
-
[57]
[58]
Rhuddanian
443.8
Dob's Linn ,
Moffat ,
Dumfries-shire ,
Scotland ,
U.K.
55°25′48″N 3°16′19″W / 55.429889°N 3.272036°W / 55.429889; -3.272036
[54]
Epoch
Stage
Age (mya)
Status
GSSP location
Defining markers
Geographic Coordinates
References
Upper
Hirnantian
445.2
Wangjiawan section
Wangjiawan ,
Yichang , China
Biologic: First appearance of
Normalograptus extraordinarius (
Graptolite ).
Climatic: Base of major positive carbon isotope excursion.
Climatic: Beginning of sea-level fall associated with onset of a major glaciation.
30°59′03″N 111°25′11″E / 30.9841°N 111.4197°E / 30.9841; 111.4197
[59]
Katian
453
Black Knob Ridge section,
Oklahoma , United States
34°25′50″N 96°04′29″W / 34.4305°N 96.0746°W / 34.4305; -96.0746
[60]
Sandbian
458.4
Fågelsång section
Sularp Brook ,
Skåne , Sweden
55°42′49″N 13°19′32″E / 55.7137°N 13.3255°E / 55.7137; 13.3255
[61]
Middle
Darriwilian
467.3
Huangnitang Section
Huangnitang Village, Changshan ,
Zhejiang , China
28°51′14″N 118°29′23″E / 28.8539°N 118.4897°E / 28.8539; 118.4897
[62]
Dapingian
470
Huanghuachang section
Huanghuachang ,
Yichang , China
30°51′38″N 111°22′26″E / 30.8605°N 111.3740°E / 30.8605; 111.3740
[63]
[64]
Lower
Floian
477.7
Diabasbrottet quarry ,
Västergötland , Sweden
58°21′32″N 12°30′09″E / 58.3589°N 12.5024°E / 58.3589; 12.5024
[65]
Tremadocian
485.4
Greenpoint section
Green Point ,
Newfoundland , Canada
49°40′58″N 57°57′55″W / 49.6829°N 57.9653°W / 49.6829; -57.9653
[66]
Epoch
Stage
Age (mya)
Status
GSSP location
Defining markers
Geographic Coordinates
References
Furongian
Stage 10
489.5
Candidate sections:
Candidates:
-
[67]
Jiangshanian
~494
Duibian B Section
Duibian ,
Zhejiang , China
28°48′57″N 118°36′54″E / 28.815967°N 118.614933°E / 28.815967; 118.614933
[68]
Paibian
~497
Paibi section
Paibi ,
Hunan , China
28°23′22″N 109°31′33″E / 28.3895°N 109.5257°E / 28.3895; 109.5257
[69]
Miaolingian
Guzhangian
~500.5
Luoyixi section
Luoyixi ,
Guzhang ,
Hunan , China
28°43′12″N 109°57′53″E / 28.7200°N 109.9647°E / 28.7200; 109.9647
[70]
Drumian
~504.5
Drumian section
Wheeler Shale ,
Utah ,
U.S.A.
39°30′42″N 112°59′29″W / 39.5117°N 112.9915°W / 39.5117; -112.9915
[71]
Wuliuan
~509
Wuliu-Zengjiayan ,
Guizhou , China
26°04′51″N 108°24′50″E / 26.0807°N 108.4138°E / 26.0807; 108.4138
[72]
[73]
Series 2
Stage 4
~514
None
-
[74]
Stage 3
~521
None
-
[75]
[76]
Terreneuvian
Stage 2
~529
None
-
-
Fortunian
538.8
Fortune head section ,
Newfoundland , Canada
47°04′34″N 55°49′52″W / 47.0762°N 55.8310°W / 47.0762; -55.8310
[77]
See also
References
^
a
b
c Walker, Mike; Head, Martin J.; Berkelhammer, Max; Björck, Svante; Cheng, Hai; Cwynar, Les; Fisher, David; Gkinis, Vasilios; Long, Anthony; Lowe, John; Newnham, Rewi; Rasmussen, Sune Olander; Weiss, Harvey (1 December 2018).
"Formal ratification of the subdivision of the Holocene Series/ Epoch (Quaternary System/Period): two new Global Boundary Stratotype Sections and Points (GSSPs) and three new stages/subseries" (PDF) . Episodes . 41 (4): 213–223.
doi :
10.18814/epiiugs/2018/018016 . Retrieved 28 August 2020 .
^ Head, Martin J. (17 May 2019).
"Formal subdivision of the Quaternary System/Period: Present status and future directions" . Quaternary International . 500 : 32–51.
Bibcode :
2019QuInt.500...32H .
doi :
10.1016/j.quaint.2019.05.018 .
S2CID
182783922 . Retrieved 28 August 2020 .
^ Walker, Mike; Johnsen, Sigfus; Rasmussen, Sune Olander; Popp, Trevor; Steffensen, Jørgen-Peder;
Gibbard, Phil ; Hoek, Wim; Lowe, John; Andrews, John;
Björck, Svante ; Cwynar, Les C.; Hughen, Konrad; Kershaw, Peter; Kromer, Bernd; Litt, Thomas; Lowe, David J.; Nakagawa, Takeshi; Newnham, Rewi; Schwander, Jakob (1 January 2009).
"Formal definition and dating of the GSSP (Global Stratotype Section and Point) for the base of the Holocene using the Greenland NGRIP ice core, and selected auxiliary records" . Journal of Quaternary Science . 24 (1): 3–17.
Bibcode :
2009JQS....24....3W .
doi :
10.1002/jqs.1227 .
^
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
i
j
k
l
m
n
o
p
q
r
s
t
"Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point" . International Commission of Stratigraphy. Retrieved 3 July 2023 .
^ Aguirre, E; G. Pasini (1985).
"The Pliocene - Pleistocene Boundary" (PDF) . Episodes . 8 (2): 116–120.
doi :
10.18814/epiiugs/1985/v8i2/009 .
^ Rio, Domenico; R. Sprovieri; D. Castradori; E. Di Stefano (1998).
"The Gelasian Stage (Upper Pliocene): A new unit of the global standard chronostratigraphic scale" (PDF) . Episodes . 21 (2): 82–87.
doi :
10.18814/epiiugs/1998/v21i2/002 .
^ Castradori, D.; D. Rio; F. J. Hilgen; L. J. Lourens (1998).
"The Global Standard Stratotype-section and Point (GSSP) of the Piacenzian Stage (Middle Pliocene)" (PDF) . Episodes . 21 (2): 88–93.
doi :
10.18814/epiiugs/1998/v21i2/003 .
S2CID
56126092 . Archived from
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^ Couvering, John A. Van; Castradori, Davide;
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a
b Schmitz, B.; Pujalte, V.; Molina, E.; Monechi, S.; Orue-Etxebarria, X.; Speijer, R. P.; Alegret, L.; Apellaniz, E.; Arenillas, I.; Aubry, M.-P.; Baceta, J.-I.; Berggren, W. A.; Bernaola, G.; Caballero, F.; Clemmensen, A.; Dinarès-Turell, J.; Dupuis, C.; Heilmann-Clausen, C.; Orús, A. H.; Knox, R.; Martín-Rubio, M.; Ortiz, S.; Payros, A.; Petrizzo, M. R.; von Salis, K.; Sprong, J.; Steurbaut, E.; Thomsen, E. (2011).
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131791652 . Retrieved 29 August 2020 .
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ISSN
1502-3931 . {{
cite journal }}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
link )
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S2CID
43893965 . Note: there is an apparent typo in the article referenced; they give the coordinates as "a latitude of 30°51'37.8"N and a longitude of110°22'26.5"E", but their map and location description better corresponds to 30°51'37.8"N 111°22'26.5"E.
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32506478 .
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