James Harris Simons (April 25, 1938 – May 10, 2024) was an American hedge fund manager, mathematician, and philanthropist.[3] He was the founder of
Renaissance Technologies, a quantitative hedge fund based in
East Setauket, New York. He and his fund are known to be
quantitative investors, using mathematical models and
algorithms to make investment gains from
market inefficiencies. Due to the long-term aggregate
investment returns of Renaissance and its
Medallion Fund, Simons was described as the "greatest investor on Wall Street," and more specifically "the most successful
hedge fund manager of all time".[4][5][6]
At the time of his death, Simons's net worth was estimated to be $31.4 billion, making him the 51st-richest person in the world.[3]
In 1994, Simons and his wife, Marilyn, founded the
Simons Foundation to support research in mathematics and fundamental sciences. The foundation is the top benefactor of
Stony Brook University, Marilyn's alma mater, and is a major contributor to his alma maters, the
Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the
University of California, Berkeley. Simons was a member of the boards of the Stony Brook Foundation, the MIT Corporation, and the
Simons Laufer Mathematical Sciences Institute in Berkeley, as well as chair of boards of
Math for America, the Simons Foundation, and Renaissance Technologies.[9][10] In 2023, the Simons Foundation gave $500 million to Stony Brook University, the second-largest donation to a public university in American history.[11]
James Harris Simons was born on April 25, 1938,[13] to an American
Jewish family,[14] the only child of Marcia (née Kantor)[15] and Matthew Simons, and raised in
Brookline, Massachusetts.[16]
He received a bachelor's degree in mathematics from
MIT in 1958[17] and a PhD in mathematics from
Berkeley under the supervision of
Bertram Kostant in 1961 at the age of 23.[17] After graduating from MIT, Simons traveled from Boston to
Bogotá,
Colombia, on a motor scooter.[18]
In 1964, Simons worked with the
National Security Agency to break codes.[21] Between 1964 and 1968, he was on the research staff of the
Communications Research Division of the Institute for Defense Analysis (CRD of IDA) and taught mathematics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and
Harvard University. Simons also tried starting a trading company named iStar with colleagues including
Richard Leibler, but was discovered by management and the effort failed.[22] After being forced to leave the IDA due to his public opposition to the
Vietnam War, he joined the faculty at
Stony Brook University.[18] From 1968 to 1978, he served as chair of the math department at Stony Brook University.[23] Simons was asked by
IBM in 1973 to attack the block cipher
Lucifer, an early but direct precursor to the
Data Encryption Standard (DES).[24] Simons founded
Math for America, a nonprofit organization, in January 2004 with a mission to improve mathematics education in United States public schools by recruiting more highly qualified teachers.[25]
Simons founded a hedge fund management firm called Monemetrics, which he later renamed to Renaissance Technologies. He gradually realized that it should be possible to make mathematical models of the data he was collecting. After hiring mathematicians such as
Leonard E. Baum and
James Ax, Renaissance established the Medallion Fund in 1988.[28][29][30]
Medallion, the main fund which is closed to outside investors, has earned over $100 billion in trading profits since its inception in 1988. This translates to a 66.1% average gross annual return or a 39.1% average net annual return between 1988 – 2018.[31] Renaissance Technologies manages three other funds – Renaissance Institutional Equities Fund (RIEF), Renaissance Institutional Diversified Alpha (RIDA) and Renaissance Institutional Diversified Global Equity Fund – which, as of April 2019, totalled approximately $55 billion in combined assets and were open to outside investors.[31]
Renaissance employs specialists with non-financial backgrounds, including
mathematicians,
physicists,
signal processing experts and
statisticians. The firm's latest fund is the Renaissance Institutional Equities Fund (RIEF).[32] RIEF has historically trailed the firm's better-known Medallion fund, a separate fund that contains only the personal money of the firm's executives.[33]
"It's startling to see such a highly successful mathematician achieve success in another field," says
Edward Witten, professor of physics at the
Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey and considered by many of his peers to be the most accomplished theoretical physicist alive.[33]
In 2006, Simons was named Financial Engineer of the Year by the
International Association of Financial Engineers. In 2020, he was estimated to have personally earned $2.6 billion,[34] $2.8 billion in 2007,[35] $1.7 billion in 2006,[36] $1.5 billion in 2005[37] (the largest compensation among hedge fund managers that year),[38] and $670 million in 2004. On October 10, 2009, Simons announced he would retire on January 1, 2010, but remain at Renaissance as nonexecutive chairman.[39]
Wealth and personal life
In 2014, Simons reportedly earned US$1.2 billion, including a share of his firm's management and performance fees, cash compensation and stock and option awards.[40] According to Forbes magazine, Simons had a net worth of $30 billion in 2023, making him the 25th richest person on the
Forbes 400 list.[41] In 2018, he was ranked 23rd by Forbes,[42] and in October 2019, his net worth was estimated to be $21.6 billion.[43] In March 2019, he was named one of the highest-earning hedge fund managers and traders by Forbes.[44]
Simons shunned the limelight and rarely gave interviews, citing
Benjamin the Donkey in Animal Farm for explanation: "'God gave me a tail to keep off the flies. But I'd rather have had no tail and no flies.' That's kind of the way I feel about publicity."[31][45]
In 1996, his son Paul, aged 34, was riding a bicycle, when he was killed by a car on
Long Island.[21] In 2003, his son Nicholas, aged 24, drowned on a trip to
Bali, Indonesia. His son
Nat Simons is an investor and philanthropist and his daughter Liz Simons is an educator and philanthropist.[46][47]
Simons owned a
motor yacht named Archimedes. It was built at the Dutch yacht builder
Royal Van Lent and delivered to Simons in 2008.[48][47]
Simons was a major contributor to Democratic Party
political action committees. According to
OpenSecrets, Simons was ranked the #5 donor to federal candidates in the 2016 election cycle, coming behind Renaissance Technologies' co-CEO
Robert Mercer, who ranked #1 and generally donates to Republicans.[52] Simons donated $7 million to
Hillary Clinton's
Priorities USA Action,[53] $2.6 million to the House and Senate Majority PACs, and $500,000 to
EMILY's List.[52] He also donated $25,000 to Republican senator
Lindsey Graham's super PAC.[52] From 2006 Simons contributed about $30.6 million to federal campaigns.[52] Since 1990, Renaissance Technologies has contributed $59,081,152 to federal campaigns and since 2001, and has spent $3,730,000 on lobbying as of 2016.[54]
In August 2020, Simons donated $1.5 million to the Senate Majority PAC, a Democratic super-PAC.[55]
Controversies
According to The Wall Street Journal in May 2009, Simons was questioned by investors on the dramatic performance gap of Renaissance Technologies' portfolios. The Medallion Fund, which has been available exclusively to current and past employees and their families, surged 80% in 2008 in spite of hefty fees; the Renaissance Institutional Equities Fund (RIEF), owned by outsiders, lost money in both 2008 and 2009; RIEF declined 16% in 2008.[56]
On July 22, 2014, Simons was subject to bipartisan condemnation by the U.S. Senate Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations for the use of complex
basket options to shield day-to-day trading (usually subject to higher ordinary income tax rates) as long-term capital gains. "Renaissance Technologies was able to avoid paying more than $6 billion in taxes by disguising its day-to-day stock trades as long term investments," said Sen.
John McCain (R., Ariz.), the committee's ranking Republican, in his opening statement.[57]
An article published in The New York Times in 2015 said that Simons was involved in one of the biggest tax battles of the year, with Renaissance Technologies being "under review by the
IRS over a loophole that saved their fund an estimated $6.8 billion in taxes over roughly a decade."[58] In September 2021, it was announced that Simons and his colleagues would pay billions of dollars in back taxes, interest and penalties to resolve the dispute, one of the biggest in
IRS history.[59][60]
Philanthropy
In total, Simons has given over $4 billion to philanthropic causes.[61] Simons and his wife, Marilyn Hawrys Simons, co-founded the
Simons Foundation in 1994, a charitable organization that supports projects related to education and health, in addition to scientific research.[1] The Simons Foundation established the
Simons Foundation Autism Research Initiative (SFARI) in 2003 as a scientific initiative within the Simons Foundation's suite of programs. SFARI's mission is to improve the understanding, diagnosis and treatment of
autism spectrum disorders.[62]
In 2004, Simons founded
Math for America with an initial pledge of $25 million from the Simons Foundation, a pledge he later doubled in 2006.[63] The foundation continues to fund its operations, contributing nearly $22 million in 2018.[64]
Simons was among the largest contributors to his undergraduate alma mater,
MIT. The couple and their foundation have funded the renovation of the building housing the mathematics department, which in 2016 was named in their honor, and endowed the Simons Center for the Social Brain. Simons was a life member emeritus of the MIT Corporation.[65]
Simons was a major benefactor of his graduate alma mater,
Berkeley. On July 1, 2012, the Simons Foundation pledged $60 million to Berkeley to establish the
Simons Institute for the Theory of Computing, the world's leading institute for collaborative research in theoretical computer science.[66][67] In 2020, the foundation made separate grants to Berkeley totaling over $46 million to increase the institute's endowment and support its operations. In October 2023, the university announced that Simons' foundation awarded the institute an additional $25 million as a matching pledge.[68][69][70] Simons and his wife also have made major grants to Berkeley affiliates, notably to the
Simons Laufer Mathematical Sciences Institute and
Berkeley Lab.[71][72][73]
The Simons Foundation established the
Flatiron Institute in 2016,[74] to house five groups of computational scientists (each with 60 or more PhD level researchers). The institute consists of four cores or departments: CCB (Center for Computational Biology), CCA (Center for Computational Astrophysics), CCQ (Center for Computational Quantum mechanics), CCM (Center for Computational Mathematics), and CCN (Center for Computational Neuroscience). [75]
In memory of his son Paul, whom he had with his first wife,
Barbara Simons, he established Avalon Nature Preserve, a 130-acre (0.53 km2) nature preserve in
Stony Brook.[76] The Avalon preserve was extended to 216 acres in 2024.[77]
Another son, Nick Simons, drowned at age 24 while on a trip to
Bali in
Indonesia in 2003. Nick had worked in
Nepal. The Simons have become large donors to Nepalese healthcare through the Nick Simons Institute.[78][79]
In 2006, Simons and his wife, Marilyn, donated $25 million to
Stony Brook University through the Stony Brook Foundation, the largest donation ever to a
State University of New York school at the time.[80] On February 27, 2008, then Gov.
Eliot Spitzer announced a $60 million donation by the Simons Foundation to found the
Simons Center for Geometry and Physics at Stony Brook, the largest gift to a public university in New York state history.[81] In 2011, the couple broke that record again with a $150 million donation to Stony Brook, which went to research in medical sciences, the construction of a life sciences building, the creation of a neurosciences institute and a center for biological imaging, the study of cancer and infectious diseases, 35 new endowed professorships and 40 fellowships for graduate students. In order to secure the donation, Stony Brook was allowed to raise its annual tuition in opposition to traditional New York state policy.[82] In 2023, the university announced that it had received a $500 million endowment gift from the Simons Foundation, the second-largest gift ever to a public university.[11][83]
Death
Simons died peacefully in New York City on May 10, 2024, at age 86, surrounded by his family.[84] He was active in the work of his foundation until the end of his life.[85]
Legacy and awards
In 2008, he was inducted into Institutional Investors Alpha's Hedge Fund Manager Hall of Fame.[86]
Cheeger, J.; Simons, J. (1973). "Differential characters and geometric invariants". In Geometry and Topology (College Park, Md., 1983/84), Lecture Notes in Math. (1985). 1167: 50–80.
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ab"James Simons". Mathematics Genealogy Project. AMS.
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abSchaffer, Amanda (October 18, 2016).
"The Polymath Philanthropist". MIT Technology Review.
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^Zuckerman, Gregory (2019). The man who solved the market. New York, NY: Portfolio / Penguin. p. 26.
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D. T. Max, "The Numbers King:
Algorithms made Jim Simons a Wall Street billionaire. His new research center helps scientists mine data for the common good", The New Yorker, December 18 & 25, 2017, pp. 72–76, 78–83.