From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
A group of 104
rocket scientists at
Fort Bliss, Texas
Operation Paperclip was a secret United States intelligence program in which more than 1,600 German scientists, engineers, and technicians were taken from the former
Nazi Germany to the U.S. for government employment after
the end of World War II in Europe , between 1945 and 1959. Conducted by the
Joint Intelligence Objectives Agency (JIOA), it was largely carried out by special agents of the
U.S. Army 's
Counterintelligence Corps (CIC). Many of these Germans were former members and some were former leaders of the
Nazi Party .
[1]
[2]
Key recruits
Aeronautics and
rocketry
Many engineers had been involved with the
V-2 in
Peenemünde , and 127 of them eventually entered the U.S. through Operation Paperclip. They were also known as the Von Braun Group.
[3]
Architecture
Heinz Hilten
[88]
Hannes Luehrsen
[89]
Electronics – including
guidance systems ,
radar and
satellites
Material Science (high temperature)
Klaus Scheufelen
[116]
Rudolf Schlidt
[117]
Medicine – including
biological weapons ,
chemical weapons , and
space medicine
Physics
Chemistry and
Chemical engineering
Helmut Pichler
Leonard Alberts
Ernst Donath
Josef Guymer
[121]
Hans Schappert
Max Josenhaus
Kurt Bretschneider
[121]
Erich Frese
See also
Further reading
References
^ Jacobsen, Annie (2014). Operation Paperclip: The Secret Intelligence Program to Bring Nazi Scientists to America . New York: Little, Brown and Company. p. Prologue, ix.
ISBN
978-0-316-22105-4 .
^
"Joint Intelligence Objectives Agency" . U.S.
National Archives and Records Administration . Retrieved October 9, 2008 .
^
a
b Pearce, Jeremy (February 23, 2009).
"Konrad Dannenberg, 96, Top Rocket Scientist, Dies" . The New York Times .
^
Amtmann, Hans (May 1, 1988).
The Vanishing Paperclips: America's Aerospace Secret, A Personal Account .
^
"Ball, Erich" . www.astronautix.com . Archived from
the original on December 27, 2016.
^
"Bauschinger" . www.astronautix.com . Archived from
the original on December 27, 2016.
^
"Beduerftig" . www.astronautix.com . Archived from
the original on December 27, 2016.
^
"Beichel" . www.astronautix.com . Archived from
the original on August 23, 2016.
^
"Beier" . www.astronautix.com . Archived from
the original on December 28, 2016.
^
"Bergeler" . www.astronautix.com . Archived from
the original on December 27, 2016.
^ Rickey, Lisa.
"Papers of Rudi Berndt, WPAFB Engineer via Operation Paperclip, Now Open for Research" . blogs.libraries.wright.edu . Retrieved 22 December 2023 .
^
"Burose" . www.astronautix.com . Archived from
the original on December 27, 2016.
^
"Constan" . www.astronautix.com . Archived from
the original on December 28, 2016.
^
"Dahm" . Astronautix.com. Archived from
the original on 2010-09-12. Retrieved 2010-08-30 .
^
"De Beek" . www.astronautix.com . Archived from
the original on December 28, 2016.
^
"Drawe" . www.astronautix.com . Archived from
the original on December 28, 2016.
^
"Duerr" . www.astronautix.com . Archived from
the original on December 28, 2016.
^
"Edse" . www.astronautix.com . Archived from
the original on July 23, 2022.
^
"Eisenhardt" . www.astronautix.com . Archived from
the original on December 28, 2016.
^
"Finzel" . www.astronautix.com . Archived from
the original on December 28, 2016.
^
"Fischel" . www.astronautix.com . Archived from
the original on December 28, 2016.
^
"Fleischer" . www.astronautix.com . Archived from
the original on December 28, 2016.
^
"Fuhrmann" . www.astronautix.com . Archived from
the original on December 28, 2016.
^
"Werner K. Gengelbach" . National Air and Space Museum . January 16, 2016.
^
"Gruene, Hans" . Archived from
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^
"Guendel" . www.astronautix.com . Archived from
the original on December 28, 2016.
^ Burkhart, Ford (August 29, 1998).
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^
"Hager" . www.astronautix.com . Archived from
the original on December 28, 2016.
^
"Haukohl" . www.astronautix.com . Archived from
the original on December 27, 2016.
^
"Heimburg" . www.astronautix.com . Archived from
the original on December 28, 2016.
^
"Emil Hellebrand Dead; Rocket Expert Was 67" .
The New York Times . December 19, 1981. Archived from
the original on May 24, 2015. Retrieved February 24, 2021 .
^
"Heller, Gerhard Bernhard" . Archived from
the original on December 27, 2016.
^
"Helm, Bruno" . Archived from
the original on December 27, 2016.
^
"Hermann, Rudolf" . www.astronautix.com . Archived from
the original on December 28, 2016.
^
"Heusinger" . www.astronautix.com . Archived from
the original on December 27, 2016.
^ Adan, Drew (2020).
"Bruno Heusinger Collection" . UAH Archives and Special Collections .
University of Alabama in Huntsville . Retrieved April 5, 2021 .
^
"Hueter" . www.astronautix.com . Archived from
the original on December 27, 2016.
^
"Hintze" . www.astronautix.com . Archived from
the original on December 27, 2016.
^
"Horn" . www.astronautix.com . Archived from
the original on December 28, 2016.
^
"Hosenthien" . www.astronautix.com . Retrieved 22 December 2023 .
^
"Huzel" . www.astronautix.com . Archived from
the original on December 28, 2016.
^
"Kaschig" . www.astronautix.com . Archived from
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^ Adan, Drew (April 13, 2018).
"Ernst Karl Klauss Collection" . UAH Archives and Special Collections .
University of Alabama in Huntsville . Retrieved March 15, 2021 .
^
"Theodore W. Knacke, USA" . National Air and Space Museum . January 16, 2016.
^
"Kroll" . www.astronautix.com . Archived from
the original on December 28, 2016.
^ Sullivan, Megan (2020).
"Willi Karl Kuberg Collection" . UAH Archives and Special Collections .
University of Alabama in Huntsville . Retrieved April 5, 2021 .
^
"Kuers" . www.astronautix.com . Archived from
the original on December 28, 2016.
^ Darling, David.
"Kurzweg, Hermann H. (1908–2000)" . www.daviddarling.info .
^
"Lange" . www.astronautix.com . Archived from
the original on December 27, 2016.
^
"Lindenberg" . www.astronautix.com . Archived from
the original on December 27, 2016.
^
"Lindenmayer" . www.astronautix.com . Archived from
the original on December 27, 2016.
^
"Maus" . www.astronautix.com . Archived from
the original on December 28, 2016.
^
"Merk" . www.astronautix.com . Archived from
the original on December 28, 2016.
^
"Michel, Josef" . www.astronautix.com . Archived from
the original on December 28, 2016.
^
"Milde" . www.astronautix.com . Archived from
the original on December 28, 2016.
^
"Millinger" . www.astronautix.com . Archived from
the original on December 28, 2016.
^
"Minning" . www.astronautix.com . Archived from
the original on December 28, 2016.
^
"Mrazek" . www.astronautix.com . Archived from
the original on December 28, 2016.
^
"Neubert" . www.astronautix.com . Archived from
the original on December 28, 2016.
^
"Paetz" . www.astronautix.com . Archived from
the original on December 27, 2016.
^
"Palaoro" . www.astronautix.com . Archived from
the original on December 28, 2016.
^
"Patt" . www.astronautix.com . Archived from
the original on December 28, 2016.
^
"Paul" . www.astronautix.com . Archived from
the original on December 27, 2016.
^ Johnson, Matthew (April 13, 2018).
"Fritz Karl Pauli Collection" . UAH Archives and Special Collections .
University of Alabama in Huntsville . Retrieved April 5, 2021 .
^ Trotter, Megan.
"Cookevillian recalls secret Operation Paperclip" . Herald Citizen .
^ Roberts, Melissa (2017).
"Helmuth Pfaff Collection" . UAH Archives and Special Collections .
University of Alabama in Huntsville . Retrieved March 15, 2021 .
^
"Poppel" . www.astronautix.com . Archived from
the original on December 27, 2016.
^
"Moonport, CH2-7" .
^
"Rosinski" . September 12, 2010. Archived from
the original on September 12, 2010.
^
"Roth" .
^
"Rothe" . www.astronautix.com . Archived from
the original on December 28, 2016.
^
"Schilling" . www.astronautix.com . Archived from
the original on December 28, 2016.
^
"Schlitt" . www.astronautix.com . Archived from
the original on December 28, 2016.
^
"Schuler" . www.astronautix.com . Archived from
the original on December 28, 2016.
^
"Schwidetzky" . www.astronautix.com . Archived from
the original on December 28, 2016.
^
"Steurer" . www.astronautix.com . Archived from
the original on December 28, 2016.
^ John Noble Wilford (May 28, 2008).
"Ernst Stuhlinger, Rocket Scientist Crucial in Space Race, Is Dead at 94" . The New York Times . Retrieved 2010-08-29 .
^
"Tiller" . www.astronautix.com . Archived from
the original on December 28, 2016.
^
"Tschinkel" . www.astronautix.com . Archived from
the original on December 28, 2016.
^
"Urbanski" . www.astronautix.com . Archived from
the original on December 27, 2016.
^
"Vandersee" . www.astronautix.com . Archived from
the original on December 28, 2016.
^
"Voss, Werner" . www.astronautix.com . Archived from
the original on December 28, 2016.
^
"Vowe" . www.astronautix.com . Archived from
the original on December 28, 2016.
^ Sullivan, Megan (2020).
"Hermann Rudolf Wagner Collection" . UAH Archives and Special Collections .
University of Alabama in Huntsville . Retrieved March 15, 2021 .
^
"Weidner" . www.astronautix.com . Archived from
the original on December 28, 2016.
^
"Wiesemann" . www.astronautix.com . Archived from
the original on December 28, 2016.
^ Sullivan, Megan (2020).
"Philipp Wolfgang Zettler-Seidel Collection" . UAH Archives and Special Collections .
University of Alabama in Huntsville . Retrieved March 15, 2021 .
^ Roop, Lee (January 26, 2016).
"Rare architect's drawings show Huntsville's change from cotton town to Rocket City" . al.com .
^
"Luehrsen" . www.astronautix.com . Archived from
the original on December 27, 2016.
^ Saxon, Wolfgang (September 1, 1996).
"Wilhelm Angele, 91, Engineer in Space Program" . The New York Times .
^
"Boehm" . www.astronautix.com . Archived from
the original on December 21, 2016.
^
"Friedrich" . www.astronautix.com . Archived from
the original on December 28, 2016.
^ Ballato, A. (January 1, 1987). "In Memoriam Eduard A. Gerber". IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics, and Frequency Control . 34 (1): 2.
doi :
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S2CID
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^ Saxon, Wolfgang (February 9, 2001).
"H. Otto Hirschler, 87, Aided Space Program" . The New York Times .
^
"Hirschler" . Astronautix.com. Archived from
the original on 2010-09-16. Retrieved 2010-08-30 .
^
"Hoberg" . www.astronautix.com . Archived from
the original on December 27, 2016.
^ Saxon, Wolfgang (June 20, 2003).
"Rudolf F. Hoelker, 91, Space Flight Scientist" . The New York Times .
^
"Orders for the transportation of seventeen German civilians to the United States" . William August Schulze Collection . 15 September 1945. Retrieved 22 December 2023 .
^
"OPERATION PAPERCLIP – ARCHIVE OF DR. HORST KEDESDY" . www.liveauctioneers.com .
^ Lundquist, Charles A.
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^
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^
"Lindner" . www.astronautix.com . Archived from
the original on December 27, 2016.
^
"Muehlner" . www.astronautix.com . Archived from
the original on December 28, 2016.
^
"Mueller, Fritz" . Astronautix.com. Archived from
the original on 2010-09-12. Retrieved 2010-08-30 .
^
"Reisig" . Astronautix.com. Archived from
the original on 2010-09-12. Retrieved 2010-08-30 .
^
"Rickhey" . Astronautix.com. 1947-01-02. Archived from
the original on 2010-09-12. Retrieved 2010-08-30 .
^
"Rosinski" . Astronautix.com. Archived from
the original on 2010-09-12. Retrieved 2010-08-30 .
^
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^
"Ruppe" . www.astronautix.com . Archived from
the original on December 28, 2016.
^
"Schulze" . www.astronautix.com . Archived from
the original on December 28, 2016.
^
"Sieber" . www.astronautix.com . Archived from
the original on December 28, 2016.
^
"Albuquerque Journal Obituaries" . obits.abqjournal.com .
^
"Wittmann" . www.astronautix.com . Archived from
the original on December 28, 2016.
^
"Woerdemann" . www.astronautix.com . Archived from
the original on December 28, 2016.
^
"Albert Zeiler" . The New York Times . October 18, 1975.
^
"Scheufelen" . www.astronautix.com . Archived from
the original on December 28, 2016.
^
"Schlidt" . www.astronautix.com . Archived from
the original on December 28, 2016.
^
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^
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^
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^
a
b Jacobsen, Annie (February 11, 2014). Operation Paperclip: the secret intelligence program to bring Nazi scientists to America (First ed.). New York.
ISBN
978-0-316-23982-0 . {{
cite book }}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
link )