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An ancient mound at the city of Kish, Mesopotamia, Babel Governorate, Iraq

According to a theory proposed by Ignace Gelb, the Kish civilization encompassed the sites of Ebla and Mari in the Levant, Nagar in the north, [1] and the proto- Akkadian sites of Abu Salabikh and Kish in central Mesopotamia [2] [3][ better source needed] in to the early East Semitic era in Mesopotamia and the Levant. The epoch began in the early 4th millennium BC and ended with the rise of the Akkadian empire. [4] The theory has been discarded by more recent scholarship. [5]

According to the theory, the East Semitic population migrated from what is now the Levant and spread into Mesopotamia, [6] and the new population could have contributed to the collapse of the Uruk period c. 3100 BC. [3] This early East Semitic culture was characterized by linguistic, literary and orthographic similarities extending from Ebla in the west to Abu Salabikh in the East. [7] The personal names from the Sumerian city of Kish showed an East Semitic nature and revealed that the city population had a strong Semitic component from the dawn of recorded history, [8] and since Gelb considered Kish to be the center of this civilization, hence the naming. [7]

The similarities included the using of a writing system that contained non-Sumerian logograms, the use of the same system in naming the months of the year, dating by regnal years and a similar measuring system. [7] However, each city had its own monarchical system.

While the languages of Mari and Ebla were closely related, Kish represented an independent East Semitic linguistic entity that spoke a dialect (Kishite), [9] different from both pre-Sargonic Akkadian and the Ebla-Mari language. [7]

See also

References

  1. ^ Lauren Ristvet (2014). Ritual, Performance, and Politics in the Ancient Near East. Cambridge University Press. p. 217. ISBN  9781107065215.
  2. ^ Van De Mieroop, Marc (2002). Erica Ehrenberg (ed.). In Search of Prestige: Foreign Contacts and the Rise of an Elite in Early Dynastic Babylonia. Eisenbrauns. p. 125-137 [133]. ISBN  9781575060552. Retrieved 23 February 2022. {{ cite book}}: |work= ignored ( help)
  3. ^ a b Wyatt, Lucy (2010). Approaching Chaos: Could an Ancient Archetype Save 21st Century Civilization?. O Books. p. 120. ISBN  9781846942556. Retrieved 23 February 2022.
  4. ^ Hasselbach (2005). p. 4.
  5. ^ Sommerfeld, Walter (2021). Vita, Juan-Pablo (ed.). The "Kish Civilization". Handbook of Oriental Studies. Section 1 The Near and Middle East. Vol. 1. BRILL. pp. 545–547. ISBN  9789004445215. Retrieved 23 February 2022. {{ cite book}}: |work= ignored ( help)
  6. ^ Kitchen, A.; Ehret, C.; Assefa, S.; Mulligan, C.J. (2009). "Bayesian phylogenetic analysis of Semitic languages identifies an Early Bronze Age origin of Semitic in the Near East". Proc Biol Sci. 276 (1668): 2703–10. doi: 10.1098/rspb.2009.0408. PMC  2839953. PMID  19403539.
  7. ^ a b c d Hasselbach, Rebecca (2005). Sargonic Akkadian: A Historical and Comparative Study of the Syllabic Texts. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 3. ISBN  9783447051729.
  8. ^ Edwards, I. E. S.; Gadd, C. J.; Hammond, N. G. L. (1971). The Cambridge Ancient History. Cambridge University Press. p.  100. ISBN  9780521077910.
  9. ^ Foster, Benjamin Read; Polinger Foster, Karen (2009). Civilizations of Ancient Iraq. Princeton University Press. p. 40. ISBN  978-0691137223.
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