Sr. John Popham knight Lorde Cheife Justice of England & of her Maj. most honorable Privie Counsell. Sir John Popham (1531–1607), Lord Chief Justice. Left: Copy by
George Perfect Harding (1781–1853) of lost original by unknown artist. National Portrait Gallery, London, NPG 2405; right another existing version, possibly original or further copy from same source
Arms of Popham: Argent, on a chief gules two stag's heads cabossed or; right: detail from monument to Sir John Popham in Wellington Church, showing a crescent sable for
difference with crest: A stag's head and neck erased proper
Popham was born in 1531 at
Huntworth in the parish of
North Petherton, near
Bridgwater, in
Somerset, the second son of Alexander Popham (c. 1504 – 1556) of Huntworth, twice MP for
Bridgwater in 1545 and 1547, by his wife Jane Stradling, a daughter of Sir Edward Stradling (died 1535) of
St Donat's Castle, Glamorgan;[2] one of Jane's brothers is
Thomas Stradling. St Donat's Castle situated on the south coast of Glamorgan was a short sail across the
Bristol Channel into the inland port of Bridgwater on the
River Parret. The Popham family had held the
manor of Huntworth since the 13th century when Sir Hugh de Popham (
temporeEdward I) (a younger son of the Popham family of the manor of
Popham, Hampshire) married Joan de Kentisbury, daughter and heiress of Sir Stephen de Kentisbury of Huntworth.[3] His nephews included
George Popham, founder of
Popham Colony (of which Sir John was one of the principal financial backers) and Sir
William Pole (1561–1635), the historian of Devon.
Popham is credited with maintaining the stability of the British State, and for being one of the "real colonisers" of the British Empire; hosting two
Wabanaki tribesmen kidnapped on the
Maine coast in 1605, subsequently funding and orchestrating the aborted
Popham Colony at the mouth of the
Kennebec River, Maine (1607–1608).
While working as the messenger to the Queen, Popham was imprisoned by
Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex with his henchman. Ever stoic, Popham replied that at his age, death would be "but cutting off a few years". However, he was rescued and rowed to safety by Sir
Ferdinando Gorges (1565–1647).
He was noted for his severity towards thieves, and for strict enforcement of the Penal Laws.
John Popham married Amy Adams[1] (alias Games), daughter and heiress of Hugh (alias Howel) Adams (alias Games) of Castleton,
Glamorgan, a fortified
manor house 800 metres north-east of the village of
St Athan. Castleton was from the early 12th century the
caput of the lordship of St Athan established by the Nerber family, and held from the overlords the Earls of Gloucester, comprising 4
knight's fees.[8] John de Nerber was the last in the line, and died in the early 16th century. In 1528, "by corrupt dealings",[9] Castleton was acquired by Howel Adams. In 1538
Leland (died 1552) recorded: "Castleton, a manor place on a hille ascending from the ripe.[10] And late it (be)longgid to one Hugh Adam, a man of mene lands whos doughter is now heir of it".[11] By his marriage Popham inherited Castleton and sold it to his maternal relative Sir Thomas Stradling of St Donat's Castle.[12] By his wife he had issue one son and six daughters including:
Sir
Francis Popham (c. 1573 – 1644), only son, and heir, MP, of Wellington, Somerset and
Littlecote, Wiltshire, who married Anne Gardiner Dudley and was the father of
Edward Popham (1610–1651), General-at-Sea, and of Colonel
Alexander Popham (1605–1669), JP, MP, who fought for the Parliamentarians during the Civil War and had a garrison stationed at
Littlecote House. Another of his descendants was Admiral Sir
Home Riggs Popham (1762–1820), who developed the Signal Code adopted by the Navy in 1803.
As his main residence he built Wellington House, a "large and stately mansion"[15] in the town of
Wellington, Somerset, "only slightly smaller than
Montacute"[14] also in Somerset (built in about 1598 by Sir
Edward Phelips,
Master of the Rolls and the prosecutor during the trial of the
Gunpowder Plotters). It was destroyed during the
Civil War (1642–1651), having been "obtained by strategem by one Bovet of
Taunton who converted it into a garrison for the use of the Parliament army and defended it for a considerable time against Sir
Richard Grenville who came to its rescue in which contest it was so battered that it was never afterward deemed worthy repairing".[15] In March 1645 the Royalist commander Grenville was ordered to march into Somersetshire and assist in the siege of
Taunton. While inspecting the fortifications of "Wellington House" he was severely wounded, and obliged for a time to resign the command of his forces to Sir John Berkeley.[16] Wellington had probably been supplying Blake with necessaries for some time, and Colonel Bovet, a very ardent Parliamentarian, got possession of Popham's house and made it a stronghold for his party. So against Wellington Grenville directed the Royalist force and levelled Popham's house almost to the ground, himself being so severely injured that the leadership of his men had to be transferred to Sir John Barkley. The following document dated 19 October 1650[17] was addressed to Justices of Peace of Somerset:[18]
"Anne Martyn of Wellington, widdowe, being in the howse of the Honourable Alexander Popham with her family, att the seige thereof by the late Kinge's forces, sustayned greate losses of goodes and cattle, viz., several kine, one heifer, tenne young cattle, three calves, five colts, a mare and a horse, forty sheepe, five bedds with their furniture, bacon, butter, and cheese, wool, lynnen, corne of all sorts, pewter, brasse, and other moveable goodes, valued in all att the summe of ... hundred and threescore and fifteen poundes, besides the summe of twenty and two poundes in ready money; and that her eldest sonne was killed in the said howse by the said late Kynges forces. Signed Rich. Bouell, Alexander Popham, Edw. Popham, John Pyne."[19]
Littlecote House, Berkshire
Popham acquired the
reversion of the estate of
Littlecote in Berkshire (today in Wiltshire) from
William Darrell (1539–1589), MP, and following the latter's death in 1589 duly became its owner. The historian
John Aubrey (1626–1697) stated that Popham had acquired Littlecote as a bribe for having obtained a nolle prosequi in favour of the murderer William "Wild" Darrell,[20] which account Rice (2005) deemed "not accurate" and "A story of passion, murder and confusion".[21] Popham expanded the house and added a south wing in red-brick, which structure survives today. His armorials survive above the south porch.[22]
Following the destruction of Wellington House in the Civil War, Littlecote became the principal seat of his descendants, the last of whom in the male line was Francis Popham (died 1779), of Littlecote and
Hunstrete, Somerset, who died childless. He bequeathed his estates to his wife Dorothy (née Hutton) who in turn left them to "Francis Popham, the reputed son of my late husband" but only as a tenant for life. This
illegitimate son died in 1804 when, under the terms of Dorothy's will, the estates reverted to her husband's nephew Edward William Leyborne (born 1764), who in 1805 in accordance with the terms of the bequest assumed by royal licence the additional surname and arms of Popham. The Leyborne Popham family sold Littlecote in 1929 and moved to their other seat at Hunstrete House, Pensford, Somerset.[23]
At the east end of the north aisle of St John the Baptist's Church in Wellington, survives the 18-foot-high monument with effigies of Sir John Popham and his family. As described by
Collinson (died 1793) in 1791 it was situated in the south aisle chapel, from which it has been moved to its present position, but retaining the same orientation. Collinson described the monument as follows:[24]
"In the chapel on the south side of the church is a magnificent tomb, surrounded with a pallisado of wood and iron, on the table of which lie the effigies of Sir John Popham, and that of his lady. He is dressed in his judges robes, chain, and small square black cap; and placed with his head towards the west. On the lower basement, at the head and feet, are four other smaller figures of two men and two women, kneeling face to face. On the north side of the same basement are five boys and eight girls, dressed in black, kneeling in a row. And on the south side are nine women kneeling in the fame manner. Over Sir John and his lady is a superb arched canopy, ornamented with the family arms, roses, paintings, and obelisks; the whole supported by eight round columns of black marble, five feet high, with Corinthian capitals green and gilt".
The two male and female couples kneeling opposite each other separated by a
prie-dieu, shown at each end of the monument, are believed to represent his 34-year-old son Sir Francis Popham and the latter's wife (east-end) and his parents, represented as a middle-aged couple (west-end). The nine female kneeling figures on the south side, all facing westward, are believed to represent Sir John Popham's six daughters with three ladies maids, the latter three figures kneeling behind the daughters and wearing plain not lace ruffs. The kneeling figures on the north side are believed to represent the five sons (facing westwards) and eight daughters (facing eastwards) of Sir Francis Popham, the son of Sir John Popham.[25] Inscribed on a stone tablet on the west side of the
entablature is the following text:
Sr John Popham Knighte and Lord Chief Justice of England and of the Honorable Privie Councell to Queene Elizabeth and after to King James, aged 76, died the 10th of June, 1607 and is here interred.[26]
Heraldry
A heraldic escutcheon is shown on the north side of the monument to Sir John Popham in Wellington Church of nine
quarters as follows:
1: Argent, on a chief gules two stag's heads cabossed or (Popham), with a crescent sable for
difference
2: Sable, three
plates (Clark,[27] for Joan Clark, wife of Gilbert de Popham (died 1250) of Popham, Hampshire, and daughter of Robert Clark, feoffee of the manor of
Popham.[28] According to the Victoria County History of Hampshire (1908) Gilbert de Popham (died 1251) acquired Popham from "Thurstan the Clerk" by unknown means. An earlier Thurstan was clerk to William de Pont de l'Arche, and was evidently the same Thurstan who was
Sheriff of Hampshire in 1155 and who obtained confirmation from the Empress Maud of all his land of Popham which he had held at the death of Henry I[29])
3: Gules, a pair of wings in lure argent overall a bend azure (Seymour? Reigny?)
4: Per pale azure and gules three lions rampant argent (Herbert,
Earl of Pembroke)
5: Argent, a fess between three martlets sable, with a crescent sable for
difference (Edmondes,[30] for Agnes Edmondes, daughter and heiress of William Edmondes and wife of William Popham (died 1464) of Huntworth)
6: Gules, on a bend argent three escallops sable (Knoell, Knolle, Knowles, etc., for Isabel Knolle daughter and heiress of Thomas Knolle[31] and wife of John Popham (died 1536) of Huntworth, grandfather of Sir John Popham (died 1607), as shown on the monument to Katherine Popham (died 1588), mother of Sir
William Pole (died 1635), in Colyton Church, Devon.[32]
7: Sable, three fishes palewise tails uppermost argent (Unknown family, apparently a Knolle heiress)
8: Argent, a saltire gules between four eagles displayed azure (Hampden, an heiress of Knolle, as shown on monument to Katherine Popham (died 1588), mother of Sir William Pole, in Colyton Church, Devon.[32]
9: Per pale argent and gules overall a bend azure (?)
^Quoted from The Materials for the History of the Town of Wellington, Co. Somerset, pp. 87–8
[2]
^Further reading: Seaby, W.A., Wellington House, the Elizabethan Mansion of Sir John Popham, Knight, Lord Chief Justice, Somersetshire Archaeological and Natural History Society, 1952 (booklet/offprint); originally published in: Somersetshire Archaeological and Natural History Society Vol. XCVII, 1952, pp. 153–162.
^Identifications per information sheet in church, which however misidentifies the middle-aged man kneeling at the west-end as Sir Francis Popham (in 1607 only 34 years old) rather than as Alexander Popham, Sir John's father.
^As follows Popham in quartered arms of
Ernest Ayscoghe Floyer Sr. (1852–1903), per Fox-Davies, Arthur Charles, Armorial Families, 6th Edition, 1910, pp. 582–583
[3][4]. "Clark of Somersetshire", per Guillim's Display of Heraldry (Kent, Samuel, The Banner Display'd: or, An Abridgment of Guillim, Vol.2, London, 1728, p. 617
[5]
^As arms for Francis Edmonds, MA, Fellow of Winchester, shown in Hall of New College, Oxford, per Wood, Anthony, Appendix to History and Antiquities of the Colleges and Halls in the University of Oxford, 1790, p. 262
[6]
Rice, Douglas Walthew (2005). The Life And Achievements of Sir John Popham, 1531–1607. Fairleigh Dickinson Univ Press.
ISBN0-8386-4060-5.
[7]
Collinson, John, History and Antiquities of the County of Somerset, Vol.2, Bath, 1791, pp. 196–201, pedigree of Popham
[8]
Hasler, P. W., biography of Popham, John (c. 1532 – 1607), of Wellington, Som., published in
History of Parliament: House of Commons 1558–1603, ed. P.W. Hasler, 1981
[9]
Burke, John, A Genealogical and Heraldic History of the Commoners of Great Britain and Ireland, Vol.2, London, 1837, pp. 196–201, pedigree of Popham
[10]
Burke's Genealogical and Heraldic History of the Landed Gentry, 15th Edition, ed. Pirie-Gordon, H., London, 1937, pp. 1830–1, pedigree of Leyborne Popham of Hunstrete late of Littlecote