Jordan Bernt Peterson (born 12 June 1962) is a Canadian psychologist, author, and media commentator.[4] Often described as
conservative, he began to receive widespread attention in the late 2010s for his views on cultural and political issues.[5][6][7][8] Peterson has described himself as a
classic British liberal[9][10][11] and a
traditionalist.[12]
In 2018, he paused both his clinical practice and teaching duties and published his second book: 12 Rules for Life: An Antidote to Chaos, a
self-help book. Promoted with a world tour, it became a
bestseller in several countries. Throughout 2019 and 2020, Peterson suffered health problems in the aftermath of severe
benzodiazepine withdrawal syndrome. In 2021, he published his third book, Beyond Order: 12 More Rules for Life, resigned from the University of Toronto, and returned to podcasting. In 2022, Peterson signed a content distribution deal with the conservative media company The Daily Wire and became Chancellor of
Ralston College. His various lectures and conversations, available mainly on YouTube and
podcasts, have gathered millions of views.
In junior high school, Peterson became friends with
Rachel Notley and her family. Notley became leader of the
Alberta New Democratic Party and the 17th
premier of Alberta.[19] Peterson was a member of the
New Democratic Party (NDP) from ages 13 to 18.[20][21] As a teenager, Peterson decided that "religion was for the ignorant, weak and superstitious" and hoped for a left-wing revolution, a hope that lasted until he met left-wing activists in college.[18]
While at McGill University and the Douglas Hospital, Peterson conducted research into familial
alcoholism and its associated psychopathologies, such as childhood and adolescent aggression and
hyperactive behaviour.[25][26][27]
Career
From July 1993 to June 1998,[28][better source needed] Peterson lived in
Arlington,
Massachusetts, while teaching and conducting research at Harvard University, where he was hired as an
assistant professor in the psychology department, later becoming an
associate professor. During his time at Harvard, he studied aggression arising from
drug and alcohol abuse.[25][original research?] An article in The Harvard Crimson said he possessed a "willingness to take on any research project, no matter how unconventional".[20] Author
Gregg Hurwitz, a former student of Peterson's at Harvard, has cited Peterson as an inspiration of his, and psychologist Shelley Carson, former PhD student and now-professor at Harvard, recalled that Peterson's lectures had "something akin to a cult following", stating, "I remember students crying on the last day of class because they wouldn't get to hear him anymore."[29] Following his associate position at Harvard, Peterson returned to Canada in 1998 to become a
full professor at the
University of Toronto.[24][8]
For most of his career, Peterson maintained a clinical practice, seeing about 20 people a week. He has been active on social media, and in September 2016 he released a series of videos in which he criticized
Bill C-16.[19][40][41] As a result of new projects, he decided to put the clinical practice on hold in 2017[42] and temporarily stopped teaching as of 2018.[16][14]
In February 2018, Peterson entered into a promise with the
College of Psychologists of Ontario (CPO) after a professional misconduct complaint about his communication and the boundaries he sets with his patients. The college did not consider a full disciplinary hearing necessary and accepted Peterson entering into a three-month
undertaking to work on prioritizing his practice and improving his patient communications. Peterson had no prior disciplinary punishments or restrictions on his clinical practice.[43][44]
In January 2023 the CPO, expressing concern that Peterson lacked professionalism in public statements, ordered him to undergo social media communication coaching.[48][49] Peterson denied any wrongdoing and filed for judicial review.[50][48] Peterson's appeal was reviewed in August of the same year by panel of three judges of the
Ontario Divisional Court, who unanimously upheld the college's initial decision. The college ordered that Peterson should pay for the costs of his own training and noted that failure to comply could result in the loss of his licence in the province.[51] The decision was upheld on appeal to the Ontario Court of Appeals in January 2024.[52]
In 1999,
Routledge published Maps of Meaning: The Architecture of Belief, in which Peterson describes a comprehensive theory about how people construct
meaning, form beliefs, and make
narratives. The book, which took Peterson 13 years to complete, draws concepts from various fields including mythology, religion, literature, philosophy, and psychology, in accordance with the modern scientific understanding of how the brain functions.[20][54][55][56][57]
Peterson's third book, Beyond Order: 12 More Rules for Life, was released on 2 March 2021.[66] On 23 November 2020, his publisher Penguin Random House Canada (PRH Canada) held an
internal town hall where many employees criticized the decision to publish the book.[67]
Social media
Jordan B Peterson
Former profile picture used on Peterson's channels
In 2013, Peterson registered a
YouTube channel named JordanPetersonVideos,[71] and immediately began uploading recordings of lectures and interviews. The earliest dated recordings are from Harvard lectures in 1996. By the end of 2013, content on the channel included the lectures from Harvard, some interviews, and additional special lectures on two defining topics: "Tragedy vs Evil" and "Psychology as a career".[citation needed]
From 2014, uploads include recordings from two of his classes at
University of Toronto ("Personality and Its Transformations" and "Maps of Meaning: The Architecture of Belief"),[72] special lectures ("Potential" for
TEDx, "Death of the Oceans"), interviews, experiments in Q&A format, and
video essays.[citation needed]
In March 2016, after three years of basic uploading of course videos, Peterson announced an interest to clean existing content and improve future content,[73] including a new experiment in crowdfunding through
Patreon.[73][better source needed]
The channel gathered more than 1.8 million subscribers and his videos received more than 65 million views as of August 2018.[41][74] By January 2021, subscribers on JordanPetersonVideos numbered at 3.4 million and total views reached over 200 million.[71][better source needed]
Twitter
On 29 June 2022, Peterson's
Twitter account was suspended under the site's "hateful conduct policy" after posting a tweet
misgendering and
deadnaming transgender actor
Elliot Page, calling his physician "a criminal".[75][76] Peterson said he was notified that he would be required to delete the tweet in order to restore access to his account, which he said he "would rather die than do".[77][75] YouTube has demonetized two of Peterson's videos, one about his Twitter suspension and another video where he said
gender-affirming care was "Nazi medical experiment-level wrong."[78] Peterson's Twitter account was restored in November 2022 after
Elon Muskacquired the company.
Other media
From early 2017, funding for projects dramatically increased through his use of
Patreon. Peterson hired a production team to film his 2017 psychology lectures at the University of Toronto. Donations received range from $1,000 per month in August 2016 to $14,000 by January 2017; more than $50,000 by July 2017; and over $80,000 by May 2018.[19][41][79][80] With this funding, a number of projects and lecture series were proposed: more interviews, regular live Q&A sessions, public lecture series on the
Bible, conversations with Muslims in Canada and the US, and an online university. From May through December 2017, a lecture series on
biblical stories was recorded and released on YouTube. A series of live Q&A events, appearing approximately monthly, were released beginning April 2017, through January 2018, then shifting to an irregular schedule through 2019. Regular donations for the YouTube channel were interrupted in January 2019, when Peterson deleted his Patreon account in public protest of the platform's controversial banning of another content creator,
Carl Benjamin (also known as Sargon of Akkad).[81][7] Following this, Peterson and
Dave Rubin announced the creation of a new,
free speech–oriented
social networking and crowdfunding platform.[82] This alternative had a limited release under the name
Thinkspot later in 2019, and remained in
beta testing as of December 2019.[83]
Peterson has appeared on many
podcasts, conversational series, as well as other online shows.[74][84] In December 2016, Peterson started The Jordan B. Peterson Podcast.[85] In March 2019, the podcast joined the
Westwood One network with Peterson's daughter as a co-host on some episodes.[86] Peterson defended engineer James Damore after he was fired from
Google for writing
Google's Ideological Echo Chamber.[60] In January 2022, Peterson was interviewed by
Joe Rogan on The Joe Rogan Experience. During the interview, Peterson said that the Earth's
climate is too complicated to accurately
model. Several
climate scientists criticized Peterson, saying that he misunderstood climate modelling.[87]
Also in June 2022, Peterson signed a deal with the news company The Daily Wire, which includes the distribution rights to Peterson's video and podcast library. Peterson will also produce bonus content and specials featuring guests for the
video on demand platform DailyWire+.[88]
Biblical lectures
In May 2017, Peterson began The Psychological Significance of the Biblical Stories,[89] a series of live theatre
lectures, also published as podcasts, in which he analyzes
archetypal narratives in the
Book of Genesis as patterns of behaviour ostensibly vital for personal, social and cultural stability.[60] A second series of lectures on the
Book of Exodus released on DailyWire+ in November 2022, and another series on the
Book of Proverbs has been announced.[90]
In March 2019,
Cambridge University rescinded a visiting
fellowship invitation to Peterson. He had previously said the fellowship would give him an "opportunity to talk to religious experts of all types for a couple of months," and that the new lectures would have been on the Book of Exodus.[91] A spokesperson for the university said there was no place for anyone who could not uphold the
inclusive environment of the university.[92]Vice-ChancellorStephen Toope explained that a photograph of Peterson with his arm around a man wearing a shirt reading "I'm a proud
Islamophobe" led the faculty to the rescindment due to a conflict between Peterson's "casual endorsement by association" and the school's commitment to
interfaith dialogue.[93][94] The
Cambridge University Students' Union released a statement of relief, considering the invitation "a political act to ...
legitimise figures such as Peterson" and that his work and views are not "representative of the student body."[95] Peterson argued that the photograph was only one of 30,000 taken with his fans in the previous 15 months,[96] called the university's decision a "deeply unfortunate ... error of judgement", and expressed regret that the
Divinity Faculty had submitted to an "ill-informed, ignorant and ideologically-addled mob."[97][98] Peterson also said that he would stop posing for photographs with fans wearing "provocative political garb, given that the fallout can be used by those who are not fond of me (a serious understatement) to capitalise on the opportunity the photos provide, particularly in isolation and context-free."[96]
Self-Authoring Suite
In 2005, Peterson, with colleagues Daniel M. Higgins and
Robert O. Pihl, established a website and company to deliver an evolving
writing therapy system called The Self-Authoring Suite.[99] It consists of a series of online writing programs: the Past Authoring Program (a guided
autobiography); two Present Authoring Programs, which aids analysis of personality faults and virtues; and the Future Authoring Program, which aids in developing a vision and planning desired futures.[citation needed]
To understand the statistical benefits of the suite, academic trials have been conducted and several studies published. Peterson states that more than 10,000 students have used the program, with drop-out rates decreasing by 25 percent and
grade point averages rising by 20 percent.[15]
The startling success of his elevated arguments for the importance of order has made him the most significant
conservative thinker to appear in the English-speaking world in a generation.[6]
Peterson's ideas are a mixed bag: He says some sensible and insightful things, and he says some things that rightly draw criticism. But you wouldn't know this from reading Peterson's critics, who generally cast him as a far-right boogeyman riding the wave of a misogynistic backlash. That's a mistake.[107]
Academia and political correctness
Peterson suggests that universities are largely responsible for a wave of
political correctness that has appeared in North America and Europe,[41] saying that he had watched the rise of political correctness on campuses since the early 1990s.[108] Peterson believes the
humanities have become corrupt and less reliant on science, in particular
sociology. He contends that "proper culture" and western civilization are being undermined by "post-modernism and neo-Marxism".[8][9]
Tim Lott stated in The Spectator that Peterson became "an outspoken critic of mainstream academia".[9]
Psychologist
Daniel Burston has both agreed with and critiqued Peterson's views on academia. On Marxism, postmodernism and
feminism, Burston faults Peterson's thought as oversimplified.[110] On the general state of academia, Burston generally agrees[111] with Peterson's criticisms of
identity politics in academia,[e]
as well as with Peterson's charge that academia is "riddled with Left-wing bias and political correctness".[111] On summarizing the decline of the university, Burston disagrees with Peterson's critique against the Left, arguing that Peterson overlooks the degree to which the current decline of the humanities and social sciences is due to university administration focus.[111]
He has repeatedly stated his opposition to
identity politics, stating that it is practiced on both sides of the political divide: "[t]he
left plays them on behalf of the
oppressed, let's say, and the
right tends to play them on behalf of
nationalism and
ethnic pride". He considers both equally dangerous, saying that what should be emphasized, instead, is individual focus and personal responsibility.[119] He has also been prominent in the debate about
cultural appropriation, stating that the concept promotes
self-censorship in society and journalism.[120]
Peterson argues that social justice promotes collectivism and sees individuals as "essentially a member of a group" and "not essentially an individual". He also argues that social justice "view[s] the world" as "a battleground between groups of different power".[124]
Peterson has argued that there is an ongoing "
crisis of masculinity" and "backlash against masculinity" in which the "masculine spirit is under assault".[14][130][131][132] He has argued that
the Left characterizes the existing societal hierarchy as an "oppressive patriarchy" but "doesn't want to admit that the current hierarchy might be predicated on competence."[14] He has said men without partners are likely to become violent, and that male violence is reduced in societies in which monogamy is a social norm.[14][130] He has attributed the rise of
Donald Trump and
far-right European politicians to what he says is a negative reaction to a push to "feminize" men, saying that "If men are pushed too hard to feminize they will become more and more interested in harsh,
fascist political ideology."[133]
In 2018, he attracted attention in the UK after a
Channel 4 News interview with
Cathy Newman on the
gender pay gap,[106][134] in which he disputed the idea that the pay gap is solely due to
sexual discrimination.[134][135][136] Newman's performance was criticized by
YouTube commenters and journalists.[137][138] She reported receiving harassment after the interview, and Peterson called for his supporters to be more civil,[106][139] although on
Twitter, Peterson said there was "no evidence that the criticisms constituted threats", and that the idea the abuse was driven by misogyny was "ridiculous".[140]
Peterson believes that order is masculine and chaos is feminine, and that these qualities are inherent to human existence.[14][141] To Peterson, culture is "symbolically, archetypally, mythically male," while "chaos—the unknown—is symbolically associated with the feminine."[141][142]
Peterson has said that "confused gay kids are being convinced they're transsexual. Well that's not so good for gay people, is it?" and that "there's certainly a lot of confused adolescents who could be enticed into narcissistic abnormality as a consequence of attention-seeking."[22]
On 27 September 2016, Peterson released the first installment of a three-part lecture video series, entitled "Professor against political correctness: Part I: Fear and the Law".[19][143][40] In the video, he stated that he would not use the
preferred gender pronouns of students and faculty, saying it fell under
compelled speech, and announced his objection to the
Canadian government's
Bill C-16, which proposed to add "gender identity or expression" as a prohibited ground of discrimination under the
Canadian Human Rights Act, and to similarly expand the definitions of promoting genocide and publicly inciting hatred in the
hate speech laws in Canada.[b][144][143][145]
Peterson stated that his objection to the bill was based on potential
free-speech implications if the Criminal Code were amended, saying he could then be prosecuted under provincial human-rights laws if he refused to call a transgender student or faculty member by the individual's
preferred pronoun.[145][146] According to law professor
Brenda Cossman and others, this interpretation of C-16 is mistaken, and the law does not criminalize misuse of pronouns,[146][147][148][8] though commercial litigator Jared Brown has described a scenario (albeit one he thinks unlikely) in which a person could end up in prison for
contempt of court for persistently refusing to comply with a
court order to refer to another person by their preferred gender pronouns.[149][g] Since the bill's enactment in July 2017, no Canadian person has been jailed or fined for misgendering another person.[150][151]
The series of videos drew criticism from
transgender activists, faculty, and labour unions; critics accused Peterson of "helping to foster a climate for hate to thrive" and of "fundamentally mischaracterising" the law.[152][19] Protests erupted on campus, some including violence, and the controversy attracted international media attention.[147][153][154]
When asked in September 2016 if he would comply with the request of a student to use a preferred pronoun, Peterson said "it would depend on how they asked me. ... If I could detect that there was a chip on their shoulder, or that they were [asking me] with political motives, then I would probably say 'no'. ... If I could have a conversation like the one we're having now, I could probably meet them on an equal level."[154] Two months later, the National Post published an
op-ed by Peterson in which he elaborated on his opposition to the bill, saying that
gender-neutral singular pronouns were "at the vanguard of a post-modern,
radical leftist ideology that I detest, and which is, in my professional opinion, frighteningly similar to the
Marxist doctrines that killed at least 100 million people in the 20th century."[155]
In response to the controversy,
academic administrators at the University of Toronto sent Peterson two letters of warning, one noting that free speech had to be made in accordance with human rights legislation, and the other adding that his refusal to use the preferred personal pronouns of students and faculty upon request could constitute discrimination. Peterson speculated that these warning letters were leading up to formal disciplinary action against him, but in December the university assured him he would retain his
professorship, and in January 2017 he returned to teach his psychology class at the University of Toronto.[19][156]
In February 2017,
Maxime Bernier, candidate for leader of the
Conservative Party of Canada, stated that he had shifted his position on Bill C-16, from support to opposition, after meeting with Peterson and discussing it.[157] Peterson's analysis of the bill was also frequently cited by senators who were opposed to its passage.[158] In April 2017, Peterson was denied a
Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council (SSHRC) grant for the first time in his career, which he interpreted as retaliation for his statements regarding Bill C-16.[38] However, a
media-relations adviser for SSHRC said, "Committees assess only the information contained in the application."[159] In response, Rebel News launched an
Indiegogocrowdfunding campaign on Peterson's behalf,[159] raising
C$195,000 by its end on 6 May, equivalent to over two years of
research funding.[160] In May 2017, as one of 24 witnesses who were invited to speak about the bill, Peterson spoke against Bill C-16 at a Canadian Senate Committee on Legal and Constitutional Affairs hearing.[158]
In November 2017,
Lindsay Shepherd, the
teaching assistant of a
Wilfrid Laurier University first-year communications course, was
censured by her professors for showing, during a classroom discussion about pronouns, a segment of The Agenda in which Peterson debates Bill C-16 with another professor.[161][162][163] The reasons given for the censure included the clip creating a "toxic climate," being compared to a "
speech by Hitler,"[21] and being itself in violation of Bill C-16.[148] The censure was later withdrawn and both the professors and the university formally apologized.[164][165][166] The events were cited by Peterson, as well as several newspaper editorial boards[167][168][169] and national newspaper columnists,[170][171][172][173] as illustrative of the suppression of free speech on university campuses. In June 2018, Peterson filed a $1.5-million lawsuit against Wilfrid Laurier University, arguing that three staff members of the university had maliciously defamed him by making negative comments about him behind closed doors.[174] As of September 2018,[update] Wilfrid Laurier had asked the court to dismiss the lawsuit, stating that Peterson filed it in an attempt to limit debate on matters of public interest. Laurier commented that "there is inescapable irony in the fact that Peterson ... is bringing a claim for the stated purpose of causing academics and administrators to be more circumspect in their words.”[175]
Climate change
Peterson
doubts the
scientific consensus on climate change,[12][95] saying he is "very skeptical of the models that are used to predict climate change",[176] and that "you can't trust the data because too much ideology is involved".[74][95] Appearing on The Joe Rogan Experience in 2022, Peterson said that "there is no such thing as climate" and questioned the accuracy of
climate modelling. Climate scientists accused Peterson of confusing
weather forecasting with climate modelling.[177][178][179][180] In response to various criticisms, Peterson cited
Fred Singer, a climate scientist who rejected the scientific consensus on climate change, as a source.[181] Peterson also defended "
automotive freedom" and said that excess
carbon dioxide "has greened the planet and increased crop yields 15%".[182]
Religion
In a 2017 interview, Peterson was asked if he was a Christian; he responded, "I suppose the most straight-forward answer to that is yes."[183][h] When asked if he believes in God, Peterson responded: "I think the proper response to that is no, but I'm afraid he might exist."[42] In a podcast with Douglas Murray and
Jonathan Pageau, Peterson stated that God is the "ultimate fictional character" which is "at the top of the hierarchy of attention and action".[184]
Writing in Psychoanalysis, Politics and the Postmodern University, Daniel Burston argues that Peterson's views on religion reflect a preoccupation with what Tillich calls the vertical or transcendent dimension of religious experience but demonstrate little or no familiarity with (or sympathy for) what Tillich termed the horizontal dimension of faith, which demands social justice in the tradition of the biblical prophets.[187]
Peterson believes that the
Marxist worldview is rooted in a hatred for people who succeed under
capitalism and will always result in violence when implemented.[8]
Influence
In 2018,
Kelefa Sanneh wrote in The New Yorker that Peterson "is now one of the most influential—and polarizing—public intellectuals in the English-speaking world".[189][133][106] In 2022, Mick Brown wrote in The Daily Telegraph that Peterson "has become the most visible, outspoken and certainly the most polarising figure in the 'culture wars' between Left and Right, challenging the new orthodoxies of political correctness that have permeated academia, education, and political and cultural life."[22]
In August 2018,
Caitlin Flanagan of The Atlantic argued that Peterson is popular because he "offer[s] an alternative means of understanding the world to a very large group of people who have been starved for one. His audience is huge and ever more diverse, but a significant number of his fans are white men. The automatic assumption of the left is that this is therefore a
red-pilled army, but the opposite is true. The
alt-right venerates identity politics just as fervently as the left".[190] In contrast, in March 2018, Zack Beauchamp of Vox argued that Peterson is popular because he "is tailor-made to our political moment. His reactionary politics and talents as a public speaker combine to be a perfect fit for YouTube and the right-wing media, where videos of conservatives 'destroying' weak-minded liberals routinely go viral. Peterson's denunciations of identity politics and political correctness are standard-issue conservative, but his academic credentials make his pronouncements feel much more authoritative than your replacement-level Fox News commentator."[8]
During a press tour to promote her 2022 film Don't Worry Darling,
Olivia Wilde said the sinister character Frank was inspired by Peterson. She described him as "this insane man, Jordan Peterson, who is this pseudo-intellectual hero to the
incel community."[191][192][193] Peterson called the film "the latest bit of propaganda disseminated by the woke, self-righteous bores and bullies who now dominate Hollywood."[192][194] He also criticized the term "incel", calling it a "casual insult" for men who are "lonesome and they don't know what to do and everyone piles abuse on them."[191]
Debates and media appearances
Beginning in 2003,[8] Peterson appeared on television, speaking on a subject from a psychological perspective. On
TVOntario, he appeared on Big Ideas in 2003 and 2006,[195][59] and in a 13-part lecture series based on Maps of Meaning, aired in 2004.[24][59] In a 2007 BBC Horizon documentary, Mad but Glad, Peterson commented on the connection between pianist
Nick van Bloss'
Tourette syndrome diagnosis and his musical talent.[196][197][i]
From 2011, TVOntario's The Agenda featured Peterson as an essayist and panelist on psychologically relevant cultural issues.[198]
Starting around 2000, Peterson began collecting
Soviet-era paintings.[21] The paintings are displayed in his house as a reminder of the relationship between totalitarian propaganda and art, and as examples of how idealistic visions can become totalitarian oppression and horror.[29][14] In 2016, Peterson became an honorary member of the extended family of Charles Joseph, a
Kwakwakaʼwakw artist, and was given the name Alestalagie ("Great Seeker").[21][206]
Family
Peterson married Tammy Roberts in 1989,[19] with whom he has a daughter (Mikhaila), who is named after Soviet leader
Mikhail Gorbachev, and a son (Julian).[15][19][61] Mikhaila suffered from
juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA) in her childhood,[207] requiring a hip and ankle replacement when she was 17 years old.[22] Mikhaila, who also has a career as a political commentator and podcaster, has since adopted what she calls "the
lion diet", consisting entirely of eating only beef, salt, and water.[207] While analyzing Mikhaila's diet and promotion thereof, a 2020 New Republic article by writer Lindsay Beyerstein described her as a "nutrition '
influencer' with no medical credentials".[208] In 2016, Peterson restricted his diet to only meat and a few vegetables in an attempt to control his depression and the effects of an
autoimmune disorder.[16][12] In mid-2018, he stopped eating vegetables altogether and continued eating only beef, salt, and water.[207][208] Nutrition experts point out that such a diet can result in "severe dysregulation".[207]
Health problems
In late 2019 Peterson sought "emergency" detox from
benzodiazepine addiction.[209] Peterson stated this rehab was the result of his prescribed dosage of
clonazepam being increased after his wife Tammy was diagnosed with
kidney cancer.[208] According to Peterson, he made several attempts to reduce dosage or stop the drug completely,[208] but experienced "horrific"
benzodiazepine withdrawal syndrome.[209]
In January 2020, Peterson was unable to find North American doctors willing to accommodate his treatment desires and so flew to
Moscow, Russia along with his daughter, son-in-law, and granddaughter to pursue treatment there.[210] Doctors in Russia diagnosed him with
pneumonia in both lungs upon arrival and placed him into a medically
induced coma for eight days, followed by four weeks in the
intensive care unit, during which time he suffered a temporary loss of motor skills.[209][211]
For several months after treatment in Russia, Peterson and his family moved to
Belgrade,
Serbia.[212] In June 2020, Peterson made his first public appearance in over a year, when he appeared on an episode of his daughter's podcast recorded in Belgrade, at which point he was "back to my regular self" and was cautiously optimistic about his prospects.[212]
In August 2020, Peterson's daughter announced her father had contracted
COVID-19 during his hospital stay in
Serbia.[213] Two months later, Peterson informed viewers of his YouTube channel he had returned to Canada and aimed to resume work in the near future.[214]
^
"I read something by Carl Jung, at about this time, that helped me understand what I was experiencing. It was Jung who formulated the concept of persona: the mask that 'feigned individuality.' Adoption of such a mask, according to Jung, allowed each of us – and those around us – to believe that we were authentic."[1]
^
ab
The phrase "a prohibited ground of discrimination" means it is illegal to discriminate against an individual or groups of people "on the grounds of" (based on) race, national or ethnic origin, colour, religion, age, sex, sexual orientation, gender identity or expression, etc.[144]
^In 2020, the journal Palgrave Communications changed its name to Humanities and Social Sciences Communications.
^Examining some statistics from Using Future Authoring to Improve Student Outcomes, the study found the Future Authoring component of Self Authoring "had a decreasing effect on the overall leaving rate (14.8% for control group) of participants by 3.3 to 4.3 percentage points", "the estimated effects tend to be larger in magnitude for students who typically have higher leaving rates (e.g. males vs. females, certificate vs. advanced diploma...) For example, males in the treatment group had leaving rates 5.9 to 8.0 percentage points lower than those in the control group (17.1% leaving rate), while the difference in leaving rates between the experimental groups for females is small and statistically insignificant".
^
Burston is similarly critical against identity politics,[111] citing Haidt,[112] and Sugarman and Martin.[113]
^
The thinkers profiled included the neuroscientist and prominent atheist writer Sam Harris, the podcaster Dave Rubin, and University of Toronto psychologist and Chaos Dragon maven Jordan Peterson.[126]
^
"It could happen," Brown says. "Is it likely to happen? I don't think so. But, my opinion on whether or not that's likely has a lot to do with the particular case that you're looking at." "The path to prison is not straightforward. It's not easy. But, it's there. It's been used before in breach of tribunal orders."[149]
^Interviewer: Quick question, are you a Christian? Peterson: I suppose the most straight-forward answer to that is yes, although I think it's ... it's ... let's leave it at 'yes'.[183]
^
There are also contributions from scientists who explore and reveal the biological basis for the connection: The manic writer, herself a Harvard scientist, the eminent neurologist
Oliver Sacks, and the psychologist Jordan Peterson.[197]
^Paglia, Camille (2019). Provocations: Collected Essays on Art, Feminism, Politics, Sex, and Education. New York: Vintage Books. p. 679.
ISBN978-0-525-43386-6.
^Peterson, Jordan B; Shane, M (2004). "The functional neuroanatomy and psychopharmacology of predatory and defensive aggression". Beyond Empiricism: Institutions and Intentions in the Study of Crime: 107–146.
^Assaad, J-M; Peterson, Jordan B (2004). "Combined effects of alcohol and nicotine on memory". Pharmacology, Biochemistry, and Behavior. 3 (57): 609.
^DeYoung, Colin G; Peterson, Jordan B; Séguin, Jean R; Tremblay, Richard E (2008). "Externalizing behavior and the higher order factors of the Big Five". Journal of Abnormal Psychology. 117 (4): 947–53.
doi:
10.1037/a0013742.
PMID19025240.
^Djikic, Maja; Oatley, Keith; Peterson, Jordan B (2012). "Serene arts: The effect of personal unsettledness and of paintings' narrative structure on personality". Empirical Studies of the Arts. 30 (2): 183–193.
doi:
10.2190/EM.30.2.e.
S2CID143129103.
^
abHirsh, Jacob B; DeYoung, Colin G; Xu, Xiaowen; Peterson, Jordan B (2010). "Compassionate liberals and polite conservatives: Associations of agreeableness with political ideology and moral values". Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin. 36 (5): 655–664.
doi:
10.1177/0146167210366854.
PMID20371797.
S2CID15424276.
^Psychology Students' Association (June 2010).
"Psychology"(PDF). Arts & Science Student Union Anti-Calendar. University of Toronto. pp. 189 & 193.
Archived(PDF) from the original on 28 October 2016. Retrieved 14 June 2020.
^Peterson, Jordan B. (28 June 2018).
"The Jordan B Peterson Podcast". JordanBPeterson.com.
Archived from the original on 16 April 2017. Retrieved 16 April 2017.
^Burston, D. (2020). "Jordan Peterson and the postmodern university". Psychoanalysis, Politics and the Postmodern University (1st ed.). Cham, CH: Palgrave MacMillan (published February 2021). Peterson and the Left.
ISBN978-3030349233.
^
abcdBurston, D. (2020). Psychoanalysis, Politics and the Postmodern University (1st ed.). Switzerland: Palgrave MacMillan (published February 2021). Crisis in the Liberal Arts; The Goals of University Education.
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^Burston, Daniel (2020). "Jordan Peterson and the Postmodern University". Psychoanalysis, Politics and the Postmodern University. Critical Political Theory and Radical Practice. Cham: Springer International Publishing. pp. 129–156.
doi:
10.1007/978-3-030-34921-9_7.
ISBN978-3-030-34921-9.
S2CID214014811 – via Springer Link.
^Brooks, David (26 January 2018).
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^Burston, D. (2020). Psychoanalysis, Politics and the Postmodern University (1st ed.). Switzerland: Palgrave MacMillan (published February 2021). pp. 152–153.
ISBN978-3030349233.